O raciocínio jurídico analógico tem sido visto ora como forma de raciocínio essencial ao Direito, ora como mecanismo pernicioso e arbitrário de tomada de decisões, em prejuízo ao Estado de Direito. O presente trabalho parte da hipótese de que o raciocínio analógico é mecanismo que promove segurança jurídica, e, não, indeterminação. Para sustentar tal ideia, a primeira parte desta discussão apresenta o ponto de vista de diferentes teóricos do direito que procuraram expor ou negar a existência de uma estrutura própria dessa forma de raciocínio. A segunda parte, por sua vez, propõe um balanço acerca dessas perspectivas, identificando-se elementos pertinentes à estrutura do raciocínio analógico e passíveis de análise específica e de crítica, com possibilidade de reformulação ou de melhor compreensão dos pontos colocados em evidência. A terceira parte, por fim, estabelece relação entre raciocínio analógico e coerência, entendendo esta como essencial para compreender de que maneira tal espécie de raciocínio pode promover segurança jurídica; para tanto, discute os conceitos de coerência e de integridade do direito, e, então, propõe que é possível verificar, do ponto de vista prático, relação entre a forma de desenvolvimento de raciocínios analógicos e os institutos jurídicos, de maneira a sustentar, por fim, que a analogia pode constituir mecanismo de segurança jurídica e de densificação do direito. O trabalho conclui que o raciocínio analógico desempenha papel relevante no Estado de Direito, nem sempre percebido como tal. / Analogical legal reasoning has been seen both as a form of reasoning essential to the law and as a pernicious and arbitrary mechanism of decision-making, undermining the rule of law. The present work is based on the hypothesis that analogical reasoning is a mechanism that increases legal certainty, not indetermination. To support this idea, the first part of this discussion presents the point of view of different legal theorists who sought to expose or deny the existence of a proper structure of this form of reasoning. The second part, in turn, proposes a balance on these perspectives, identifying pertinent elements to the structure of analogical reasoning, which are subject to specific analysis and criticism, with the possibility of reformulation or better understanding of the highlighted points. The third part, finally, establishes a relation between analogical reasoning and coherence, understanding this as essential to comprehend how this kind of reasoning can promote legal certainty; for this, it discusses the concepts of coherence and integrity of the law, and then it proposes that it is possible to verify, from a practical point of view, the relationship between the development of analogical reasoning and institutions of law, in order to sustain, lastly, that analogy can constitute a mechanism of legal certainty and densification of the law. This work concludes that analogical reasoning plays a relevant role in the rule of law, not always perceived as such.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alvaro Augusto dos Passos.pdf: 853125 bytes, checksum: 782d3cecfa3019927271cd203622817f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-18 / In all social organizations apart from their time and place, power relations are identified among their members or institutions. Family, religion, labour, education and above all the State, through its judicial order, influence the individuals motivating or inhibiting behaviors, aiming at making the coexistence of human beings satisfactory. This study intends to demonstrate the way the coexistence relations take place due to the appropriation of aesthetic signs as communication signals in order to convince that to act as settled is good / Em toda organização social, independentemente do seu tempo ou lugar, identificam-se relações de poder entre seus membros ou instituições. Família, religião, trabalho, escolas e, sobretudo, o Estado, através de sua ordem jurídica, influenciam os indivíduos motivando ou inibindo comportamentos, de sorte a tornar satisfatória a convivência entre os seres humanos. Com este estudo se pretende demonstrar o modo como tais relações se efetivam a partir da adoção de sinais estéticos, enquanto signos de comunicação, com vistas a convencer de que agir conforme determinado é bom

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Balanin.pdf: 459485 bytes, checksum: 2fe561517821ff1f5a27e5ac583bfd87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / The objective of this work is to identify whether the Non Cumulative should be considered as true Constitutional Rule and not as Principle, created along with the authorization to institute the Brazilian State VAT ( ICMS ). Apart the consideration if Non Cumulative should be framed as a Principle or Rule, we seek to demonstrate that VAT cannot exist without attending it. In view of this, we will seek to better identify how the Rule of Non Cumulative establishes the use of ICMS credit on the tax owed in the previous step. What we seek is to confirm that, even if such tax has not been paid by the supplier in the previous step of the circulation chain, by any circumstance, once held the ICMS the right to use the credit shall be ensured. Therefore, as the Federal Constitution does not require the payment of ICMS in the previous step to enforce the Rule of Non Cumulative , once that the incidence of taxation occur (due to the effective delivery of goods) the purchaser is entitled to the use of credits from the subsequent operation. In view of this, we believe that requiring reversal of ICMS credits arising from any non-payment or underpayment of tax in the previous step violates the Rule of Non Cumulative of VAT and, therefore, is unconstitutional / O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar se a Não-Cumulatividade deve ser considerada como verdadeira Regra Constitucional e não como Princípio, criada juntamente com a própria competência para a instituição do ICMS. Independente de a Não-Cumulatividade dever ser enquadrada como Princípio ou Regra, também buscaremos demonstrar que o ICMS não pode existir sem o seu pleno atendimento. Diante dessa consideração, buscaremos melhor identificar como a Regra da Não- Cumlatividade estabelece o aproveitamento de crédito de ICMS sobre o imposto devido na etapa anterior. O que buscamos é confirmar que, ainda que tal tributo não tenha sido pago pelo fornecedor na etapa anterior da cadeia de circulação mercantil, por circunstância quaisquer, uma vez ocorrida a incidência do ICMS, passa a ser assegurado o direito ao aproveitamento do crédito. Portanto, como a Constituição Federal não exige o pagamento do ICMS na etapa anterior para fazer valer a Regra da Não-Cumulatividade, uma vez verificada a incidência do tributo (em decorrência da saída efetiva da mercadoria) o adquirente faz jus ao aproveitamento dos créditos decorrentes na operação subsequente. Em vista disso, consideramos que a exigência de estorno de créditos de ICMS decorrentes de eventual falta de recolhimento ou recolhimento a menor do tributo na etapa anterior viola a Regra da Não-Cumulatividade do ICMS e, portanto, é inconstitucional

Thesis (Sc.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND SCIENCE. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by David Malcolm Kundrat. / Sc.D.

The age of the Bridgerian/Uintan boundary has been regarded as one of the most important outstanding problems in North American Land Mammal “Age” (NALMA) biochronology. The Bridger Basin in southwestern Wyoming preserves one of the best stratigraphic records of the faunal boundary as well as the preceding Bridgerian NALMA. In this dissertation, I first developed a chronological framework for the Eocene Bridger Formation including the age of the boundary, based on a combination of magnetostratigraphy and U-Pb ID-TIMS geochronology. Within the temporal framework, I attempted at making a regional correlation of the boundary-bearing strata within the western U.S., and also assessed the body size evolution of three representative taxa from the Bridger Basin within the context of Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Integrating radioisotopic, magnetostratigraphic and astronomical data from the early to middle Eocene, I reviewed various calibration models for the Geological Time Scale and intercalibration of 40Ar/39Ar data among laboratories and against U-Pb data, toward the community goal of achieving a high precision and well integrated Geological Time Scale. In Chapter 2, I present a magnetostratigraphy and U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Bridger Formation from the Bridger Basin in southwestern Wyoming. The ~560 meter composite section spans from the lower Bridger B to the Bridger E, including the Bridgerian/Uintan NALMA boundary in the uppermost part of the section. Analysis of samples from 90 sites indicates two paleomagnetic reversals that are correlated to an interval spanning Chrons C22n, C21r, and C21n by comparison to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). This correlation places the Bridgerian/Uintan faunal boundary within Chron C21n, during the initial cooling phase following the peak of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum. Based on the bio- and magnetostratigraphic correlation, I provide correlation of other Bridgerian/Uintan boundary-bearing sections to the GPTS, demonstrating that in the western North America, the Bridgerian/Uintan boundary occurs everywhere in Chron C21n. In addition, U-Pb zircon geochronological analyses were performed on three ash beds from the Bridger Formation. High-precision U-Pb dates were combined with the paleomagnetic polarity data of the same ash beds as well as the integrative chronostratigraphy of the basin to assess prior calibration models for the Eocene part of the GPTS. The data from the Bridger Formation indicate that the Option 3 age model of Westerhold et al. (2008) best reconciles the geochronological data from all of the ash beds except for one. Thus I favor this Option 3 model, which indicates the ages of 56.33 Ma and 66.08 Ma for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, respectively. In Chapter 3, the body size evolution of three mammalian taxa from the Bridgerian NALMA was analyzed within the context of Bergmann’s Rule, which poses a correlation between the size of endotherms and climate (latitude). The Bridgerian NALMA is from a time of global cooling following the peak of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, thus according to Bergmann’s Rule, the Bridgerian mammals are expected to increase in size. This hypothesis is tested among Notharctus, Hyopsodus, and Orohippus, using the size of molar dentition as a proxy for their body size. These taxa represent three different ecomorphs, and I investigated if these taxa showed a pattern of body size change consistent with the prediction made by Bergmann’s Rule, and how their ecological adaptation may have affected their response to the climate change. Prior to analyzing the body size evolution, specimens of Notharctus and Hyopsodus were identified to species based on dental characters. This practice differs from previous studies in which species identification relied on relative size of the individuals and stratigraphic levels of origin. Within the new framework of morphologically determined species identification, five species of Notharctus were recognized, among which, N. pugnax, N. robustior and N. sp. indet. exhibited statistically significant body size increase in the time span of interest. Based on morphological analyses of Hyopsodus dentition, I recognized five species. Dentition-based body size analysis showed that H. lepidus and H. despiciens exhibited a statistically significant change towards larger size within the sampled interval. When analyzed at the generic level, a statistically significant increase was observed for both Notharctus and Hyopsodus. Finally, a genus-level analysis of Orohippus showed a lack of statistically significant size increase over the study interval. Thus, among the three taxa from the Bridgerian, Bergmann’s Rule is supported by Notharctus and Hyopsodus, at least at the genus level, but not by Orohippus, although the patterns are more variable at the intraspecific level. In Chapter 4, 40Ar/39Ar dates were obtained from sanidines from the middle Eocene Henrys Fork tuff and Upper Carboniferous Fire Clay tonstein, with the goal of making highly precise measurements of these two samples, keyed to the Fish Canyon monitor standard. Analytically, both samples were well characterized, as had been shown previously. The irradiation disk was arranged such that there would have been control from the Fish Canyon surrounding each of the unknown pits. However, due to several complications in the lab during the course of the experiment, only the analyses from one run disk (Disk 677) were of the quality needed for the goals of the study. As a result, the Fish Canyon sanidine standards that were irradiated near the center of the irradiation disk had to be discarded, and thus, the neutron fluence could not be mapped out precisely across the entire disk. The 40Ar/39Ar age relative to Fish Canyon sanidines is 47.828 ± 0.205 Ma and 311.937 ± 1.282 Ma for the Henrys Fork tuff and Fire Clay tonstein, respectively (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor). Because the ages were both offset about the same amount, I explored the option of using the U-Pb ID-TIMS ages of the Henrys Fork tuff and Fire Clay tonstein to test the agreement in the chronometers. The Henrys Fork tuff was dated at 48.260 ± 0.107 Ma (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor) using the Fire Clay sanidines and assuming its age is the U-Pb zircon age. The Fire Clay tonstein was dated at 314.593 ± 0.699 Ma (1σ, including error on the age of the monitor), using the Henrys Fork sanidines and assuming its age is the U/Pb zircon age. Although the complications encountered render these data unpublishable, they show great promise as the ages of each sanidine sample, tied to the other ash using the other ash’s U-Pb age, give results that are in close agreement between the two chronometers on the same sample (e.g., 314.593 ± 0.699 Ma vs. 314.554 ± 0.020 Ma at 1σ for sanidine and zircon respectively from the Fire Clay tonstein, and 48.260 ± 0.107 Ma vs. 48.265 ± 0.008 Ma 1σ for sanidine and zircon respectively from the Henrys Fork tuff).

A free energy formalism is developed in order to describe phase equilibria in binary alloys. The proposed phenomenological approach uses a limited number of experimental data to provide a global thermodynamic description of a system including its equilibrium and metastable phase diagrams. Emphasis is placed on the description of short range order by means of the cluster variation method. A microscopic theory is also developed in order to predict the enthalpies of formation of transition metal alloys as well as the short range order dependence of these enthalpies. The theory uses a tight-binding Hamiltonian together with the generalized perturbation method. 0ff~diagonal disorder is taken into account, and charge transfer is treated self consistently in the random alloy. All input parameters to the theory are obtained from ab-initio calculations for the pure elements. In this regard, the model can be considered parameter free. The phenomenological approach has been used to analyzed the Al-Ni, Ni~Cr, and Al~Li systems. It is found that the vibrational entropy of‘ formation plays an important role in the thermodynamics of the Al-Li and Ni-Cr alloys. The approach allows an accurate description of stable and metastable order-disorder or order-order equilibria existing in the Ni-Al or AL~Li systems. The model is used to predict a metastable clustering tendency in Al-Li alloys which appears to have been recently confirmed by experiment. The microscopic theory has been applied to the VB-VIE and IVB-VIIIB (Ni, Pt, Pd) alloys. The calculations are in good agreement with the available experimental data and phase diagram information. It is shown that off-diagonal disorder and electronic self-consistency play a crucial role in the accuracy of the results.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar o modelo racional jurídico elaborado por Hart e o modelo racional jurídico elaborado por Dworkin, assim como a crítica realizada por Dworkin em face do Conceito de Direito oferecido por Hart. O positivista, Herbert Hart, propõe que o direito é formado por um sistema de regras primárias e regras secundárias, sendo que uma regra de reconhecimento é responsável por identificar quais regras estão ou não incluídas em tal sistema. Caso seja apresentado um problema que não é resolvido por uma regra reconhecida pelo critério, deverá o julgador apelar para a discricionariedade. Dworkin, em um primeiro momento, criticará o conceito de Hart, alegando que o seu critério de demarcação entre o que é direito e o que não é direito é insatisfatório, por deixar de reconhecer vários elementos como jurídicos, uma vez que a regra de reconhecimento, sendo um teste de pedigree, não à capaz de captar princípios de direito não legislados e direitos e deveres controversos. Ademais, há um erro na teoria positivista de Hart, ao afirmar que os casos não claramente resolvidos por uma regra serão resolvidos a partir da arbitrariedade da autoridade estatal. Posteriormente, Dworkin oferecerá um modelo de direito que dê conta da realidade jurídica, em seu entendimento. Um modelo em que o jurista, a partir do equilíbrio reflexivo e do axioma da equidade poderá deduzir teorias possíveis para responder problemas do direito, identificando, dentre estas teorias, qual é a melhor resposta, sendo portanto a resposta exigível para a solução da lide concreta. / The objective of this research is to present the rational legal model presented by Hart and rational legal model presented by Dworkin as well as criticism made by Dworkin in the face of the Concept of Law offered by Hart. The positivist, Herbert Hart, proposes that the right is formed by a system of primary rules and secondary rules, and a rule of recognition is responsible for identifying what rules are or are not included in this system. If presented with a problem that is not resolved by a rule recognized by the criterion, the judge should resort to discretion. Dworkin, at first, criticize the concept of Hart, claiming that his criterion of demarcation between what is right and what is not right is unsatisfactory, for failing to recognize various elements such as legal, as a rule of recognition , being a test of pedigree, not able to capture the principles of law and not legislated rights and duties controversial. Furthermore, there is an error in the positivist theory of Hart, asserting that the cases do not clearly resolved by a rule will be resolved from the arbitrariness of state authority. Later, Dworkin offer a model law that embraces the legal reality in his mind. A model in which the lawyer from the reflective equilibrium and the axiom of justice may deduct possible theories to address problems of law, identifying, among these theories, what is the best answer, the answer is therefore required for the solution of the dispute concrete.

Algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina são frequentemente os mais indicados em uma grande variedade de aplicações de mineração dados. Entretanto, a maioria das pesquisas em aprendizado de máquina refere-se ao problema bem definido de encontrar um modelo (geralmente de classificação) de um conjunto de dados pequeno, relativamente bem preparado para o aprendizado, no formato atributo-valor, no qual os atributos foram previamente selecionados para facilitar o aprendizado. Além disso, o objetivo a ser alcançado é simples e bem definido (modelos de classificação precisos, no caso de problemas de classificação). Mineração de dados propicia novas direções para pesquisas em aprendizado de máquina e impõe novas necessidades para outras. Com a mineração de dados, algoritmos de aprendizado estão quebrando as restrições descritas anteriormente. Dessa maneira, a grande contribuição da área de aprendizado de máquina para a mineração de dados é retribuída pelo efeito inovador que a mineração de dados provoca em aprendizado de máquina. Nesta tese, exploramos alguns desses problemas que surgiram (ou reaparecem) com o uso de algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina para mineração de dados. Mais especificamente, nos concentramos seguintes problemas: Novas abordagens para a geração de regras. Dentro dessa categoria, propomos dois novos métodos para o aprendizado de regras. No primeiro, propomos um novo método para gerar regras de exceção a partir de regras gerais. No segundo, propomos um algoritmo para a seleção de regras denominado Roccer. Esse algoritmo é baseado na análise ROC. Regras provêm de um grande conjunto externo de regras e o algoritmo proposto seleciona regras baseado na região convexa do gráfico ROC. Proporção de exemplos entre as classes. Investigamos vários aspectos relacionados a esse tópico. Primeiramente, realizamos uma série de experimentos em conjuntos de dados artificiais com o objetivo de testar nossa hipótese de que o grau de sobreposição entre as classes é um fator complicante em conjuntos de dados muito desbalanceados. Também executamos uma extensa análise experimental com vários métodos (alguns deles propostos neste trabalho) para balancear artificialmente conjuntos de dados desbalanceados. Finalmente, investigamos o relacionamento entre classes desbalanceadas e pequenos disjuntos, e a influência da proporção de classes no processo de rotulação de exemplos no algoritmo de aprendizado de máquina semi-supervisionado Co-training. Novo método para a combinação de rankings. Propomos um novo método, chamado BordaRank, para construir ensembles de rankings baseado no método de votação borda count. BordaRank pode ser aplicado em qualquer problema de ordenação binária no qual vários rankings estejam disponíveis. Resultados experimentais mostram uma melhora no desempenho com relação aos rankings individuais, alem de um desempenho comparável com algoritmos mais sofisticados que utilizam a predição numérica, e não rankings, para a criação de ensembles para o problema de ordenação binária. / Machine learning algorithms are often the most appropriate algorithms for a great variety of data mining applications. However, most machine learning research to date has mainly dealt with the well-circumscribed problem of finding a model (generally a classifier) given a single, small and relatively clean dataset in the attribute-value form, where the attributes have previously been chosen to facilitate learning. Furthermore, the end-goal is simple and well-defined, such as accurate classifiers in the classification problem. Data mining opens up new directions for machine learning research, and lends new urgency to others. With data mining, machine learning is now removing each one of these constraints. Therefore, machine learning's many valuable contributions to data mining are reciprocated by the latter's invigorating effect on it. In this thesis, we explore this interaction by proposing new solutions to some problems due to the application of machine learning algorithms to data mining applications. More specifically, we contribute to the following problems. New approaches to rule learning. In this category, we propose two new methods for rule learning. In the first one, we propose a new method for finding exceptions to general rules. The second one is a rule selection algorithm based on the ROC graph. Rules come from an external larger set of rules and the algorithm performs a selection step based on the current convex hull in the ROC graph. Proportion of examples among classes. We investigated several aspects related to this issue. Firstly, we carried out a series of experiments on artificial data sets in order to verify our hypothesis that overlapping among classes is a complicating factor in highly skewed data sets. We also carried out a broadly experimental analysis with several methods (some of them proposed by us) that artificially balance skewed datasets. Our experiments show that, in general, over-sampling methods perform better than under-sampling methods. Finally, we investigated the relationship between class imbalance and small disjuncts, as well as the influence of the proportion of examples among classes in the process of labelling unlabelled cases in the semi-supervised learning algorithm Co-training. New method for combining rankings. We propose a new method called BordaRanking to construct ensembles of rankings based on borda count voting, which could be applied whenever only the rankings are available. Results show an improvement upon the base-rankings constructed by taking into account the ordering given by classifiers which output continuous-valued scores, as well as a comparable performance with the fusion of such scores.

P-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is a polymorphic compound with two known polymorphs - alpha with a needle morphology and β with a rhombic morphology. It is an enantiotropic compound with a transition temperature at 13.8oC, where alpha is more thermodynamically stable above transition temperature and β is more thermodynamically stable below. At the beginning of this project, crash-cooling crystallisation experiments were conducted to determine the effect of solvent, temperature and supersaturation on the nucleating polymorphs of PABA. Three solvents were tested (water, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol) over a range of supersaturations and temperatures. The results suggested that polymorph appearance of PABA was heavily influenced by kinetics, as opposed to thermodynamics of the system, disagreeing with Ostwald's rule of stages. The project then focussed on the ability of tailor-made additives to select the crystallising polymorph of PABA from supersaturated solutions of PABA in isopropyl alcohol. Crash-cooling crystallisation experiments were performed using two additives: 4-amino-3-nitrobenzoic acid, and 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoic acid. Results showed that alpha PABA crystallised below a critical concentration of either additive, and above that critical concentration, β PABA would crystallise. To determine whether the additives were affecting the nucleation and/or growth kinetics of alpha PABA and β PABA, a series of nucleation and growth experiments were conducted using a Crystal16 multiple stirred reactor and a crystal growth cell respectively. The results showed that both additives greatly reduced the attachment frequency of growth units to alpha PABA nuclei, and inhibited the growth rate of alpha PABA seed crystals. Nucleation data could not be obtained for β PABA, but in terms of crystal growth, both additives did not affect growth rate of β PABA to a noticeable degree. Gravimetric and HPLC experiments were also employed to measure the solubility effects of both additives on PABA in isopropyl alcohol. Results showed that both additives did not appear to affect PABA's solubility to a noticeable degree.

The main purpose of this thesis is to develop a data quality scorecard (DQS) that aligns the data quality needs of the Data warehouse stakeholder group with selected data quality dimensions. To comprehend the research domain, a general and systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out, after which the research scope was established. Using Design Science Research (DSR) as the methodology to structure the research, three iterations were carried out to achieve the research aim highlighted in this thesis. In the first iteration, as DSR was used as a paradigm, the artefact was build from the results of the general and systematic literature review conduct. A data quality scorecard (DQS) was conceptualised. The result of the SLR and the recommendations for designing an effective scorecard provided the input for the development of the DQS. Using a System Usability Scale (SUS), to validate the usability of the DQS, the results of the first iteration suggest that the DW stakeholders found the DQS useful. The second iteration was conducted to further evaluate the DQS through a run through in the FMCG domain and then conducting a semi-structured interview. The thematic analysis of the semi-structured interviews demonstrated that the stakeholder's participants' found the DQS to be transparent; an additional reporting tool; Integrates; easy to use; consistent; and increases confidence in the data. However, the timeliness data dimension was found to be redundant, necessitating a modification to the DQS. The third iteration was conducted with similar steps as the second iteration but with the modified DQS in the oil and gas domain. The results from the third iteration suggest that DQS is a useful tool that is easy to use on a daily basis. The research contributes to theory by demonstrating a novel approach to DQS design This was achieved by ensuring the design of the DQS aligns with the data quality concern areas of the DW stakeholders and the data quality dimensions. Further, this research lay a good foundation for the future by establishing a DQS model that can be used as a base for further development.