Aktuell wird die Erfassung von Biofunktions-Indikatoren durch Fitness-Tracker, Smart Watches und ähnliche Devices massenwirksam. Bewegungen und Körperfunktionen werden detektiert, aufgezeichnet und aufbereitet. Ziel der Nutzer ist es, mit den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen den eigenen Körper und Lebenswandel zu optimieren. Aktuelle Geschäftsmodelle der in diesem Geschäftsfeld tätigen Akteure liegen überwiegend darin, aus dem zur Verfügung stehenden Datenmaterial Handlungsvorschläge abzuleiten, welche die Kunden in ihrem Optimierungsstreben unterstützen. Anwendungsfelder könnten sich aber auch im Verkehrssektor eröffnen. So erscheint es möglich und sinnvoll, die neu verfügbaren Indikatoren zu nutzen, um die emotionale Verfassung von Beförderten und die Aufmerksamkeit von Fahrern zu überprüfen sowie Möglichkeiten zu schaffen, Verkehrsinfrastrukturen, Verkehrssituationen als auch Umfeldsituationen zu identifizieren, welche Fahrer sehr stark fordern und somit aus Sicht der Verkehrssicherheit kritisch zu werten sind. Um Potentiale, Aufwände und Grenzen abzuschätzen zu können, wurde eine Vorstudie im Kontext des Motorisierten Individualverkehrs durchgeführt. In den Fokus gesetzt wurde dabei die Identifikation von Stresssituationen, hervorgerufen durch die Bewältigung infrastruktureller Herausforderungen aus auch durch die Interaktionen mit anderen motorisierten Verkehrsteilnehmern. Mit einem Equipment aus Biofunktions-Sensorik, Positions-Erfassungseinheit und einem Aufzeichnungsgerät, wurden Daten im Sinn von Extended Floating Car aufgezeichnet. Einflüsse von Infrastrukturen auf Stressindikatoren zeichneten sich bei der Auswertung deutlich ab. Gleiches gilt für Verkehrssituationen, welche eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit abverlangten. Um die Thematik umfassend bearbeiten zu können, wurden die zu klärenden Kernfragestellungen ermittelt und strukturiert.

Liability laws currently in use rely on a fault-based system that focuses on a causal connection between driver actions and the resulting road accident. The role of the driver is set to reduce with the emergence of autonomous vehicles, so how will liability adapt to meet the needs of an autonomous world? The paper discusses possible frameworks of liability that could be implemented in the future, and accentuates the importance of the causal aspects of the current framework in the new system.

The competency of municipal police related to road safety This thesis deals with the competency of municipal police focused only on the issue of road safety surveillance. The main purpose of the study is to present basic orientation in particular authorizations to represent public law when enforcing road safety regulations. The study is composed of three main chapters devided in relevant subchapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of the administrative law. The first chapter briefly describes the origins of enacting the municipal police as a municipal body, pointing out the past difficulties, followed by the summary of the law regulation establishing the municipal police and controlling its activities by the municipal self-government. It also defines the municipal police as a part of the administrative law. In the main second chapter the single competencies are described, divided into subchapters by its source according to the Municipal police Act and the Road traffic Act. The permition to control speeding and testing the drunk drivers are most widely described, followed by the issue of towing vehicles. The history of each competency is recognized and then the study brings basic description, aims on the practical issues and tries to find legal solutions using the Czech case law. The...

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has a demonstrated capacity to improve safety, mobility and accessibility for multiple types of road users. In India, where road safety is an ongoing problem, the national government has supported cities’ efforts to implement BRT as a cost-effective tool to improve urban travel. The case of Indore’s iBus attests to the cultural and institutional barriers that Indian cities may face in gaining public support for BRT. After a contentious implementation process, the High Court ruled to open the dedicated bus lane to private automobiles, resulting in drops in ridership and increases in accidents and travel delay. This study examines the competing, public narratives that framed the issues during and after project construction. Contested notions of the public interest, the cause of traffic problems, and community participation informed the basis for the arguments that culminated in the court ruling.

Les constructeurs automobiles fabriquant des systèmes de conduite automatisée ont besoin d’aborder les conséquences que ces systèmes peuvent avoir sur la sécurité routière. Notamment pour l’évaluation des gains de sécurité, la sécurisation des essais et l’analyse des accidents impliquant le véhicule autonome. Cependant, le cadre conceptuel actuel utilisé dans la sécurité routière peut ne pas être adapté pour l’analyse des changements et des nouvelles interactions introduits par l’automatisation du véhicule à travers toutes les échelles du système sociotechnique de transport routier.Le but de la thèse est d’appliquer une approche systémique fondée sur STAMP afin d'étudier les gains attendus du véhicule autonome en termes de sécurité routière, sécuriser les expérimentations et analyser les accidents impliquant ce type de véhicule, à travers toutes les échelles du système sociotechnique de transport routier.Afin de contribuer au calcul des gains du véhicule autonome sur la sécurité routière, la population cible d’un « highway pilot system» a été définie et des questions issue d’une analyse STPA (analyse des risques issue de STAMP) aidant à l’évaluation de l’efficacité du système ont été élaborées.Un cadre de sécurisation des expérimentations couvrant tous les niveaux du système a été mis en place au moyen d’une analyse STPA à deux échelles.Enfin, une méthode d’analyse des accidents impliquant un conducteur automatisé a été créé en intégrant des éléments issus de méthodes d’analyses des accidents de la route existantes et des éléments explicatifs développés spécialement à la méthode CAST (méthode d’analyse des accidents fondée sur STAMP). L’accident impliquant une Tesla en mai 2016 est le cas d’étude de cette nouvelle méthode, CASCAD.En conclusion, ces trois applications ont montré tout le potentiel d’une approche systémique fondée sur STAMP pour offrir un cadre conceptuel adapté à l’évaluation des conséquences sur la sécurité routière de la conduite automatisée. / As automakers develop automated driving systems, they must address the implications of such systems on road safety. Notably for the safety benefit assessment, trial safety and accident analysis. However, the existing conceptual framework in road safety may not be adapted to analyze the changes and new interactions introduced by vehicle automation at all the levels of the road transport sociotechnical system.The main objective of this thesis is to apply a systems theoretic approach based on STAMP to examine the safety benefit assessment, trial safety and accident analysis of automated driving across all the levels of the road transport sociotechnical system.This research first contributes to safety benefit assessment by estimating the target population of a highway pilot system and by generating questions derived from an STPA analysis (hazard analysis based on STAMP) to facilitate the evaluation of the influence of the highway pilot system on road safety.Next, this work establishes a framework to ensure trial safety across the macroscopic and microscopic levels of the vehicle trial system by structuring the outputs of two STPA analyses.Finally, this thesis integrates elements from existing crash analysis methods and newly developed guidance elements into CAST (an accident analysis method based on STAMP) to develop a new method for the accident analysis of crashes involving automated driving called CASCAD. The application of CASCAD was illustrated using the available information of the Tesla crash on May 2016.The three applications of this research show the potential of a STAMP-based approach to provide a suitable conceptual framework for the analysis of the implications of road safety on automated driving.

As travessias urbanas de rodovias constituem-se um local crítico para a ocorrência de acidentes de trânsito. Dessa forma, diversas ações de engenharia são empregadas para a redução do número e da gravidade dos acidentes. Contudo, existem poucos estudos sobre a eficácia dessas ações. No presente trabalho foram utilizadas duas metodologias para a avaliação da eficácia, através de estudos observacionais, são elas: \"antes - depois\" ingênuo e o método do grupo de comparação, aplicadas em vários segmentos rodoviários caracterizados como travessias urbanas que receberam ações de engenharia para a redução de acidentes. O primeiro método foi aplicado a todas as ações e o segundo apenas para duas ações. As informações utilizadas neste trabalho foram solicitadas às concessionárias das rodovias do Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisadas sete ações de engenharia: 1) redução de velocidade em conjunto com outras medidas; 2) implantação de defesa de New Jersey elevada; 3) implantação de dispositivo em desnível; 4) cruzamento de pedestres em nível em área demarcada; 5) implantação de passarela; 6) implantação de ciclovia; 7) passagem superior e tela para impedir a passagem de pedestres em nível. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que ação 1 reduz em média em 27% o número total de acidentes tanto para o método ingênuo como para o método de grupo de comparação. A ação 2 foi a única ação com resultado negativo, com aumento de 19% no número de acidentes totais e de 42% no número de acidentes com feridos e mortos. A ação 3 teve uma redução no número total de acidentes em torno de 27%. A ação 4 teve uma redução de 35% no número total de acidentes. A ação 5 teve uma redução no número total de acidentes em torno de 40%, através do método ingênuo, contra 30% pelo método de grupo de comparação. A ação 6 teve uma redução no número de acidentes totais de 30%. A ação 7 não teve uma redução expressiva no número total de acidentes, contudo teve uma redução de 32% no número de feridos e mortos. / The urban highway crossings are a critical place for occurrence of traffic accidents. Thus, several engineering measures are employed to reduce the number and severity of accidents. However, there are few studies about the effectiveness of these actions. In this study two methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness, through observational studies, they are: \"before - after\" naive method and the comparison group, applied in various segments characterized as urban highway crossings in which they had been implemented measures to reduce accidents. The first method was applied to all measures and the second only for two measures. The data used in this study were obtained from the concessionaire of highways of the State of Sao Paulo. It was analyzed seven engineering measures: 1) reduction of speed in conjunction with other measures; 2) implementation of New Jersey defense with higher height; 3) implementation of grade separation structure; 4) level pedestrian crossings in areas demarcated, 5) implementation runway; 6) implementation of bike path; 7) footbridge and barriers to prevent the passage of pedestrians. The results show that the first measure reduces on average by 27% the total number of accidents for both the naive method and to the method of comparison group. The second measure was the only action with negative results, with 19% increase in the number of total accidents and 42% in the number of accidents with injuries and deaths. The third measure had a reduction in the total number of accidents around 27%. The fourth measure had a 35% reduction in the total number of accidents. The fifth measure had a reduction in the total number of accidents by 40%, through the naive method, compared to 30% by the method of comparison group. The sixth action had a reduction in total accidents by 30%. The seventh action had not a significant reduction in the total number of accidents, yet had a 32% reduction in the number of injuries and deaths.

Researchers around the world are constantly seeking for a quick, inexpensive and easy to use way to understand road traffic deaths. This study proposes the use of multibody (MBS) simulation, using a virtual driver, associated to fractional factorial experiments to identify active factors in road traffic accidents. The objectives of this work were to: (i) use DOE to show a more structured direction on the studies of road safety and (ii) investigate possible vehicle state variables to monitor vehicle dynamic stability. The first experiment was a quarter fraction It was designed based on an accident database of a Brazilian Federal Highway. Seven factors were considered (curve radius, path profile, path condition, virtual driver skill, speed, period of the day and car load) and 3 replicates were performed per treatment. Speed and friction coefficient were defined randomly for each treatment, within the defined range for each level. 42 accidents were observed in 96 events. Speed had shown the highest influence on the occurrence, followed by curve radius, period of the day and some second order interactions. The second experiment was based on the results of first one. A half fraction factorial design with five factors (curve radius, car load, virtual driver skill, period of the day and speed), with 14 replicates per treatment, was performed. Speed was defined randomly as per previous experiment. 96 accidents were observed in 224 events. Speed had the highest influence on the occurrence of accidents, followed by the period of the day, curve radius, virtual driver skill and second order interactions. Speed is also pointed by World Health Organization as one of the key factors for the occurrence of accidents. The study indicates that a well-designed experiment with a representative vehicle model can show a direction for further researches. At last, roll angle, yaw rate and displacement of the car on the road are variables suggested to be monitored in experiments using simulation to identify vehicle\'s instability. / Pesquisadores do mundo estão constantemente buscando uma maneira rápida, barata e fácil de usar para entender acidentes de trânsito. O presente estudo propõe o uso de simulação, condutor virtual e experimentos fatoriais para a identificação de fatores ativos em acidentes rodoviários. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: utilizar experimentos planejados, associado a simulação para obter uma direção para estudos futuros e investigar possíveis variáveis de estado do veículo a serem usadas para monitorar sua estabilidade dinâmica. Para tal, foi utilizado um modelo completo de veículo validado e dados reais de acidentes de um determinado trecho de rodovia brasileira. O primeiro experimento baseou-se em um banco de dados de acidentes de uma rodovia Federal brasileira. Optou-se por fracionar o experimento, utilizando um quarto de fração. Sete fatores foram considerados (raio da curva, perfil da pista, condição da pista, habilidade do condutor virtual, velocidade, período do dia e carga do carro) e foram realizadas três réplicas por tratamento. Velocidade e coeficiente de atrito foram utilizados como fontes de variação do experimento: para cada tratamento, e dentro do intervalo definido para cada nível, ambos foram definidos aleatoriamente. Em 54 dos 96 eventos foram observou-se acidentes. Velocidade, raio da curva, período do dia e algumas interações de segunda ordem foram os fatores com maior influência na ocorrência de acidentes. O segundo experimento utilizou como dado de entrada os resultados obtidos no experimento anterior. O experimento foi fracionado, meia fração, com cinco fatores (raio da curva, carga do carro, habilidade do motorista virtual, período do dia e velocidade). Foram realizadas 14 réplicas por tratamento, e a velocidade foi mantida como fonte de variação. Em 96 dos 224 eventos foram observados acidentes. Velocidade teve maior influência na ocorrência de acidentes, seguida por período do dia, raio da curva, habilidade do motorista virtual e interações de segunda ordem. A velocidade também é apontada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como um dos fatores-chave para a ocorrência de acidentes. Isto indica que um experimento bem planejado, com um modelo de veículo representativo, pode apontar uma direção a ser seguida em pesquisas futuras. Por último é sugerido o monitoramento do ângulo de rolagem (roll angle), da taxa de guinada (yaw rate), e do deslocamento lateral do carro na pista para identificar instabilidades no veículo quando são utilizadas simulações.

Os simuladores de direção são ferramentas de pesquisa que permitem estudar o comportamento do condutor em diversos cenários de direção, de forma rápida, segura e econômica. Este estudo faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa que visa utilizar essas ferramentas na avaliação de projetos de sinalização, antes da sua implantação na rodovia. Em particular, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como os condutores percebem a sinalização vertical dentro de um ambiente simulado de direção, apoiado no uso de um sistema de rastreio do olhar. O andamento da pesquisa abrangeu a montagem do simulador e do sistema de rastreio do olhar, a geração do ambiente simulado de direção, o experimento no simulador para medir a percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual, e por último, a análise e validação dos resultados. No experimento, 21 condutores dirigiram em um trecho de 10 quilômetros da rodovia BR-116 que possui 31 sinais de trânsito, para mensurar a distância de percepção, o número de fixações e o tempo de observação da sinalização, assim como a variação da velocidade após percepção da mesma. A percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual foi semelhante à reportada na literatura para estudos em estradas: em média, os condutores perceberam um de cada três sinais, o tempo de observação foi de 360 milissegundos, a distância de percepção foi de 100 metros e somente a percepção dos limites de velocidade foi relevante no comportamento dos condutores. Adicionalmente, obteve-se uma validade relativa entre as velocidades no simulador e as velocidades de operação medidas no trecho estudado. Nesse sentido, os resultados deste estudo sustentam a viabilidade e a validade do simulador de direção na avaliação de projetos de sinalização. Finalmente, como contribuição adicional, propuseram-se medidas para aprimorar a sinalização no trecho estudado e o realismo do simulador de direção. / Driving simulators are research tools that allow studying driver behavior on several driving scenarios, in a safely and cost-effective way. This study pertains to a research project whose goal is to use these tools in the assessment of road signage projects, before their implementation on roadway. In particular, the goal of this study was to analyze how drivers perceive road signs within a simulated driving environment, supported by an eye tracking system. The research development included the assembling of the driving simulator and the eye tracking system, the generation of the simulated environment, an experiment to measure the signaling perception within that environment, and finally, the analysis and validation of the results. In the experiment, twenty-one drivers drove over a ten-kilometer virtual segment of the BR-116 roadway, that has thirty-one traffic signs, in order to measure the number of eye fixations, the perception distance and the observation time over each sign, as well as, the speed change after its perception. The perception of the road signs within the virtual environment was similar to that reported in the literature for on-road studies: in average, the drivers perceived one-third of the traffic signs, the mean observation time was 360 milliseconds, the mean perception distance was 100 meters and only the speed limit signs perception was relevant on the drivers behavior. Furthermore, it was observed a relative validity between the driving simulator speeds and the actual operating speeds in the studied segment. In that sense, this study shows the feasibility and validity of using driving simulators to assess road signage projects. Finally, some countermeasures were proposed in order to enhance both the road signaling of the studied segment and the road signs perception within the simulated driving environment.

O sistema antibloqueio de freios ABS (Antilock Braking System) é um dispositivo eletrônico-mecânico que complementa o sistema de freio tradicional e tem como objetivo fazer com que as rodas não travem na ocorrência de uma frenagem de emergência ou sob condições de alto perigo como superfície muito escorregadia, chuva forte ou gelo. Como resultado, o veiculo não perde a dirigibilidade fazendo com que o motorista consiga efetuar uma parada muito mais segura e, na maior parte dos casos, num espaço menor do que quando este sistema não se encontra a bordo do veiculo, mesmo que essa não seja a missão principal do ABS. Esta dissertação vai apresentar as diferenças que existem na frenagem de um mesmo bitrem, quando esse está equipado com diferentes tipos de ABS. O termo que vai determinar a \"qualidade\" da frenagem é a eficiência da mesma, ou seja, que percentagem de desaceleração máxima é atingida pelo binômio veículo-ABS numa frenagem em linha reta e pista seca e também com aderência diferenciada lado a lado. Para poder fazer essas estimações simulou-se o sistema de freios ABS com o software Matlab/Simulink. Foi desenvolvido um modelo em multicorpos introduzindo todas as características físicas e dinâmicas de um bitrem. Dados foram obtidos durante as simulações: velocidades, acelerações, forças verticais e tangenciais nas superfícies de contato das rodas, além da eficiência de frenagem. Uma característica fundamental dessa simulação tem sido o fato do bitrem ter dois semireboques ao invés de um só, o que faz com que o veículo combinado às vezes apresente um comportamento diferente do esperado. Foram simuladas as seguintes versões de ABS: 4s4m, 4s3m, 4s2m, 2s2m e 2s1m, sob condições de aderência simétrica e valor 0,6 e condições assimétricas com valores 0,6 e 0,2. No cavalo mecânico, o sistema ABS usado foi o mesmo ao longo da simulação, um 2s2m no eixo dianteiro e 4s4m no tandem. Com condições assimétricas de aderência, a ordem de eficiência dos sistemas foi: o 4s4m (menor distância de parada), depois foi o 4s2m e depois vieram o 4s3m, o 4s2m, o 2s2m e o 2s1m em último lugar. / The ABS braking system (Antilock Braking System) is an electronic-mechanical device which along with a conventional braking system is conceived to make the wheels don\'t lock in consequence of an emergency braking or dangerous road conditions such as slippery or icy asphalt or even heavy rain. As a result, car doesn\'t lose control and driver is enabled to perform a much safer stop. It could also require a shorter distance to a full stop although that is not the first purpose of ABS. This dissertation expects to spot the noticeable differences when a truck is stopped with different versions of the ABS. The \"quality\" of breaking is going to be set trough the braking efficiency parameter, i.e. a comparison between the deceleration reached and the maximum reachable by both truck and road conditions, over a straight path and both equal and different grip coefficient on the sides of the truck. The Matlab/Simulink software was used to simulate an ABS breaking system. A multibody model was developed including all physical and dynamical properties of a truck. Every single relevant data was displayed and monitored: velocity, acceleration, vertical and tangential forces on the common surface tire-ground, besides braking efficiency. One remarkable feature of the simulation was the fact that this modelled truck pulls two trailers, which can get to unusual or unexpected behaviour. Namely, the following ABS versions were tested: 4s4m, 4s3m, 4s2m, 2s2m and 2s1m, under symmetric grip of 0,6 and asymmetric grip values of 0,6 and 0,2. The tractor head used invariably a 2s2m on the front axle and 4s4m on the rear tandem. When it comes to asymmetric conditions the ABS versions were ranked this order: 4s4m, 4s2m, 4s3m, 2s2m and finally 2s1m.

La planification des déplacements urbains au travers de la prédominance des réseaux et des déplacements de l'automobile interroge l'influence de la hiérarchisation du réseau sur le risque routier. Cette question a été peu traitée dans la littérature. Elle s'intègre dans une problématique plus vaste, qui vise à intégrer la sécurité routière dans l'action locale. Le risque routier dépend des caractéristiques d'individus qui se déplacent avec différents modes sur des réseaux plus ou moins dangereux gérés par les pouvoirs publics. L'analyse du risque d'avoir un accident pour les populations habitant des niveaux hiérarchiques différents est au cœur de ce travail de thèse. Elle peut être abordée au travers des dimensions spatiales et socio-économiques que la hiérarchisation du réseau engendre. La différenciation spatiale et socio-économique des habitants des niveaux hiérarchiques différents peut induire une inégalité du niveau du risque routier encouru par ces habitants. La recherche menée dans le cadre de cette thèse porte sur la mise en œuvre d'une approche méthodologique, dont l'analyse épidémiologique, statistique et spatiale constituent les principales composantes. Les investigations sur l'influence de la hiérarchisation du réseau sur le risque routier ont permis de trouver le lien qui peut exister entre les dimensions spatiales et socio-économiques et le risque routier. Elles permettent aussi de cibler les populations ayant un fort risque afin de mobiliser la responsabilité morale des élus pour protéger leurs concitoyens. Cette mobilisation vise à sensibiliser les acteurs locaux au risque d'implication dans un accident de la circulation des habitants plus qu'à se focaliser sur l'accidentologie des voies qu'ils gèrent. D'autre part, elles permettent d'éclairer les décisions publiques sur la question de la hiérarchisation du réseau en associant le risque routier afin d'intégrer l'objectif de la sécurité routière plus en amont dans les processus de la décision des projets de l'aménagement urbain / Planning urban mobility dominated by networks and car travel brings up the question of the effects of network hierarchy on accident risk. This issue has not been addressed very much in the literature. It can be linked to a broader problem which aims to integrate road safety into local action. Road risks depend on the characteristics of individuals who travel in different modes using networks (with more or less risk) that are managed by public authorities. Risk analysis of accident involvement for residents of different hierarchical levels is at the heart of this thesis. It can be approached through spatial and socioeconomic dimensions generated by network hierarchy. Spatial and socioeconomic differentiation of these residents can lead to risk inequalities. The studies carried out as part of this thesis suggest a methodological approach whose main components are epidemiological, statistics and spatial analysis. Investigating the influence of network hierarchy on traffic accident risk made it possible to find the potential link between the spatial and socioeconomic dimensions and traffic risk. It also allowed to target populations that are at high risk in order to motivate elected officials to act in favour of the residents' safety while making them aware of the risk residents are exposed to rather than the accidents of roads they manage. On the other hand, it highlights the policies related to network hierarchy while considering accident risk in order to address the objective of road safety at the earliest possible stage of the decision making process in urban planning projects