A Web Semântica tem como meta fazer com que os conteúdos disponibilizados na Web tenham significado não apenas para pessoas, mas também que possam ser processados por máquinas. Essa meta está sendo realizada com o desenvolvimento e uso de ontologias para criar dados anotados semanticamente. Entre as distintas formas de anotação semântica, a Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) torna possível criar anotações no formato de regras que combinam regras com conceitos definidos em ontologias, especificadas em Web Ontology Language (OWL), para representar conhecimento sobre dados por meio de afirmações condicionais. Todavia, à medida que o número dessas regras crescem, seus desenvolvedores podem enfrentar dificuldades para gerenciá-las adequadamente. Um grande conjunto de regras torna-se difícil de entender e propício a erros, principalmente quando usado e mantido de forma colaborativa. Neste trabalho é apresentado um conjunto de soluções para aprimorar o uso e gerenciamento de regras SWRL, que compreendem o desenvolvimento de novas representações visuais, técnicas de classificação de regras e ferramenta de detecção de erros. Essas soluções resultaram no SWRL Editor, uma ferramenta Web de visualização e composição de regras que roda como um plug-in para o Web Protégé. Como estudo de caso, foi utilizada a Autism Phenologue Rules, uma ontologia para caracterizar fenótipos de autismo, para exemplificar um conjunto grande e complexo de regras SWRL. A partir desse estudo, uma nova representação visual específica para as regras dessa ontologia foi elaborada, permitindo que um especialista em autismo, sem grandes conhecimentos computacionais, seja capaz de ver e editar regras sem ter de se preocupar com a sintaxe da linguagem SWRL. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o SWRL Editor é uma ferramenta clara e intuitiva, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento, criação e gerenciamento de regras SWRL. / The Semantic Web aims to make web content available not only to people but also to computers using machine-readable formats. This goal is being realized with the development and use of ontologies to create semantically annotated data. Among the different ways to annotate data, the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) enables rule-based annotation that combines rules with ontology concepts, defined using the Web Ontology Language (OWL), to represent knowledge about data as conditional assertions. However, as the number of these rule-base annotations grows, developers face problems when trying to manage them. A large rule set becomes difficult to understand and prone to errors, especially when it is collaboratively maintained. This work presents solutions to improve SWRL rule use and management that include the development of new visual representations, classification techniques and error detection tools. These solutions resulted in the SWRL Editor, a webbased visualization and composition tool for SWRL rules that runs as a Web Protégé plug-in. As a case study, we used the Autism Phenologue Rules, an ontology to characterize autism phenotypes, to exemplify a large and complex SWRL rule set. From this study, a new visual representation, specific for this ontologys rules, has been developed, allowing an expert in autism, without a lot of computational knowledge, to be able to view and edit the rules without having to worry about SWRL syntax. The results obtained indicate that the SWRL Editor is a clear and intuitive tool, contributing for a better understanding and easing the creation and management of SWRL rule sets

I denna studie har tidigare internationell forskning inom området tal i decimalform undersökts i en svensk kontext. I den matematikdidaktiska forskningen har ett teoretiskt ramverk för elevers olika uppfattningar av tal i decimalform tagits fram. Tidigare studier har gjort flera försök till att kategorisera elevers olika förståelse av tal i decimalform (Moloney & Stacey, 1997; Resnik et al., 1989; Sackur-Grisvard & Léonard, 1985; Stacey & Steinle, 1998). Sackur-Grisvard och Léonards (1985) kategorisering utgår ifrån elevernas förkunskaper inom andra matematiska områden. Deras teoretiska ramverk består av elevers användning utav tre olika regler; heltalsregeln, bråkregeln och nollregeln. Sackur-Grisvard och Léonards (1985) teoretiska ramverk har inte använts i någon högre utsträckning i det svenska forskningsfältet. Ramverket har i denna studie använts för att ta reda på om det kan användas som ett verktyg för att kategorisera elevers olika förståelse av tal i decimalform i årskurserna 4-6. I studien har metoden triangulering använts med både ett skriftligt test och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Alla elever har genomfört ett skriftligt test där de fått lösa uppgifter genom att jämföra och storleksordna olika tal i decimalform. Elevernas resultat användes sedan där några få elever ifrån årskurserna 4 och 5 valdes ut till semistrukturerade intervjuer genom ett målstyrt urval.  Resultatet visade att det teoretiska ramverket hade vissa begränsningar och att flera elever inte kunde kategoriseras till enbart en kategori utan flertalet använde sig av flera regler på det skriftliga testet. Elevernas resultat visade även en progression inom ämnesområdet där elever i årskurs 6 presterade bäst efterföljt av årskurs 5 och elever i årskurs 4 presterade sämst. / In this study earlier international research has been used from a Swedish perspective to investigate the field of decimal numbers. A theoretical framework for students’ various perceptions of decimal number has developed from the mathematical didactic research field. Earlier studies have done different attempts to categories students’ various perceptions of decimal numbers (Moloney & Stacey, 1997; Resnik et al., 1989; Sackur-Grisvard & Léonard, 1985; Stacey & Steinle, 1998). Sackur-Grisvard and Léonard (1985) categorization focus on students’ earlier knowledge in the mathematical field. Their theoretical framework involves the use of three different rules; the whole number rule, the fraction rule and the zero rule. Sackur-Grisvard and Léonard’s (1985) theoretical framework has not been used much in the Swedish research field. In this study the framework has been used to investigate if it can be used as a tool to categorise students in grade 4 and grade 5 various perception of decimal numbers. In this study the method triangulation has been used which involves a written test and semi-structure interviews. In the written test all students got tasks where they would compare and order different decimal numbers.  The students result from the test were used to choose a few students from grade 4 and grade 5 to do the semi-structured interviews through a target-driven selection. The result showed that the theoretical framework did have some limits and several students´ did not belong to only one category, several students did use more than one of the three rules in the written test. The students result showed a progression where students from grade 6 performed best on the test followed by students from grade 5, students in grade 4 performed worst.

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Die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël word in die algemeen beskou as een van die mees problematiese areas van die Suid-Afrikaanse bewysreg. Die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie het dan ook redelik onlangs ondersoek ingestel na die wenslikheid van die behoud of afskaffing van die reël. Ondersoek word ingestel na die ware aard van die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël en of die reël op ’n korrekte wyse in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg ingevoer is. ’n Deeglike kritiese ontleding word verder gedoen van die twee komponente waaruit die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël bestaan, naamlik die integrasiereël en die interpretasiereël, met behoorlike verwysing na relevante regspraak en die standpunte van akademiese skrywers op hierdie gebied. Kritiese ondersoek word verder ingestel na die verslag en aanbevelings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie ten aansien van die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël. Die impak van die 1996 Grondwet, asook die moderne ontwikkeling van die rekenaar en elektroniese dokumente op die ekstrinsiekegetuienis-reël word ook kortliks ondersoek. Daar word verder grondig ondersoek ingestel na die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël in ’n regsvergelykende perspektief met spesifieke verwysing na die Engelse, Amerikaanse, Kanadese, Nederlandse, Duitse, Franse en Switserse reg, asook die moontlike waarde wat sodanige benaderings kan toevoeg tot die reël in ’n Suid-afrikaanse konteks. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word in hierdie proefskrif is dat die ekstrinsieke getuienis-reël aansienlik gemodifiseer moet word in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg deur middel van die promulgering van spesifieke wetgewing op hierdie gebied. Die essensie van hierdie wetgewing moet daaruit bestaan dat alle relevante ekstrinsieke getuienis toegelaat behoort te word ten einde die ware bedoeling van die kontrakspartye vas te stel, behalwe waar dit blyk dat hulle ooreengekom het om hulle algehele ooreenkoms in die skriftelike kontrak te integreer. Daar behoort egter terselftertyd ’n aansienlike bewyswaarde aan die skriftelike dokument, asook die terme daarin vervat, geheg te word ten einde die onskendbaarheid van die skriftelike dokument te preserveer. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.D.

Caspase-7 is a member of a family of cysteine proteases that includes apoptotic initiators (caspases-8, -9 and -10) and executors (caspases-3, -6 and -7). During apoptosis, executioner caspases are cleaved by initiator caspases either by the extrinsic (death receptors) or by the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of caspase activation. Caspase-7 is an obligate dimer in the cell and cleavage of the interdomain connector (IDC), which split the catalytic domain in two subunits, at either site 1 or site 2 allows the conversion of the enzyme from the zymogen (inactive) state to the active state through a conformation switch that leads to the creation of a substrate binding pocket and the catalytic site. During caspase-7 activation, a 23-residue N-terminal peptide is also cleaved. Consequently, caspase-7 displays different N-terminal residues from those of its zymogen. This can change the stability of caspase-7 according to the N-end rule, which relates the half-life of a protein with the residue presented at its N-terminus. This degradation pathway controls the ubiquitination of the protein based on the N-terminus. To replicate the different forms of caspase-7 produced during its activation process in a controlled manner, a TEV protease cleavage site [ENLYFQ[arrow down](S/A)] was strategically inserted to mimic the different possibilities of IDC cleavage: 1) cleavage at site 1 only, 2) cleavage at site 2 only, or 3) a double cleavage. This was done in order to obtain the N-terminal residues normally presented during the cleavage of caspase-7. These constructions have been also optimized to preserve the proteolytic activity of the enzyme with as little change as possible to the length of the IDC. These constructs were cleaved by TEV protease in vitro and in cellulo and allowed the activation of apoptosis. Furthermore, the cellular half-life of caspase-7 seems to be changed by its cleavage. In conclusion, we have developed an interesting tool for the study of caspase-7.

Enterprises can be empowered to live up to the potential of becoming dynamic, agile and real-time. Service orientation is emerging from the amalgamation of a number of key business, technology and cultural developments. Three essential trends in particular are coming together to create a new revolutionary breed of enterprise, the service-oriented enterprise (SOE): (1) the continuous performance management of the enterprise; (2) the emergence of business process management; and (3) advances in the standards-based service-oriented infrastructures. This thesis focuses on this emerging three-layered architecture that builds on a service-oriented architecture framework, with a process layer that brings technology and business together, and a corporate performance layer that continually monitors and improves the performance indicators of global enterprises provides a novel framework for the business context in which to apply the important technical idea of service orientation and moves it from being an interesting tool for engineers to a vehicle for business managers to fundamentally improve their businesses.

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published_or_final_version / Law / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Rule governance is critical to human society. However, could rule governance be found in non-human animals? A six year old, female, African white-necked raven (Covrus albicollis) named Shade correctly followed informal verbal commands to retrieve specified objects in the past. This ability was tested using two different methods. Both methods involved the researcher verbally asking the bird to retrieve one object out of two either from the same room or an adjacent room. While initial results were not significantly different than chance, review of trial recordings revealed that it is possible to predict when the bird will retrieve an incorrect object based solely on specific behaviors, termed inattentive or uninterested. Trials marked as inattentive by observers were significantly more likely to be incorrect than correct. This indicates that the bird was capable of retrieving the correct object, but that she also occasionally, intentionally retrieved the incorrect object.

本文分為六章，第一章就本研究題目的動機與方法等作一簡單之介紹，第二章就台灣警察制度之發展及警訊自白成因作一闡述，第三章就自白之證據能力與價值而為分析，第四章就最高法院之法律見解與實務偵查人員之實務應對問題做一探討，第五章針對陷入僵局之警詢自白尋求合法、可行之操作方式，第六章總結全文而為結論。 在自白理論之研究上，首先針對台灣警察制度之發展及被告自白之成因作一基礎之探討，以探究被告何以會違反人性自利之天性下而為自白，次就自白證據能力之問題，以我國刑事訴訟法第一百五十六條之不正訊問方法為中心而深究，至於如何確保被告自白之任意性方面，則分別由被告緘默權、律師權及全程錄影、錄音之保障做探討以為確保自白之可用性，最後再分析補強法則之沿革及理論基礎以補強自白證據價值。 在自白之實證分析上，經本文就最高法院有關警訊自白的證據爭議做統計，判決資料中高達76%的警訊自白遭質疑，其數字略與違反錄影、錄音之規定相當，突顯合法自白需錄影錄音以為擔保之強烈關聯性，且從實務偵查人員之問卷調查中得知，雖然多數人員都知道合法自白之程序規定，但仍強烈需要適度偵辦之空間，且已能認知不得強迫取供。 結論在強調白白雖具不可替代性，但在現今社會下，自白之取得更需遵循程序正義原則及維護被告人權，所以提出建議幾種自律方式以合法取得自白。 / This study consists of six chapters, the first of which introduces the research’s history, motivations and methods ; the second chapter explains the development of the Police System in Taiwan and the key factors of defendants’ confession to police; the third chapter analyzes the qualification and value of the evidence in confessions, the fourth chapter discusses the Supreme Court’s interpretation of confession law on the relative problems about the investigators’ response, the fifth chapter explores legal means and possible ways to the stalemate of confession; and the final chapter is a conclusion of the articles. The study, In the research of the theories of confession , first approaches the reasons of defendants’ acting contrary to humanity during police questioning as to confess from the basic research for the development of the Police System in Taiwan and the key factors of defendants’ confessions to police. Based on the National Criminal Law Proceedings §156, relative problems of the evidence qualification are discussed. As regards how to ensure the defendant’s voluntary confession, a study is made on the protection of defendant’s right to silence, right to counsel and to the picture or sound recording for offering testimony. Lastly, the supplemental rule theory is analyzed to reinforce the value of the evidence in confessions. In the statistical sampling of confessions in the Supreme Court’s judgments, more then 76% have been queried, which is approximately the same as the number of illegal picture or sound recording exhibiting the significant relation between recording and legal confessions for offering confession’s testimony although most investigators realize the legal process in criminal lawsuits and the illegality of extorting confessions, they, as the survey in this study shows, still require a certain extent of freedom in investigation. The conclusion of this article emphasizes on the must of confessions, however, in the current legal environment, obeying due process of law and maintaining human rights should be further considered in the process of obtaining confessions, therefore a proposal for calling the legal confessions is put forward.