Orientador: Luis Lonardoni Foloni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_CelsoLuizda_D.pdf: 3484885 bytes, checksum: b67a930df8821384f225122b143d73ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A utilização de pesticidas na agricultura é prática usual no controle de pragas, doenças ou plantas daninhas para que se consiga obter altos índices de produtividade e desta maneira atender à demanda mundial crescente de alimentos. Os pesticidas quando aplicados em condições brasileiras, podem apresentar algumas propriedades que possam prejudicar determinados compartimentos ambientais. Uma ferramenta importante para avaliar o destino ambiental destes produtos aplicados na agricultura é a utilização de modelos matemáticos nos quais permitem prever para qual ou quais compartimentos ambientais a molécula do fungicida tende a caminhar. Este trabalho teve por objetivos: (a) avaliar o efeito do tetraconazole no controle da ferrugem nos dois sistemas de semeadura; (b) avaliar o comportamento ambiental do tetraconazole, aplicando o conceito matemático de fugacidade nível I e II; (c) avaliar o destino ambiental do tetraconazole através das análises químicas de resíduo e (d) avaliar a acuracidade do modelo de fugacidade gerado com os de resíduo (analítico/laboratorial) obtidos. O método analítico consistiu na extração dos resíduos de tetraconazole com acetato de etila em presença de Na2SO4 e a determinação quantitativa foi realizada por técnica de cromtografia em fase gasosa, utilizando-se do cromatógrafo equipado com detector seletivo de massas (GC/MS). Os modelos de previsões nível I e II apresentaram resultados semelhantes à análise cromatográfica, onde indicaram que os compartimentos com maior afinidade ao tetraconazole foram o solo e a planta (folhas, caules, raízes e grãos em enchimento) para os sistemas de semeadura convencional e direta e a palha para o sistema de semeadura direta. Nos grãos de soja após a colheita, não foram detectados nenhum resíduo do tetraconazole após a terceira aplicação nos dois sistemas de semeadura. Os dados de previsão ambiental do tetraconazole através de modelos matemáticos, em específico o de fugacidade comprovaram-se como uma excelente ferramenta para a predição em quais compartimentos este fungicida estaria presente de forma simples e rápida, corroborados pelos dados analíticos de resíduos laboratoriais, estes por sua vez dispendiosos e demorados / Abstract: The pesticide utilization in agriculture is a common practice to control pests, diseases or weeds to obtain high levels of productivity and this way supply the increasing worldwide demand for food. Pesticides when used in brazilians conditions may show some proprieties that could cause damage in certain environmental compartments. A important tool to evaluate the final environmental destination of these products are mathematical models, which allow predicting which of the environmental compartments the pesticide molecule tends to go. This work aimed to: (a) evaluate the effect of the tetraconazole in the control of Asian rust on both sowing system; (b) evaluate the environmental behavior destiny of the tetraconazole, applying the mathematical concept of fugacity level I and II; (c) evaluate the environmental destiny of the tetraconazole through residual chemistry analysis and (d) evaluate the accuracy of the generated fugacity model results with the residuals results (analytic/laboratory) obtained. The analytic method consisted in the tetraconazole residual extraction with ethyl acetate and Na2SO4, and gas chromatography with a selective mass detector (GC/MS) was used for quantitative determination. The predictions models level I and II showed similar results to the chromatographic analysis, which indicated that the compartments with higher affinity to tetraconazole were the soil and plant (leaves, stem, roots and grain filling) for conventional and direct sowing system, and the straw for direct sowing system. After harvested weren't detected any trace of tetraconazole in the soybeans after the third application in both sowing system. The environmental forecast data of the tetraconazole through mathematical models, in specially the fugacity model, proved themselves as an excellent tool to predict which compartments this fungicide would be in, in a simple and fast way, corroborated with the laboratory analysis residual data, which are expensive and time-consuming / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Formal specifications are mathematically based techniques with which a system can be analyzed, and its functionalities be described. Case studies have shown that using formal specifications can help reduce bugs and other inconsistencies when implementing a complex system; they are more likely found during the software design phase rather than later. During the process of porting code, testing has been used to verify that the port has the same functionalities as the original. However, testing alone has been deemed necessary but not sufficient to accomplish this. This thesis questions if formal specifications could be used during the process of porting code to create an accurate model of the system, and thereby provide higher degrees of certainty that the final product conforms to the original. A step-by-step methodology is presented to answer this question. The methodology ascertains the behavior of a port target through testing and a formal specification model based on these tests is created. This model is then used to create the port. The result indicates that the methodology used has some potential since it provided a high level of certainty that the ported code adhered to the original. Since the methodology puts a high emphasis on the specification and has several layers of verification, it is likely that it is suitable for projects with several modules and interdependencies. When using it for porting a trivial or non-complex system, the overhead of the methodology may prove high in comparison to the value gained. It was also found that one must take into consideration the implicit functionalities a language provides. Strict reliance on a model could thereby lead to a less flexible process where creativity and consideration of the specifics of the target language may have produced a different result. / Formella specifikationer är matematiska tekniker med vilka ett system kan analyseras och dess funktioner beskrivas. Fallstudier har visat att användning av formella specifikationer vid mjukvaruutveckling kan bidra till att reducera antalet fel och därmed minska omkostnaderna. Vid portering av kod har tester använts för att verifiera att porteringen har samma funktionaliteter som originalet. Tester anses dock vara otillräckliga - om än nödvändiga - för att fullständigt beskriva ett system. Denna avhandling ställer frågan om formella specifikationer kan användas i en porteringsprocess och därmed ge en högre grad av tillförlitlighet i att porteringen överensstämmer med originalet. En steg-för-steg-metodik presenteras för att besvara denna fråga. Metodiken använder sig av tester för att beskriva det system som skall porteras och en modell baserad på formella specifikationer skapas genom dessa tester. Denna modell används därefter för att skapa porteringen. Resultatet indikerar att metoden har viss potential eftersom den upplevdes öka förståelsen för referensarbetet och därmed också tryggheten i att den portade koden överensstämde med originalet. Eftersom metodiken lägger stor vikt vid specifikationen och består av flera lager av verifiering är det troligt att den är mer lämplig för system som består av flertalet moduler med inbördes beroende. Vid användning för att portera ett trivialt system kan metodens om-kostnader visa sig vara för höga i förhållande till det värde som erhålls. Det visade sig även att en porteringsprocess måste ta hänsyn till de implicita funktioner ett språk tillhandahåller. En strikt anpassning till en modell kan därmed leda till en mindre flexibel process och därmed leda till ett icke tillfredsställande resultat, där kreativitet och hänsyn till målspråket skulle kunna ha gett ett annat.

Since the first official release of Rust 1.0 in 2015, the language has become one of the most well-liked programming languages among developers and has emerged as a competitor to other systems programming languages such as C and C++. Due to its unique ownership model, Rust is able to ensure memory safety, while also maintaining performance comparable to C and C++. An area that could potentially benefit from using Rust in its software is Radio Access Networks (RANs). The introduction of 5G mobile networks have lead to an increasing amount of base stations, making the network harder to manage. Therefore it is crucial that the software tasked with managing the network is of high quality. In this study, Rust will be compared to other systems programming languages and investigated as a potential alternative to C for use in RAN node management software. The two languages will be compared with regards to performance as well as safety. The results show that the execution speed of Rust applications are on par or better than their C counterpart, while the peak memory usage generally is higher in Rust. It was also shown that significant improvements in safety can be achieved, even in cases where the application is fairly straight forward. / Sedan första officiella utgåvan av Rust 1.0 2015 har språket blivit ett av de mest omtyckta språken bland utvecklare och seglat upp som en utmanare till andra system-programmeringsspråk såsom C och C++. Tack vare sin unika ägarmodell så kan Rust garantera minnessäkerhet, och samtidigt också erbjuda prestanda i paritet med C och C++. Ett område som med fördel skulle kunna använda Rust är programvaran i radionätverk. Introduktionen av 5G i mobila nätverk har lett till ett ökat antal basstationer, vilket gjort nätverken mer utmanande att underhålla. Det är därför viktigt att programvaran som utför underhållsfunktionerna är av hög kvalitet. I denna studie jämförs Rust med andra systemprogrammeringsspråk och undersöks som ett möjligt alternativ till C för underhållsfunktionerna i nätverksnoderna. De två språken undersöks med avseende på prestanda och säkerhet. Resultaten visar att exekveringshastigheten med Rust är i paritet med, eller bättre än, motsvarigheten i C, medan toppminnesutnyttjandet är högre med Rust. Studien visar också att signifikanta förbättringar i minnessäkerhet kan uppnås, även i fall då applikationen är ganska rättfram.

No description available.

Fall-sown barley will be increasingly important in the era of climate change due to higher yield potential and efficient use of water resources. Resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses will be critical. Low temperature is an abiotic stress of great importance. Resistance to barley stripe rust (incited by Puccinia striifomis f. sp. hordei) and scald (incited by Rhynchosporium secalis) will be important in higher rainfall areas. Simultaneous gene discovery and breeding will accelerate the development of agronomically relevant germplasm. The role of FR-H1 and FR-H2 in low temperature tolerance (LTT) has been well documented. However the question still remains: is LTT due only to FR-H1 and FR-H2 or are there other, undiscovered, determinants of this critical trait? We developed two doubled haploid mapping populations using two lines from the University of Nebraska (NE) with superior cold tolerance and one line from Oregon State University (OR) with good malting quality and disease resistance: NB3437f/OR71 (facultative x facultative) and NB713/OR71 (winter x facultative). Both were genotyped with a custom 384 oligonucleotide pool assay (OPA). QTL analyses were performed for LTT, vernalization sensitivity (VS), and resistance to barley stripe rust and scald. Disease resistance QTL were identified with favorable alleles from both NE and OR germplasm. The role of VRN-H2 in VS was confirmed and a novel alternative winter allele at VRN-H3 was discovered in the Nebraska germplasm. FR-H2 was identified as a determinant of LTT and a new QTL, FR-H3, was discovered on chromosome 1H that accounted for up to 48% of the phenotypic variation in field survival at St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. The discovery of FR-H3 is a significant advancement in barley LTT genetics and will assist in developing the next generation of fall-sown varieties. / Graduation date: 2012

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this work was to determine the effect of mineral nitrogen fertilization rates on nodulation, plant growth, yield and the effect of nitrogen rates on the progress of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) of two short cycle soybean cultivars. Experiments were carried out in greenhouse and in the field, in 2011/12 and 2012/13. In the greenhouse, plants were grown in sand and supplied with five nutrient solutions and also grown in a mixture of sand plus soil and supplied by six mineral nitrogen rates. In the field, plants were fertilized with six mineral nitrogen rates. For determinations of Asian soybean rust, experiments were doubled and Phakopsora pachyrhizi was inoculated. In all experiments, active nodules, growth, grain yield and plant N concentration was determined. In Asian soybean rust experiments, defoliation and the area under rust progress curve (AURPC) was determined. In the field, nitrogen rates increased plant growth only in 2011/12. Active nodules per plant decreased in all experiments. Grain yield was not affected by N rates in the field. In the greenhouse, nitrogen rates increased plant growth and the disease progress. In 2011/12 field experiment, a slight decrease of rust progress and a slight increase in yield was recorded. Mineral nitrogen fertilization can increase plant growth and grain yield under optimal supply of water and nutrients. However, under favorable environmental conditions for the Asian rust, the increase in grain yield by effect of high N rates might not be attained due to the damage caused by the disease. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito de taxas de adubação nitrogenada sobre a nodulação, crescimento da planta, rendimento e progresso da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow) de duas cultivares de soja de ciclo curto. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação e no campo, em 2011/12 e 2012/13. Na casa de vegetação, as plantas foram cultivadas em areia com cinco soluções nutritivas e também em uma mistura de areia mais solo com seis doses de nitrogênio mineral. No campo, as plantas foram adubadas com seis doses de nitrogênio mineral. Para as determinações de ferrugem asiática, os experimentos foram duplicados e o patógeno (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) foi inoculado. Em todos os experimentos foi determinado o número de nódulos ativos, o crescimento, a produção de grãos e a concentração de N na planta. Nos experimentos de ferrugem da soja, a desfolha e a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPF) foram determinados. No campo, as doses de nitrogênio aumentaram o crescimento das plantas apenas em 2011/12. O número de nódulos ativos por planta diminuiu em todos os experimentos. O rendimento de grãos no campo não foi afetado pelas doses de N. Na casa de vegetação, as doses de nitrogênio aumentaram o crescimento das plantas e o progresso da doença. Em 2011/12 no experimento de campo, houve um pequeno decréscimo no progresso da ferrugem e um ligeiro aumento na produtividade. Concluiu-se que a adubação nitrogenada mineral pode aumentar o crescimento da planta e a produção de grãos em condições ideais de água e nutrientes. No entanto, sob condições ambientais favoráveis para a ferrugem asiática, o aumento da produção de grãos obtido pelo uso de altas doses de N pode ser anulado pelos danos causados pela doença. Em condições de campo, os efeitos do N sobre o rendimento de grãos são de pequena importância em ambas as cultivares.

Continuous Deep Analytics (CDA) is a new form of analytics with performance requirements exceeding what the current generation of distributed systems can offer. This thesis is part of a five year project in collaboration between RISE SICS and KTH to develop a next generation distributed system capable of CDA. The two issues which the system aims to solve are computation sharing and hardware acceleration. The former refers to how BigData and machine learning libraries such as TensorFlow, Pandas and Numpy must collaborate in the most efficient way possible. Hardware acceleration relates to how the back-end of current generation general purpose data processing systems such as Spark and Flink are bottlenecked by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). As the JVM abstracts over the underlying hardware, its applications become portable but also forfeit the opportunity to fully exploit the available hardware resources. This thesis aims to explore the area of Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) and code generation as a solution to hardware acceleration. The idea is to translate incoming queries to the system into low-level code, tailor suited to each worker machine’s specific hardware. To this end, two Scala DSLs for generating Rust code have been developed for the translation step. Rust is a new, low-level programming language with a unique take on memory management which makes it as safe as Java and fast as C. Scala is a language which is well suited towards development of DSLs due to its flexible syntax and semantics. The first DSL is implemented as a string interpolator. The interpolator splices strings of Rust code together, at compile time or runtime, and passes the result to an external process for static checking. The second DSL instead provides an API for constructing an abstract syntax tree, which after construction can be traversed and printed into Rust source code. The API combines three concepts: heterogeneous lists, fluent interfaces, and algebraic data types. These allow the userto express advanced Rust syntax such as polymorphic structs, functions, and traits, without sacrificing type safety. / Kontinuerlig Djup Analys (CDA) är en ny form av analys med prestandakrav som överstiger vad den nuvarande generationen av distributerade system kan erbjuda. Den här avhandlingen är del av ett project mellan RISE SICS och KTH för att utveckla ett nästa-generations distribuerat system kapabelt av CDA. Det är två problem som systemet syftar på att lösa: hårdvaruacceleration och beräkningsdelning. Det första handlar om hur BigData och maskininlärningssystem som sådan som TensorFlow, Pandas och Numpy måste kunna samarbeta så effektivt som möjligt. Hårdvaruacceleration relaterar till hur back-end delen i den dagens distribuerade beräknings system, såsom Spark och Flink, flaskhalsas av Javas Virtuella Maskin. JVM:en abstraherar över den underliggande hårvaran. Som resultat blir dess applikationer portabla, men ger också upp möjligheten att fullständigt utnyttja de tillgängliga hårdvaruresurserna. Den här avhandlingen siktar på att utforska området kring Domänspecifika Språk (DSLer) och kodgenerering som en lösning till hårdvaruacceleration. Idén är att översätta inkommande förfrågningar till låg-nivå kod, skräddarsydd till varje arbetar maskin’s specifika hårdvara. Till detta ändamål har två Scala DSLer utvecklats för generering av Rust kod. Rust är ett nytt låg-nivå språk med ett unikt vidtagande kring minneshantering som gör det både lika säkert som Java och snabbt som C. Scala är ett språk som passar bra tillutveckling av DSLer pågrund av dess flexibla syntax och semantik. Den första DSLen är implementerad som en sträng-interpolator. Interpolatorn sammanfogar strängar av Rust kod, under kompileringstid eller exekveringstid, och passerar resultatet till enextern process för statisk kontroll. Den andra DSLen består istället av ett API för att konstruera ett abstrakt syntaxträd, som efteråt kan traverseras och skrivas ut till Rust kod. API:et kombinerar tre koncept: heterogena listor, flytande gränssnitt, och algebraiska datatyper. Dessa tillåter användaren att uttrycka avancerad Rust syntax, såsom polymorfiska strukts, funktioner, och traits, utan att uppoffra typsäkerhet.

AirSim is a new simulator developed as a plugin for the Unreal Engine, aiming to be a useful tool aiding the development and testing of algorithms for autonomous vehicles. Due to AirSim still being in its infancy there is little to none research available of its possibilities or detailed guidelines and tutorials on how to use its APIs.Rust is a new systems programming language with the purpose of being safe, practical and concurrent which through design choices can solve some of the major drawbacks of the C programming language such as memory leaks, thread management, and segmentation faults.Researching the features of AirSim and its different ways of communicating, we determine the possibility of implementing a custom flight controller in Rust and C able to control a drone in the simulator and evaluate the capabilities of Rust compared to C. This is conducted by reading available documentation for AirSim, studying the source code and learning about the communication protocols used by AirSim.This thesis results in an implementation of a custom flight controller in Rust and C that controls a drone in AirSim using a communication protocol named MAVLink which enables fine-grained control of the motors. The conclusion made about the comparison of Rust and C is that both languages were able to implement the safety-critical functionality of the flight controller and that Rust provided capabilities which could be useful when developing safety-critical systems. / AirSim är en ny simulator utvecklad som ett plugin för Unreal Engine, med målet att fungera som ett hjälpmedel inom utveckling och testning av algoritmer för autonoma fordon. På grund av att AirSim fortfarande är väldigt ungt finns väldigt lite forskning tillgänglig om dess möjligheter eller detaljerade riktlinjer och beskrivningar för användningen av dess APIer.Rust är ett nytt programmeringsspråk med målet att vara säkert, praktiskt och parallellt vilket genom designval kan lösa några av de största problemen med programmeringsspråket C som till exempel minnessläckor, trådhantering och segmenteringsfel.Genom att undersöka funktionerna i AirSim och dess olika sätt att kommunicera, utforskar vi möjligheten av att utveckla en egen flygkontroller i Rust och C som kan styra en drönare i simulatorn och utvärdera Rust i förhållande till C. Detta genomförs genom att läsa tillgänglig dokumentation för AirSim, studera källkoden och lära oss de kommunikationsprotokoll som används av AirSim.Denna avhandling resulterar i implementationen av en egen flygkontroller i Rust och C som styr en drönare i AirSim med kommunikationsprotokollet MAVLink, vilket möjliggör en noggrann kontroll av motorerna. Slutsatsen gällande Rust och C är att båda språken fungerade väl för implementationen av säkerhetsritiska funktioner i flygkontrollern samt att Rust erbjöd förmågor som kan visa sig vara användbara vid utveckling av säkerhetskritiska system.

Modern stream processing engines usually use the Java virtual machine (JVM) as execution platform. The JVM increases portability and safety of applications at the cost of not fully utilising the performance of the physical machines. Being able to use hardware accelerators such as GPUs for computationally heavy analysis of data streams is also restricted when using the JVM. The project Continuous Deep Analytics (CDA) explores the possibility of a stream processor executing native code directly on the underlying hardware using Rust. Rust is a young programming language which can statically guarantee the absence of memory errors and data races in programs without incurring performance penalties during runtime. Rust is built on top of LLVM which gives Rust a theoretical possibility to compile to a large set of target platforms. Each specific target platform does however require a specific configured runtime environment for Rust’s compiler to work properly. The CDA compiler will run in a distributed setting where the compiler has to be able to reallocate to different nodes to handle node failures. Setting up a reassignable Rust compiler in such a setting can be error prone and Docker is explored as a solution to this problem. A concurrent thread based system is implemented in Scala for building Docker images and compiling Rust in containers. Docker shows a potential of enabling easy reallocation of the driver without manual configuration. Docker has no major effect on Rust’s compile time. The large Docker images required to compile Rust is a drawback of the solution. They will require substantial network traffic to reallocate the driver. Reducing the size of the images would therefore make the solution more responsive. / Moderna strömprocessorer använder vanligtvis Javas virtuella maskin (JVM) som plattform för exekvering. Det gör strömprocessorerna portabla och säkra men begränsar hur väl de kan använda kapaciteten i den underliggande fysiska maskinen. Att kunna använda sig av hårdvaruaccelerator som t.ex. grafikkort för tung beräkning och analys av dataströmmar är en anledning till varför projektet Continuous Deep Analytics (CDA) utforskar möjligheten att istället exekvera en strömprocessor direkt i den underliggande maskinen. Rust är ett ungt programmeringsspråk som statiskt kan garantera att program inte innehåller minnesfel eller race conditions", detta utan att negativt påverka prestanda vid exekvering. Rust är byggt på LLVM vilket ger Rust en teoretisk möjlighet att kompilera till en stor mängd olika maskinarkitekturer. Varje specifik maskinarkitektur kräver dock att kompileringsmiljön är konfigurerad på ett specifikt sätt. CDAs kompilator kommer befinna sig i ett distribuerat system där kompilatorn kan bli flyttad till olika maskiner för att kunna hantera maskinfel. Att dynamiskt konfigurera kompilatorn i en sådan miljö kan leda till problem och därför testas Docker som en lösning på problemet. Ett trådbaserat system för parallell exekvering är implementerat i Scala för att bygga Docker bilder och kompilera Rust i containrar. Docker visar sig att ha en potential för att möjliggöra lätt omallokering av drivern utan manuell konfiguration. Docker har ingen stor påverkan på Rusts kompileringstid. De stora storlekarna på de Docker bilder som krävs för att kompilera Rust är en nackdel med lösningen. De gör att om allokering av drivern kräver mycket nätverkstrafik och kan därför ta lång tid. För att göra lösningen kvickare kan storleken av bilderna reduceras.

Disease resistance is critical in soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.sp. tritici Eriks. are destructive pathogens of wheat. From 2014 to 2015 phenotypic data was collected at diverse locations for resistance to leaf rust (North Carolina, Texas, and Virginia) and stripe rust (Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Texas, and Virginia) in a Pioneer ‘25R47’ /‘Jamestown’ (P47/JT) population composed of 186 F5:9 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Analysis of the P47/JT population identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for leaf rust resistance on chromosome 5B and two QTL for stripe rust resistance on chromosomes 3B and 6A. Phenotypic variation (%) explained by the putative leaf rust resistance QTL of Jamestown on 5B was as high as 22.1%. Variation explained by the putative stripe rust resistance QTL of Jamestown on 3B and 6A was as high as 11.1 and 14.3%, respectively. Jamestown is postulated to contain gene Lr18. Seedlings of 186 F5:9 recombinant inbred lines from the P47/JT population and 200 F2 seedlings from eight other crosses including Jamestown and/or the Lr18 host differential line RL6009 (Thatcher*6/Africa 43) were screened with P. triticina race TNRJJ. Genetic analysis of the populations was conducted to validate the presence of Lr18 in Jamestown. Results of linkage analysis identified SNP maker IWB41960 linked within 5 cM of gene Lr18 in all three populations. From 2016 to 2017 phenotypic data was collected at diverse locations for resistance to leaf rust (Illinois, North Carolina, and Virginia) in a ‘2013412’ (PI 667644) / VA10W-21 (PI 676295) population (412/21) composed of 157 doubled haploid (DH) lines. The 412/21 DH lines were genotyped via genotyping by sequence (GBS). Analysis of the 412/21 population identified one quantitative trait loci (QTL) region associated with adult plant resistance to leaf rust on chromosome 1B. Phenotypic variation (%) explained by the putative leaf rust resistance QTL of 2013412 on 1B was as high as 40.1%. Kompetitive allele-specific (KASP) markers KASP_S1B_8414614 and KASP_S1B_8566239 were developed as markers for use in marker assisted selection. / Ph. D.