This document was created to provide a new edition of Hugo Distler's Es ist ein Ros' entsprungen variations from Die Weihnachtsgeschichte, op. 10. Through my experiences with this work as a singer and a conductor it has become clear that, although the work was written for modest forces and was intended for practical use within a church service, the work's practicality is compromised due to a number of factors. Several editions of the variations exist, but all pose problems to modern choral ensembles. These problems include: lack of uniform barlines, which makes conducting the work difficult since Distler writes simultaneously contrasting meters throughout Die Weihnacthsgeschichte; omission of the surrounding texts for dramatic context; an antiquated German font that is difficult to read; English translations which obscure literal meaning and Distler's careful text-painting; and lack of a piano reduction. I demonstrate that it is possible to create a new edition of Distler's Es ist ein Ros' entsprungen variations that is more accessible to modern choral ensembles while respecting the composer's stylistic and dramatic intent. This edition (1) retains Distler's original meters but makes them easier to read by regularizing the barring; (2) includes other texts from the Weinachtsgeschichte to provide context for the variation texts; (3) is printed in a more legible modern font; (4) preserves the original German language but also provides English translations for the texts to make it easier for non-German speakers to understand meaning and recognize text-painting; and (5) includes a piano reduction of the vocal parts. The methodology I have used in the editorial process is provided and examples are discussed. I also provide suggestions for rehearsal procedures to help preserve the composer's stylistic intent. My completed new edition has been included for perusal.

Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες υπάρχει ένα αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον για το ρόλο των ROS στην πειραματική και κλινική ιατρική (Alexandre et al., 2007; Zheleva et al., 2007; Videla et al., 2007). Οι ROS, όπως το ανιόν του υπεροξειδίου, το υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου (ΗΡ) και η υδροξυλική ρίζα, είναι γνωστό ότι διαδραματίζουν ένα διττό ρόλο στα βιολογικά συστήματα, όπου είναι επιβλαβείς στις υψηλές και ευεργετικές στις χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις (Valko et al., 2004). Στις υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις οι ROS φαίνεται να διαμεσολαβούν την απόπτωση. Ενδογενή ή εξωγενή ερεθίσματα οδηγούν στη συσσώρευση των ROS, το λεγόμενο «οξειδωτικό στρες», που χαρακτηρίζεται από βλάβη των κυτταρικών δομών, των λιπιδίων, των μεμβρανών, των πρωτεϊνών και των νουκλεϊκών οξέων (Poli et al., 2004). Αντίθετα, οι χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις των ROS μέσα στα κύτταρα δρούν ως δεύτεροι αγγελιοφόροι σε αρκετά ενδοκυτταρικά σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια που οδηγούν στην ενεργοποίηση κινασών τυροσίνης, των ΜΑΡ κινασών, της πρωτεϊνικής κινάσης C, του υποδοχέα του επιδερμικού αυξητικού παράγοντα, πρωτεϊνικών φωσφατασών, των καναλιών καλίου και των μεταγραφικών παραγόντων AP-1 και NF-κB (Droge, 2002). Πρόσφατα έχουμε δείξει ότι υπό φυσιολογικές, μη-στρεσογόνες συνθήκες, το ΗΡ επάγει τον πολλαπλασιασμό και τη μετανάστευση στα ανθρώπινα κύτταρα καρκίνου του προστάτη LNCaP, μέσω ενεργοποίησης της έκφρασης του αυξητικού παράγοντα HARP (Polytarchou et al., 2005). Η HARP ή πλειοτροπίνη είναι ένας εκκρινόμενος αυξητικός παράγοντας 18 kDa που παρουσιάζει υψηλή συγγένεια για την ηπαρίνη. Η HARP είναι υψηλά συντηρημένη μεταξύ των διαφόρων ειδών, όπως ο άνθρωπος, το ποντίκι, ο αρουραίος, τα βοειδή, τα ψάρια, ο βάτραχος και τα έντομα, και το γονίδιό της εκφράζεται σε ένα ιδιαίτερα περιορισμένο χρονικό και χωρικό μοτίβο κατά τη διάρκεια της ανάπτυξης. Φαίνεται ότι η HARP είναι μια σημαντική πρωτεΐνη που συμβάλλει ενδεχομένως στη λειτουργία διαφόρων ρυθμιστικών συστημάτων. Αρκετά δεδομένα υποδεικνύουν ότι η HARP εμπλέκεται στον πολλαπλασιασμό, τη μετανάστευση και τη διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων και διαδραματίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στις διάφορες κυτταρικές διαδικασίες (Kadomatsu and Muramatsu, 2004; Papadimitriou et al., 2004). Επιπλέον, η HARP ανιχνεύεται σε μια πληθώρα καρκινωμάτων λειτουργώντας ως πρωτο-ογκογονίδιο και φαίνεται να παίζει κύριο ρόλο στη φυσιολογική και την επαγόμενη από καρκινικούς όγκους αγγειογένεση (Kadomatsu and Muramatsu, 2004; Papadimitriou et al., 2004; Hatziapostolou et al., 2005;2006; Polykratis et al., 2005; Christman et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2006). Είναι πλέον γνωστό ότι οι χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις ROS ενεργοποιούν ενδοκυτταρικά σηματοδοτικά μονοπάτια που οδηγούν σε ενισχυμένη αγγειογένεση in vivo (Maulik and Das, 2002; Polytarchou and Papadimitriou, 2004; Ushio-Fukai, 2006; Kim et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2007) και ενεργοποίηση των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων in vitro (Lelkes et al., 1998; Maulik and Das, 2002; Stone and Collins, 2002; Yasuda et al., 1999; Polytarchou and Papadimitriou, 2004; Ushio-Fukai, 2006; Kim et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2007; Guo et al., 2007). Επίσης, οι ROS, όπως το ανιόν του υπεροξειδίου και το ΗΡ, φαίνεται να διαμεσολαβούν τα αγγειογενετικά σήματα που ξεκινούν από αυξητικούς παράγοντες, όπως ο VEGF (Lin et al., 2003 Ushio-Fukai et al., 2002). Προηγούμενη μελέτη της ερευνητικής μας ομάδας έδειξε ότι το ανιόν του υπεροξειδίου και το ΗΡ είναι πιθανοί επαγωγείς των λειτουργιών των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων in vitro, ενδεχομένως μέσω επαγωγής της ενεργοποίησης της ενδοθηλιακής συνθάσης του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου (eNOS), που οδηγεί σε αυξημένη παραγωγή του ενδογενούς μονοξειδίου του αζώτου (NO) και επακόλουθη ενεργοποίηση της διαλυτής γουανυλικής κυκλάσης (sGC) (Polytarchou and Papadimitriou, 2005). Ο κύριος στόχος της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να διερευνηθεί η πιθανή εμπλοκή της eNOS στην επαγωγή της παραγωγής της HARP από χαμηλές συγκεντρώσεις ΗΡ. Τα αποτελέσματά μας δείχνουν ότι η ενεργοποίηση του ανθρώπινου γονιδίου της HARP επάγεται από το ΗΡ μέσω ενεργοποίησης της eNOS στα κύτταρα HUVEC και LNCaP. Όπως αναφέρθηκε και παραπάνω, περίσσεια ROS σε συνδυασμό με ανεπάρκεια των κυτταρικών αντιοξειδωτικών συστημάτων οδηγεί σε οξειδωτικό στρες (Halliwell and Whiteman, 2004) και ενεργοποίηση μονοπατιών απόπτωσης και νέκρωσης (Paraskevas et al., 2000; Fleury et al., 2002; Nakano et al., 2004). Ένα δεύτερο μέρος της παρούσας εργασίας ασχολείται με τον τρόπο που οι υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις ΗΡ επηρεάζουν την ανάπτυξη των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων από στεφανιαία φλέβα βοός (CVEC). / -

Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been reported to be at the centre of various diseases. Although several reports have implicated elevated levels of ROS in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, the early detection of ROS is still not attainable. This limitation causes difficulty in the early diagnosis of ROS related disorders. The presence of high levels of ROS was reported to result in differential expression of antioxidant genes involved in protecting cells from their deleterious effects. Among the antioxidant genes that are expressed, it was postulated that expression of metallothioneins (MTs) are also induced. MTs are low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins involved in metal homeostasis and reported to harbour antioxidant function. The aim of this investigation was to explore MTs as biomarkers for elevated levels of ROS in whole blood of type 2 diabetic (T2D) individuals. The level of ROS in diabetic, non-diabetic as well as individuals at risk of developing T2D was determined via the use of biochemical assays. Real-Time PCR was utilised to analyse the expression of MTs and the presence of MT proteins was analysed via the ELISA. In this study it was observed that diabetic individuals had elevated levels of ROS. However, no significant difference in the expression of MTs and the presence of MT proteins between the diabetic and non-diabetic individuals was observed. In vitro experimental conditions indicated that MT expression is induced by elevated levels of ROS. In pathological conditions the ROS-dependent induction of MT expression needs to be elucidated further. It therefore can be suggested that MTs can not yet be utilised as biomarkers for the detection of elevated levels of ROS in pathological conditions with ROS aetiology. This investigation also highlights the fact that blood is not an optimal medium in which this objective can be attained. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Biochemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The goal of cancer immunotherapies is to boost the immune system's ability to detect tumor antigens and mount an effective anti-tumor immune response. Currently, adoptive T cell transfer therapy (ACT), the administration of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-specific T cells, is one of the most promising immunotherapies under development; however, its efficacy has been limited so far with a mere 10% complete remission rate in the most successful clinical trials. The prolonged ex vivo culture process is a potential reason for this ineffectiveness because the transfused cells may reach replicative senescence and immunosenescence prior to patient transfer. The objective of this thesis is to offer two approaches towards an improvement of treatment efficacy. First, we generated a 'senescence metric' from the identification of biomarkers that can be used in the clinic towards predicting age and responsiveness of ex vivo expanded T cells. The second approach is to understand at the molecular level the changes that occur during ex vivo expansion to devise improved ACT protocols. In particular, we focused on the shift towards a pro-oxidizing environment and its potential effects on calcium signaling. The combined development and application of microfluidic technologies and computational models in this thesis facilitated our investigations of the phenotypic and signaling changes occurring in T cells during the progression towards immunosenescence. Our findings of altered T cell properties over long term culture provide insight for the design of future cancer immunotherapy protocols.

The toxic metal ion cadmium (Cd2+) is pro-oxidant and specifically disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in renal mesangial cells. This study investigated the role of Cd2+-mediated redox modulation of actin through protein S-glutathionylation and the effects of cytoskeletal changes on focal adhesions (FAs) through a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent-protein kinase II (CaMK-II) pathway. Only at low concentrations of Cd2+ (0.5-2 μM) was there an increase in actin glutathionylation, which was a reactive oxygen species-independent, total glutathione-dependent effect. Immunofluorescence of the cytoskeleton suggests that increases in glutathionylation levels occurring under low [Cd2+] are protective in vivo. Higher concentrations (>= 10 μM) of Cd2+ resulted in loss of vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) from FAs, concomitant with cytoskeletal disruption. Inhibition of CaMK-II preserved cytoskeletal integrity and focal contacts, while decreasing the migration of FAK-phosphoTyr925 to a membrane-associated compartment. This study adds further insight into the Cd2+-mediated effects on the cytoskeleton and FAs.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a role in cardiovascular health and disease. This study was undertaken to determine if ROS formation is influenced by either common genetic variations in p22phox, a subunit of the ROS generating enzyme NOX1, or by natural plant compounds with cardiovascular benefits. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured using Amplex Red, and superoxide generation was measured using NBT and MCLA. Each of seven p22phox variants supported ROS generation by NOX1. No differences were found in the rate of ROS production; however, unequal transfer of the p22phox gene may be a confounding factor. A variation in the 3’UTR of the p22phox gene led to lower p22phox protein levels, whereas none of the other variations affected mRNA or protein expression. The natural compound resveratrol acts as an antioxidant towards hydrogen peroxide, but not superoxide. Resveratrol does not inhibit NOX1 activity.

In diabetes hyperglycemia and lack of insulin signaling are key factors in the induction of diabetic sensory neuropathy. The combination of these factors in diabetes may enhance oxidative stress and trigger distal nerve damage in the peripheral nervous system. The link between elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and nerve degeneration is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that elevation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) induced by oxidative stress in diabetes impairs mitochondrial activity and axonal regeneration in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Also, we investigated the association between mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitochondrial proteome in the axons of streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats. Research design and methods. Cultured adult rat DRG sensory neurons were treated exogenously with 4-HNE, and cell survival, axonal morphology, and level of axon outgrowth assessed. Western blot and fluorescence imaging were used to determine changes in the levels of adducts of 4-HNE and abnormalities in the mitochondria. Proteomic analysis using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) determined expression of proteins in the mitochondria. Results. 4-HNE impaired axonal regeneration, mitochondrial activity and induced aberrant axonal structures along the axons, which mimicked axon pathology observed in nerve isolated from diabetic rats and replicated aspects of neurodegeneration observed in human diabetic neuropathy. Proteins associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthesis were down regulated in diabetic samples. The axons of diabetic neurons exhibited oxidative stress and depolarized mitochondria. CNTF and resveratrol reversed abnormalities in the mitochondrial membrane potential induced by diabetes and treatment of neurons with 4-HNE. CONCLUSIONS. Elevation of 4-HNE levels in diabetes was associated with impaired mitochondrial function and might be an important link between increased ROS levels and nerve degeneration in diabetic neuropathy. Abnormal mitochondrial function correlated with a down-regulation of mitochondrial proteins, with components of the respiratory chain targeted in lumbar DRG in diabetes. The reduced activity of the respiratory chain was associated with diminished superoxide generation within the mitochondrial matrix and did not contribute to oxidative stress in axons of diabetic neurons.

The toxic metal ion cadmium (Cd2+) is pro-oxidant and specifically disrupts the actin cytoskeleton in renal mesangial cells. This study investigated the role of Cd2+-mediated redox modulation of actin through protein S-glutathionylation and the effects of cytoskeletal changes on focal adhesions (FAs) through a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent-protein kinase II (CaMK-II) pathway. Only at low concentrations of Cd2+ (0.5-2 μM) was there an increase in actin glutathionylation, which was a reactive oxygen species-independent, total glutathione-dependent effect. Immunofluorescence of the cytoskeleton suggests that increases in glutathionylation levels occurring under low [Cd2+] are protective in vivo. Higher concentrations (>= 10 μM) of Cd2+ resulted in loss of vinculin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) from FAs, concomitant with cytoskeletal disruption. Inhibition of CaMK-II preserved cytoskeletal integrity and focal contacts, while decreasing the migration of FAK-phosphoTyr925 to a membrane-associated compartment. This study adds further insight into the Cd2+-mediated effects on the cytoskeleton and FAs.

The significantly increased copper and oxidative stress levels are characteristic hallmarks of cancer cells. These differences provide a unique opportunity for selective targeting of cancer cells. D-penicillamine (D-pen) has been proposed to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in presence of copper. Therefore, these studies were aimed at investigating the potential application of a currently marketed copper chelator, D-pen, as a novel cytotoxic anti-cancer agent. D-pen was shown to produce ROS, specifically hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), in the presence of cupric sulfate through a copper catalyzed oxidation reaction. During this process D-pen was converted to D-pen disulfide. The experimental proof of the H2O2 generation was conclusively shown with the aid of a novel High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assay. The in-vitro cytotoxicity of D-pen co-incubated with cupric sulfate was examined in human beast cancer (MCF-7 and BT474) and leukemia cells (HL-60, HL-60/VCR, and HL-60/ADR). D-pen was shown to cause concentration dependent cytotoxicity in both leukemia and breast cancer cells. A direct correlation between the detection of intracellular ROS and cytotoxicity was established. The treatment of D-pen plus cupric sulfate resulted in a significant reduction in the intracellular thiol content. D-pen is highly hydrophilic and is rapidly eliminated from the body; therefore to improve the intracellular uptake and to protect the thiol group of D-pen, we carried out the synthesis and the in-vitro characterization of a novel gelatin-D-pen conjugate. It was shown that D-pen alone does not enter cells. Confocal microscopy was employed to exhibit the uptake of the novel gelatin-D-pen conjugate by cancer cells. As the cancer cells in-vitro do not accumulate the same levels of copper as reported for cancer cells in-vivo, cancer cells were pre-treated with cupric sulfate to simulate the elevated copper levels. The cupric sulfate pretreatment resulted in reduced thiol level and significantly increased cellular copper content compared to untreated cells. Whereas both free D-pen and gelatin-D-pen conjugate lacked cytotoxicity in un-treated cells, both agents caused concentration dependent cytotoxicity in cupric sulfate pre-treated leukemia cells. Therefore, it was shown that the administration of D-pen as polymer conjugate would potentially provide cytotoxicity and specificity in the treatment of cancer.

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a member of the adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. MRP1 actively effluxes a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates from cells, ultimately, working to remove these compounds from the body. MRP1 was initially discovered based on its ability to confer resistance against a variety of chemotherapeutics when overexpressed in cancer cells lines. MRP1 function is important for a number of physiological processes, including regulating cellular and extracellular levels of the anti-inflammatory leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Our studies have focused on the role of MRP1 in regulating hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation and the role of CK2 as a regulator of MRP1 function. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) cellular levels are tightly regulated and fluctuations in ROS levels affect many cellular processes, including the self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and kinase signaling pathways. MRP1 regulates ROS through the transport of reduced and oxidized GSH. MRP1 is highly expressed in HSCs, therefore we hypothesized that MRP1 regulates ROS levels in HSCs via efflux of GSH. We have shown that MRP1 regulates HSC self-renewal by modulating cellular ROS via the efflux of GSH. The decrease in ROS results in downregulation of p38 activity and altered expression of a number of redox response genes. CK2 is a master regulator of the cell and controls cell growth, proliferation, death and survival. Yeast studies from our lab using Ycf1p (a homologue of MRP1) and Cka1p (a homologue of CK2) have found that Cka1p regulates Ycf1p function. This result suggests that CK2 regulates MRP1 function via phosphorylation. We have found that CK2 does regulate MRP1 function via phosphorylation of the N-terminal extension at Thr249. Using A549, H460, and HeLa cancer cell lines, we found that inhibition of CK2 with tetrabromobenzimidazole (TBBz) reduces MRP1 function and increases cellular toxicity to known MRP1 substrates.