Wheat is an important food crop of the world, especially in Soviet Russia, U.S.A., China, India and Pakistan. Over one billion bushels of wheat are produced annually in U.S.A. The total area under wheat production in Pakistan during 1947-48 was 10 million aeres with an average yield of 12 bushels per acre. The stem rust disease has been known for along time to be destructive to grain crops, even centuries before the Christian era. Rust is of major importance in both the U.S. and Pakistan. Jethro Tull recorded rust in England in 1725. In 1916, rust was serious over the entire world. Since 1900 there have been eight epidemic rust years when losses were estimated as much as 160 million bushels per year. The heaviest losses are in the humid hard red winter and hard red spring wheat areas. Three methods of control are generally practiced for black stem rust of wheat. They are breeding resistant varieties barberry eradication and sulphur dusting. Of these, resistant varieties appear to be the most effective in the control of this disease. The problem discussed in this paper involves the breeding and selection of rust-resistant spring wheat strains.

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Objectives The Radiographic Union Score for Tibia (RUST) scoring system has been validated in multiple studies assessing the healing of tibial fractures. Our objective was to assess the inter and intraobserver reliability for the RUST in diaphyseal femoral fractures treated with intramedullary (IM) nailing. Patients and Methods A total of 60 sets of anteroposterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of diaphyseal femoral fractures treated by reamed IM nailing were randomly selected from a prospectively collected database. The 60 sets of radiographs were then scored by three reviewers using the RUST system. Interobserver reliability was measured at initial scoring. The 60 sets of radiographs were scored again by the three reviewers to calculate the intraobserver reliability. Results The RUST scores ranged from 4 to 12 with a mean score of 11.3 ± 1.3. The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.92) and the intraobserver ICC was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.94), which indicated excellent agreement. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the RUST system can be used reliably in the assessment of healing in diaphyseal femur fractures treated by reamed intramedullary nailing, with excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability.

Calculating WCET for schedulability analysis of RTIC applications is today performed with a hybrid approach with both static analysis of code and hardware measurements. A fully static analysis tool would allow for a easier integration into a CI/CD pipeline without the actual hardware. This thesis attempts to compute WCET statically, using symbolic execution engine KLEE to generate all the possible paths of execution for a task and then analyses these paths to approximate the worst-case for each path which would yield a approximate WCET for the analysed program. To analyze a path in a program the low-level intermediary assembly language used by the LLVM optimization infrastructure (called LLVM IR) is compared to the finished assembly language to draw conclusions on how an LLVM IR instruction is processed into assembly. To be able to perform this mapping from LLVM IR to assembly, the symbolic execution engine KLEE has been extended to also log each LLVM IR instruction run in a path. These logs combined with a translation table is how the approximations are calculated. The resulting approximations correlate with the actual cycles when the analysed program is run on actual hardware, which indicates that tool could actually be used to approximate WCET. There are however no guarantees and the tool has not been tested for larger scale programs.

Writing bug free computer code is a challenging task in a low-level language like C. While C compilers are getting better and better at detecting possible bugs, they still have a long way to go. For application programming we have higher level languages that abstract away details in memory handling and concurrent programming. However, a lot of an operating system's source code is still written in C and the kernel is exclusively written in C. How can we make writing kernel code safer? What are the performance penalties we have to pay for writing safe code? In this thesis, we will answer these questions using the Rust programming language. A Rust Kernel Programming Interface is designed and implemented, and a network device driver is then ported to Rust. The Rust code is analyzed to determine the safeness and the two implementations are benchmarked for performance and compared to each other. It is shown that a kernel device driver can be written entirely in safe Rust code, but the interface layer require some unsafe code. Measurements show unexpected minor improvements to performance with Rust. / Att skriva buggfri kod i ett lågnivåspråk som C är väldigt svårt. C-kompilatorer blir bättre och bättre på att upptäcka buggar men är ännu långt ifrån att kunna garantera buggfri kod. För applikationsprogrammering finns det tillgängligt olika högnivåspråk som abstrakterar bort den manuella minneshanteringen och hjälper med trådsäker programmering. Dock fortfarande så är större delar av operativsystemet och dess kärna är endast skriven i C. Hur kan vi göra programmering i kärnan säkrare? Vad är prestandakonsekvenserna av att använda ett säkrare språk? I denna uppsats ska vi försöka svara på dessa frågor genom att använda språket Rust. Ett programmeringsgränssnitt i Rust är implementerat i kärnan och en nätverksdrivrutin är portad till Rust. Källkoden skriven i Rust är analyserad för att bedömma säkerheten samt prestandan är jämförd mellan C och Rust implementationerna. Det är bevisat att vi kan skriva en drivrutin i enbart säker Rust om vi kan lita på några osäkra funktioner i gränssnittet. Mätningar visar lite bättre prestanda i Rust.

This thesis establishes the concept of Rust Belt aesthetics, a term for the artistic and cultural narratives that define, analyze, critique, or otherwise describe the deindustrialized U.S. Midwest, a region commonly referred to as the Rust Belt. This thesis explores how aesthetic projects re-present the experience of deindustrialization. The locus of this analysis is the region, and the thesis argues that the region operates as a discursive device that can mediate between and through other spatial “levels,” like the local or the global. Rust Belt aesthetics emerge from a moment of regional, national, and global transformations, and these aesthetics can construct the region to various political ends. The thesis analyzes aesthetics projects like advertisements, literature, and visual art in order to provide insight into the shifting economic, cultural, and social forces at play in the region and beyond. The goal of my analysis is not to arrive at a static definition of Rust Belt aesthetics. Instead, I hope to understand how aesthetic projects from and about the region communicate specific narratives about the Rust Belt, often through the lens of critical regionalism and the everyday life of the working class. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Background C++ is a programming language introduced in 1985, while Rust was introduced in 2010. Rust focuses on speed and safety and was created with the need for concurrency in mind.These languages have different memory management systems as C++ originally only supported manual memory management, while Rust's memory management system performs checks before the compilation of the application begins to prevent issues such as dereferencing null pointers, use-after-free errors, and buffer overflows.These languages' standard libraries have some features in common such as anonymous functions,  hashtables, and threads.These features can be utilized in games by implementing resource management with hashtables, event systems with anonymous functions, and parallelization with threads. Objectives The objectives included designing two equivalent game implementations, one with Rust and one with C++. These games were the testing grounds used to test the standard library implementations of anonymous functions, hashtables, and threads. These features' execution times were measured and compared to determine if there existed a difference between them in Rust and C++. Methods Using Raylib, two identical games have been created that utilized and collected execution time metrics for anonymous functions, hashtables, and threads. These games were executed 90 times for a duration of 10 seconds. When all tests were completed, the execution time data was compiled. This data was visualized and analyzed to determine the differences in execution time between Rust and C++ for these specific features. Results The results indicate that Rust performs better at creating anonymous functions, searching and deleting entries in hashtables, and joining threads. The results also reveal that C++ performs better at calling anonymous functions, inserting into hashtables, and creating and starting threads. Conclusions A substantial statistical difference exists between the execution times for the selected features in Rust and C++. The performance differences are significant to the extent that a developer can gain some performance by selecting the language that performs best depending on their needs. In the end, both languages are well suited for game development based on the result of this limited study.

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