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This study aims to explore how English-speaking learners of Chinese acquire Resultative Verb Compounds (RVC). The specific research questions are: Do learners think that change of state is achieved by using an RVC? Do learners assign resultative meaning to V₁-le uniformly or only in certain types of situations depending on how result is expressed in their L1? Lastly, do learners realize that RVCs are a highly productive construction? This thesis provides linguistic analysis that can account for differences in how change of state is expressed in Chinese and English. It also presents a second language acquisition study informed primarily by the sentence acceptability judgement task. In English, result is typically expressed by a monomorphemic verb or by a resultative construction. In Mandarin, the most typical way to convey result is to use RVCs. In addition to differences in such phenomena as event conflation, strength of implicature and the incompleteness effect also constitute key differences between English and Mandarin. It is claimed that the major factor in determining the effect of L1 transfer from English to Mandarin is how change-of-state situations are expressed in English. In response, two experiments were conducted. The subjects were 47 learners and 26 native speakers of Chinese. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was applied in evaluating outcomes of the experiments. The results show that learners understand that RVCs must be used to describe change-of-state situations. However, learners do not habitually take the aspect marker–le as a resultative marker. Instead, the outcomes of the data analysis are compatible with the interpretation of–le as a past tense marker. The analysis also shows that how change-of-state situations with respect to event conflation are expressed in English has some effect on their understanding of RVC-le vs. V₁-le combinations. Lastly, while learners do not reject the idea that more than one RVC can describe a change-of-state event, they do not have full understanding of this phenomenon.

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Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-11-24T12:08:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RotavirusGrupoAssociado.pdf: 2321435 bytes, checksum: 5d7f4e71d83f157a0d44069765101d96 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-12-01T14:57:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RotavirusGrupoAssociado.pdf: 2321435 bytes, checksum: 5d7f4e71d83f157a0d44069765101d96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T14:57:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_RotavirusGrupoAssociado.pdf: 2321435 bytes, checksum: 5d7f4e71d83f157a0d44069765101d96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-30 / A gastrenterite aguda (GA) é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade, sendo o rotavírus um dos agentes causadores de GA, o qual é responsáveis por cerca de 38,3% dos casos de hospitalizações, resultando em 197.000 óbitos de crianças menores de cinco anos anualmente, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O rotavírus pertence à família Reoviridae, gênero Rotavirus, possuem genoma dividido em 11 segmentos de RNA de fita dupla (dsRNA) e é classificado em oito grupos/espécies sorológicos distintos (A ao H). O mais comumente encontrado pertence ao grupo/espécie A (RVA), contudo o rotavírus do grupo/espécie C (RVC) vem assumindo importância nas gastrenterites e, geralmente, se relaciona a quadros de diarreia infantil de curso autolimitado, com possível transmissão de suínos. Este estudo visou detectar o RVC em crianças menores de três anos de idade hospitalizadas com gastrenterite aguda em Belém, Pará. Para tanto, de maio de 2008 a abril de 2011, uma vigilância intensiva para gastrenterite aguda (GA) foi realizada em um hospital pediátrico de Belém. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes de crianças com GA, das quais 279 amostras apresentavam resultados negativos para RVA e/ou norovírus (NoV). Nestas, o ácido nucléico foi extraído a partir da suspensão fecal pelo método de sílica sendo reversamente transcrito e amplificado por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), utilizando os pares de iniciadores G8S/G8A para VP7; C1/C4 para VP6; T434/T435 para VP4; e NSP4(+)/(-) para NSP4. O Controle positivo (protótipo Cowden) e o negativo (água) foram utilizados em todos os testes. Foi realizado o sequenciamento automático e a análise filogenética subsequente. Os dados foram analisados através de testes estatísticos de qui-quadrado partição, exato de Fisher e regressão logística simples com valores de p ≤ 0,05. A positividade para o RVC foi de 2,1% (6/279) pelo EGPAe RT-PCR. Posteriormente, foram submetidas ao sequenciamento automático e classificadas nos genótipos I2, G4, P[2] e E2 para os genes VP6, VP7, VP4 e NSP4, respectivamente. A frequência de RVC foi maior na faixa etária de 24 a 36 meses (5,7%) com p estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,0493). O gênero mais acometido pelo RVC foi o masculino com frequência de 83,3%. Os sinais e/ou sintomas clínicos mais frequentes em crianças com RVC foi febre (80%), vômito (83,3%) e desidratação (100%). Portanto, neste estudo foi possível a caracterização e análise filogenética de VP6, VP7, VP4 e NSP4 desse vírus em crianças hospitalizadas com gastrenterite, fornecendo dados importantes quanto à circulação desses agentes em crianças hospitalizadas com gastrenterite na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará. / Acute gastroenteritis (AG) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of children worldwide, being rotavirus one of the causative agents of AG, responsible for about 38.3% of the cases of hospitalization, resulting in 197,000 deaths of children under five years annually, mostly in developing countries. Rotavirus belongs to the family Reoviridae, genera Rotavirus, have genome composed by 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and are classified into eight groups/different species (A to H).The most commonly found belongs to the group/species A (RVA), however rotavirus group/species C (RVC) has assumed importance in gastroenteritis and usually relate to self-limiting course of childhood diarrhea, with possible transmission from pigs. This study aims to detect the RVC in children less than three years of age hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Belém city, Pará state, Amazon region, Brazil. From May 2008 to April 2011, an intensive surveillance for AG was performed in a pediatric hospital of Belém in children with AG, of which 279 samples had negative results for RVA and norovirus. Accordingly, the nucleic acid was extracted from the fecal suspension with silica by the method of reverse transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer pairs specific for the VP7 gene G8S/G8A; C1/C4 for VP6; T434/T435 for VP4; and NSP4 (+)/(-) specific for NSP4 gene. The positive control (prototype Cowden) and negative control (water RNAse free) were used in all tests. Automatic sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis were performed. Data were analyzed using statistical chi-square partition, Fisher's exact test and simple logistic regression with p values ≤ 0.05. The positive rate for RVC was 2.1% (6/279) by PAGE and RT-PCR and posteriorly, submitted to automated sequencing and classified in genotypes I2, G4, P[2] and E2 for VP6, VP7, VP4 and NSP4 genes, respectively. The frequency of RVC was higher in the age group between 24 to 36 months (5.7%) (p= 0.0493). Gender more affected by RVC was the male with a frequency of 83.3%. Signs and/or symptoms most frequent in children with RVC were fever (80%), vomiting (83.3%) and dehydration (100%). In summary, in this study it was possible the characterization and phylogenetic analysis of VP6, VP7, VP4 and NSP4 genes, providing important data regarding the presence of these agents in hospitalized children with gastroenteritis in the metropolitan region of Belém, Pará.

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