Since the 1970s, waves of deindustrialization have dramatically transformed the urban Rust Belt. The plight of cities in this region is well documented by scholars. The story they present upholds central assumptions in theories of urban growth, mainly new cities grow in new economic regions at the expense of others. This dissertation challenges this notion by addressing the following question: What are the different economic trajectories Rust Belt cities have taken over the course of global economic restructuring from 1970 to 2000? In this research, 69 Rust Belt cities are classified into three different categories based on their performance on a quality of life index over this time period: stable, struggling, and devastated. Then, conventional quantitative methods are used to map changes in employment trends onto the cities in each category. This step provides a general picture of economic restructuring experiences in these cities, which shows all lose manufacturing employment, but increases in business services employment distinguishes stable cities while increases in professional services employment distinguishes devastated cities. Next, an innovative methodology is used to identify different kinds of economic transitions for different types of cities. The analysis shows larger, stable cities have been able to reorganize their local economies into producer service-based economies. It also indicates manufacturing remains central to the local economies in smaller, stable cities, and finally, all devastated cities are developing healthcare-based local economies. Finally, two stable and two devastated cities are examined in-depth to provide a detailed description of local economic transformations. The stable cities have combined local R&D facilities with a strong infrastructure of specialty manufacturers to become high-tech production sites. This change has fueled business services development in these cities. Devastated cities are holding onto old manufacturing while greatly expanding hospital-based employment. Overall, this dissertation makes a contribution by using multiple and innovative methods to develop a rich portrait of the economic reorganization of the urban Rust Belt. This portrait questions central assumptions in theoretical understandings of urban growth and serves as a foundation for an examination of the causes of successful local economic transformation.

Rust Belt and Other Stories is a collection of stories exploring characters in the bleak moments when social oppression challenge the perceived meaning of their lives. The disenchantments are influenced by distinctive settings, which set the tone for the stories. Place is an active force shaping the protagonists and adding to the nuance of character relationships, dialogue and philosophical outlooks.

A maioria das plantas consegue defender-se contra infecções fúngicas por meios naturais, que podem ser induzidos por uma série de elicitores bióticos ou abióticos. O silício (Si) solúvel tem mostrado que é capaz de induzir resistência em várias espécies de plantas contra inúmeros patógenos. Neste trabalho foi proposta a avaliação dos compostos contento Si na redução dos sintomas da ferrugem causada pelo fungo biotrófico Hemileia vastatrix em plantas de cafeeiros suscetíveis bem como avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos envolvidos nos processos de resistência. Primeiramente, foram estudadas duas fontes de Si (silicato de Ca/Mg e silicato de potássio) em cinco doses para padronizar uma dose/fonte para os experimentos futuros. Foi possível observar que as plantas de cafeeiros não tiveram diferença significativa nos parâmetros de desenvolvimento como altura das plantas, área foliar, número de folhas para nenhuma das fontes e doses analisadas. Porém quando se tratava da contagem do número de lesões por cm2, a fonte silicato de potássio na dose de 5mM conseguiu suprimir em até 60% o desenvolvimento das lesões causadas pelo fungo. Com a fonte e dose estabelecidas, o segundo passo do trabalho foi avaliar quais os processos bioquímicos envolvidos na resistência conferida pelo Si em plantas de cafeeiro. Foram analisadas as atividades das enzimas relacionadas ao estresse oxidativo (peroxidases guaiacol e ascorbato, catalases, e superóxido desmutases) e relacionadas à defesa (glucanase, quitinase e PAL). As folhas foram coletadas para a obtenção do extrato protéico em diferentes intervalos de tempo após a inoculação com o fungo: as 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após a inoculação e como controle foi utilizado o tempo zero (sem inoculação). Nesta fase foi possível observar que a atividade das enzimas CAT, SOD, APX foi maior em plantas tratadas indicando que o Si parece estimular uma resposta mais rápida ao estresse oxidativo. O mesmo ocorreu com as enzimas relacionadas à defesa. A partir destes resultados podemos afirmar que o Si estimula uma resposta de defesa mais rápida em plantas de café suscetíveis à ferrugem quando inoculadas com o fungo patogênico / Most plants can defend themselves against fungal infections by natural means, which can be induced by a number of biotic and abiotic elicitors. Soluble silicon (Si) has been shown to induce resistance in a number of plant species against several pathogens. The objective of this work was to assess the influence of silicon application of symptoms caused by the biotrophic fungus Hemileia vastatrix in susceptible coffee plants and evaluate the biochemistry process involved in defense mechanism. First of all, were studied two Si sources (Ca/Mg silicate and potassium silicate) in five doses to standardize dose/source for the future experiments. The statistical analysis showed that no difference was observed in relation to plant height, leaf area and number of leaves. However, the number of lesions reduced 60% in the higher silicon dose when compared to the number of lesions in control plants. Infected plants were found to have a linear decrease of lesions with the increase of silicate concentration. The lowest number of lesions per leaf area was observed in plants that received 5 M of Si from potassium silicate. This result indicates the use of silicon as an alternative for an ecological management system for coffee disease protection. The second step of this work was to evaluate the biochemistry process involved in resistance induced by Si in susceptible coffee plants. The activity of the enzymes related to oxidative stress (peroxidases, catalase, and superoxide desmutase) and related to defense (glucanase, chitinase, PAL) was evaluated. The leaves were collected in different time intervals after the fungus inoculation (24, 48, 72 e 96 hours after the fungus inoculation) in order to obtain the protein extract. It was possible to observe that the activity of CAT, SOD and APX was higher in Si-treated coffee plants suggesting that Si could stimulate a faster response to oxidative stress. The same situation occurred to the defense related enzymes. By the results obtained here it is possible to verify that Si can stimulate a faster defense response in susceptible coffee plants when inoculated with coffee leaf rust fungus

O controle químico é uma das medidas mais empregadas no manejo de doenças de plantas, sendo imprescindível em inúmeros patossistemas agrícolas. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica das interações entre os produtos e a planta tem grande importância prática, pois poderá embasar ajustes nas estratégias de controle. O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a tenacidade e a sistemicidade dos fungicidas epoxiconazol, piraclostrobina e fluxapiroxade em plantas de soja e videira. Para avaliar a tenacidade dos produtos foram simuladas chuvas de diferentes intensidades e intervalos após a aplicação. Procedeu-se a inoculação dos patógenos, Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Phakopsora euvitis, e avaliou-se a severidade e a área abaixo da curva de progresso das doenças. Para os estudos de absorção e translocação, utilizaram-se as moléculas radiomarcadas, 14C-epoxiconazol, 14C-piraclostrobina e 14C-fluxapiroxade, que foram diluídas com suas respectivas formulações comerciais. As variáveis foram avaliadas as 3, 9, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação (HAA). Especificamente para o fungicida fluxapiroxade foram avaliados os efeitos de sua associação ao adjuvante óleo mineral e ao fosfito de potássio em plantas de soja, e sua absorção e translocação em folhas novas e velhas de videira. Em geral, a eficiência dos fungicidas foi crescente com o aumento do intervalo entre a aplicação e a simulação da chuva. A adição do adjuvante aumentou a tenacidade do fluxapiroxade e o fosfito de potássio não teve o mesmo efeito. A sistemicidade na soja foi alta para o epoxiconazol, intermediária para o fluxapiroxade e baixa para a piraclostrobina. Na videira a piraclostrobina foi a mais absorvida, seguida pelo epoxiconazol e o fluxapiroxade. Os fungicidas epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade translocaram-se predominantemente no sentido acropetal e a piraclostrobina não apresentou translocação a longas distâncias. A adição de adjuvante ao fluxapiroxade promoveu maior e mais rápida absorção e translocação nas plantas de soja, enquanto que, o fosfito de potássio teve efeito antagônico, que resultou em 53% de redução na absorção. Não houve diferença na absorção e translocação do fluxapiroxade em folhas velhas e novas de videira, porém a redistribuição foi maior nas folhas novas. O fluxapiroxade mostrou-se ser um fungicida com potencial protetor e curativo. Protetor, pois grande quantidade do produto (>65%) permanece na parte externa das folhas da soja e videira até as 72 HAA, e curativo pois mostrou uma absorção crescente com o tempo, o que significa que há uma liberação contínua do produto para o interior das folhas. Os folíolos de soja absorveram mais os três fungicidas do que as folhas de videira. A translocação à longa distância em ambas as culturas foi baixa (<1%) para todos os fungicidas avaliados. A translocação do epoxiconazol e fluxapiroxade aumenta com o decorrer das horas nas plantas de soja e não em mudas de videira e a piraclostrobina tem uma translocação limitada e constante em ambas as culturas. Quanto maior e mais rápida for a absorção dos fungicidas, menores serão as perdas decorrentes das intempéries, e por consequência maior será a eficácia dos produtos. / The chemical control is one of the measures most used in the management of plant diseases, being essential in many agricultural pathosystems. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of the interactions between products and plants has great practical importance in providing knowledge that can support better the control strategies. The work has aimed to study the rainfastness and systemicity of the fungicides epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad in soybean and vine plants. The rainfall was simulated in different intensities and intervals after application in order to assess the rainfastness of the products.The pathogens, Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora euvitis were inoculated and the severity and the area under the disease progress curve were assessed. For the uptake and translocation studies, it was used the radiolabeled molecules, 14C-epoxiconazole, 14C-pyraclostrobin and 14C-fluxapyroxad, which were diluted with their respective commercial formulations. The parameters were assessed at 3, 9, 24, 48 and 72 hours after application (HAA). In particular for the fluxapyroxad were assessed the effects of its association with adjuvant and potassium phosphite on soybean plants, and their absorption and translocation in old and new vine leaves. Overall, the fungicides efficiency were boosted with the increasing interval between the application and the rainfall simulation. The addition of adjuvant improved the rainfastness of fluxapyroxad and the phosphite did not have the same effect.The systemicity on soybeans was high for the epoxiconazole, intermediate for fluxapyroxad and low for pyraclostrobin. In vine, pyraclostrobin was more absorbed, followed by epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad. The fungicides epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad translocated mainly acropetally and pyraclostrobin did not show translocation to long distances. The addition of adjuvant to fluxapyroxad has promoted greater and more rapid uptake and translocation on soybean plants, while potassium phosphite had antagonistic effect, which resulted in 53% reduction in uptake. There was no difference in the absorption and translocation of fluxapyroxad in old and new vine leaves. Nevertheless, the redistribution was higher in young leaves. The fluxapyroxad proved to be a fungicide with protective and curative potential. Protective because large amount of product (>65%) remains outside of the soy and vine leaves up to 72 HAA and curative because it showed an increased absorption over the time, which means that there is a continuous release of the product into the leaves. The soybean leaflets absorbed more the three fungicides than the vine leaves. The translocation to long distances in both crops were low (<1%) for all evaluated fungicides. The translocation of epoxiconazole and fluxapyroxad increases with the course of time on soybean plants and not in nursery trees of vine and the pyraclostrobin has limited and constant translocation in both crops. In nutshell, as bigger and faster the absorption of fungicides smaller are the losses resulting from the weather and most effective will be the products.

Resumo: No presente trabalho, verificou-se a capacidade de produção de basidiosporos produzidos pelos teliossoros telióides de Puccinia pampeana. Avaliou-se a inibição da germinação de esporos de três agentes causais de ferrugem pelas substâncias auto-inibidoras, presentes nas paredes dos teliosporos telióides, e a suscetibilidade de espécies de Capsicum e também outras solanáceas, como jiló e berinjela. Foi constatado, que choques de temperatura (35ºC e 8ºC) por 3 horas, em seguida temperatura continua de 12ºC, não inviabilizam os teliossoros telióides, apenas provocam diferenças no início da produção de basidiosporos. Quando mantidos a 12ºC, e com lavagens diárias dos soros, são capazes de produzir basidiosporos por um período de até 5 meses. Extratos aquosos de esporos (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) preparados com 20 mg de teliosporos telióides, continham quantidades de autoinibidor capazes de inibir teliosporos aecidióides de P. pampeana, e urediniosporos de Coleosporium plumierae e de Hemileia vastatrix, sendo este efeito inibidor na germinação, comprovado mesmo após 6 horas em contato com os extratos. Nos testes de inoculação observou-se, que nem todas as espécies dentro do gênero Capsicum, são suscetíveis, pois algumas apresentaram reação de hipersensibilidade. Como é o caso de C.annuum (pimenta cayenne) e C. chinense (pimenta habañero), que após a formação dos espermogônios (11 dias), aos 15 dias da inoculação, apresentou manchas necróticas na região periférica aos espermogônios, interrompendo a infecção. Também foi observada reação de hipersensibilidade, de forma mais moderada em C. annuum (pimenta serrano) e C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade) nas folhas, as hastes de ambas as espécies apresentavam estruturas do fungo. Nas outras solanáceas inoculadas: Solanum gillo (jiló) e Solanum melongena (berinjela), não foram ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present work, we studied the basidiospore production capacity of telioid teliosori of Puccinia pampeana. We evaluated the spore germination inhibition of three rust causal agents by self-inhibiting substances present in the walls of telioid teliospores, as well as the susceptibility of Capsicum species and other solanaceous plants, such as jiló and eggplant. It was observed that telioid teliosori submitted to temperature shocks (35ºC and 8ºC) for 3 hours and then maintained at 12ºC did not become unviable. The shocks only caused differences in the beginning of basidiospore production. When maintained at 12ºC, with the sori washed daily, they were capable of producing basidiospores for a period of up to 5 months. With regard to spore aqueous extracts (EAE1, EAE2, EAE3, EAE4) prepared with 20 mg of telioid teliospores, they contained quantities of the self-inhibitor that were capable of inhibiting P. pampeana aecidioid teliospores and Coleosporium plumierae and Hemileia vastatrix urediniospores. This inhibiting effect on germination was demonstrated even after 6 hours of contact with the extracts. In inoculation tests, it was observed that not all species within the genus Capsicum are susceptible, since some of them showed a hypersensitivity reaction, such as C. chinense (datil pepper), which, after spermogonia formation (11 days), showed necrotic spots in the peripheral region of the spermogonia at 15 days from inoculation, interrupting the infection. A milder hypersensitivity reaction was also observed in leaves of C. annuum (chili pepper) and C. baccatum (chapéu-de-frade); the stalks of both species showed structures of the fungus. No symptoms or signs of infection were observed in other solanaceous plants inoculated - Solanum gillo (jiló) and Solanum melongena (eggplant) - which demonstrates the specificity of this rust to Capsicum spp. / Orientador: Edson Luiz Furtado / Coorientador: Mário Barreto Figueiredo / Banca: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Rômulo Fujito Kobori / Mestre

This dissertation argues that the symbolic force of deindustrial Rust Belt decline is expressed through patterns of rhetorical invention, what I call ruination rhetorics. Ruination, I argue, works to construct divergent orientations toward space and time in representations of the Rust Belt. I trace these orientations as a way of charting the contours of how we understand domestic urban decay in our contemporary political and economic climate. This project argues that ruination's inventive force hints at a number of thematics including: ruination as urban waste; ruination as a claim to forms of nostalgia and authenticity; ruination as a linkage between temporal configurations of the past and the present; and ruination as a narrative form enabling what I call a "melancholic" rhetorical style. In all of these instances, ruination supports differentiated orientations toward time and space, creating temporal and geographical connections and boundaries through rhetorical manipulations. In this way, the times and spaces of and for industrial ruination shift, and in so doing, their discursive manifestations elucidate the diversity and instability of spatio-temporal structures. Conceptually, I argue that ruination shapes an understanding of space and time as fluid concepts, rather than stagnant or pre-determined categories. And by unpacking the ways that ruination traffics in representations of Rust Belt geographies and citizens, we discover an increasingly complex discursive field out of which meaningful relationships to decay and renewal might be forged. In this way, ruination does not weave a cohesive narrative of what the Rust Belt is, where the Rust Belt is, or who does or does not lay claim to its political realities and challenges. Rather, its divergent and contradictory modes of rhetorical invention suggest ruination expresses the incoherencies and compatibilities constitutive of an everyday life lived in the ebbs and flows of a material space that is always-already a site of ongoing decay and renewal.

Graduation date: 2002

No description available.

Iron chemistry plays an important role in our world. At the nanoscale, iron oxide nanoparticles (nanomagnetite) have many inherent physical or chemical characteristics that drive potential solutions to real-world problems; appropriation of nanomagnetite’s properties as a “scaffold” for chemistry would further enhance its effectiveness in applications. In an effort to make use of nanomagnetite’s physical properties, a new “Sulfide Green Rust” (sGR) has been synthesized from magnetic iron nanoparticles. The material is crystalline, reactive due to high iron(II) content, and dissolves in the aqueous phase. Nanomagnetite’s magnetic properties were also observed to persist after sGR synthesis. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirmed the synthesis of this new FeS2-like material. The crystallinity, composition, and various physical characteristics were examined using a host of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy, CRYO-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-to-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. To demonstrate its use, the material was then subjected to a test of its reactive potential, namely water remediation of an orange dye contaminant. Iron serves a function at the macroscale as well regarding water treatment, since iron coagulation-filtration is the industry standard for arsenic treatment. Determining a technology’s merit as a solution goes beyond technical concern, however, as environmental and economic aspects also play important roles. Life Cycle Analysis, or LCA, methodology works to holistically compare each of these facets from cradle to grave. To address the current arsenic drinking water requirements at a case setting in Hungary, the LCA technique was applied on two example arsenic removal technologies, both coagulation-filtration and adsorption. 9 out of 10 considered impact categories tended to favour coagulation-filtration in this small municipality study, however realistic variations in water chemistry and product characteristics led to some overlap of their environmental impact. Electricity did not have a large direct impact, regeneration of the adsorption technology was very costly, and adsorption’s hazardous waste was not reduced compared to coagulation-filtration. Coagulation-filtration is also the cheaper of the two technologies; its highest cost is that of waste disposal, while the highest single expense modeled is that of adsorption media cost.

No description available.