Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6757.pdf: 1103934 bytes, checksum: 1e243bc6fc800e7f55079679a98ba983 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-09 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Research upon attitude s formation and change using the stimulus equivalence paradigm has shown, at the same time, a potential for the formation of new classes, and a difficulty with respect to teaching new relationships when the stimuli used are familiar and socially loaded. As racial prejudice is a problem worldwide, and stimulus equivalence paradigm has proven to be useful when studying attitude s formation and change, the aim of this study was to verify, from a systematic replication, if teaching new relations to children who showed a negative racial bias towards black people could revert the pre-existing classes. The level of 54 children s bias was assessed by the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), an instrument that measures the affective experience of individuals on pictures or events. The 22 participants who had attributed to black people s pictures lower levels of pleasure compared to white people s pictures also performed a second test aimed to confirm the bias shown. The 13 participants whose negative bias towards black people was confirmed were trained to match indirectly black people s pictures with positive attributes in a matching-to-sample task. Two experimenters, a black and a white one conducted the research with different children, to evaluate possible differences in the participants performance. The performances of these children were compared in two conditions: using simultaneous or delayed matching-to-sample, analyzing 1) How many children formed the expected equivalence classes; 2) in which of the two conditions the results were more robust; and 3) if the presence of white faces as a third comparison-stimuli in a modified equivalence test caused changes in the previous responses given by the participants who responded in accord with stimulus equivalence. Two instruments, a self-report and a implicit measure were used as complementary measures of transfer of functions, to evaluate the meaning of the stimuli. Results showed no differences between delayed and simultaneous matching-to-sample, or between the experimenters in the formation of the equivalence classes. All 13 participants who demonstrated a negative racial bias showed formation of the equivalence classes experimentally planned. Of those 13 children, nine have maintained their responses on the modified equivalence test, and the group data showed transfer of function, evidenced by SAM. Although there was a statistically significant difference between the pleasure levels of white and black faces before the class formation, post-test data revealed no statistically significant differences; this was also confirmed by the results of another instrument, called Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Future research should recruit a larger number of participants and systematically change variables such as the use of mixed training of trained relations and the review of baseline relations, in order to identify which of them may be responsible for the positive results of equivalence. / Pesquisas sobre formação e mudança de atitudes utilizando o paradigma de equivalência de estímulos têm mostrado, ao mesmo tempo, um potencial para a formação de novas classes, e a dificuldade com relação ao ensino de novas relações, quando os estímulos utilizados são familiares e socialmente carregados. Como o preconceito racial é um problema presente no mundo todo, e o paradigma de equivalência de estímulos tem se mostrado útil no estudo da formação e mudança de atitudes, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi verificar, a partir de uma replicação sistemática, se o ensino de novas relações de equivalência a crianças que demonstrassem ter viés negativo para faces negras reverteria as classes pré-existentes. O nível de viés racial de 54 crianças foi avaliado pela Auto-Avaliação Manikin (SAM), instrumento que mede a experiência afetiva dos indivíduos diante de imagens ou eventos. As 22 crianças que avaliaram fotos de negros com níveis de prazer inferiores aos atribuídos nas fotos de brancos realizaram um segundo teste com o intuito de confirmar o viés apresentado. Os 13 participantes cujo viés racial negativo foi confirmado foram treinados a emparelhar, de maneira indireta, fotos de negros com um símbolo positivo, a partir de tarefas de emparelhamento de acordo com o modelo. Duas experimentadoras, uma negra e outra branca conduziram a pesquisa com diferentes crianças, para avaliar possíveis diferenças no desempenho dos participantes. O desempenho dos participantes foi comparado em duas condições: com o uso de emparelhamento ao modelo simultâneo versus com atraso, analisando 1) quantas crianças formariam as classes de equivalência esperadas; 2) em qual das duas condições os resultados obtidos foram mais robustos; e 3) se a presença das faces brancas como 3º. estímulocomparação em um teste de equivalência modificado ocasionaria mudanças nas respostas prévias dadas pelos participantes que demonstraram a formação das classes de equivalência. Dois instrumentos, um de autorrelato, e outro de medidas implícitas foram utilizados como medidas complementares de transferência de função, para verificar o significado dos estímulos. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças entre o uso de emparelhamento de acordo com o modelo simultâneo ou atrasado, ou entre as duas experimentadoras na formação das classes de equivalência. Todos os 13 participantes com viés negativo para faces negras demonstraram a formação das classes de equivalência planejadas experimentalmente. Desses 13, nove mantiveram suas respostas no teste de equivalência modificado, e os dados de grupo evidenciaram transferência de função obtida pelo SAM. Apesar de haver diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os níveis de prazer das faces brancas e negras antes da formação das classes, os dados de pós-teste com o SAM revelaram não haver diferenças estatisticamente significativas, dado confirmado pelos resultados de outro instrumento, chamado Procedimento de Avaliação Relacional Implícita (IRAP). Pesquisas futuras devem recrutar um número maior de participantes, além de alternar sistematicamente variáveis como o uso de treino misto das relações treinadas e a revisão das relações de linha de base, de modo a identificar quais delas podem ser responsáveis pelos resultados positivos de equivalência.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar cómo se construyen y cómo se usan los estereotipos sobre la peruanidad en la narrativa del canal del youtuber Andynsane. Entre los objetivos específicos se encuentran describir la presencia y el uso de estereotipos sobre la peruanidad en las dimensiones del perfil de los personajes que presenta la narrativa de Andynsane, identificar las características de la estructura narrativa de los videos de Andynsane e identificar el tono comunicativo en la narrativa del youtuber Andynsane. En la metodología se usó el enfoque cualitativo por lo que se efectuó un análisis de contenido y revisión bibliográfica. Los resultados encontrados fueron que el youtuber Andynsane usa la comedia étnica en el desarrollo de los personajes aparecidos en sus dos sagas, que el tono de comunicación de Andynsane es ante todo irónico y satírico y, por último, que usa recursos narrativos como la exageración para dar más vistosidad a los personajes y contenido. / The main objective of this research work is to determine how stereotypes about Peruvian identity are constructed and used in the narrative of the YouTube channel Andynsane. Among the specific objectives are to describe the presence and uses of stereotypes about Peruvian identity in the dimensions of the profile of the characters that Andynsane interprets, identify the characteristics of the narrative structure of the videos of Andynsane and identify the communicative tone in the narrative of the youtuber Andynsane. In the methodology, the qualitative approach was used, for which content analysis and literature review was performed. The results found were that youtuber Andynsane uses ethnic comedy in the development of the characters featured in his two sagas, that Andynsane's communication tone is primarily ironic and satirical and, finally, that he uses narrative resources such as exaggeration to give more presence to the characters and content. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>\textbf{Chapter 1}\\</p> <p>This paper explores the implications of the mismatch hypothesis in the context of the labor market using a survey on newly licensed US lawyers called the After the JD Study. Using a triple difference approach, I measure the impact of diversity quotas on marginal minority workers’ future salaries, promotion rates, and leaving rates for occupation and job. With middling statistical power, my findings are in line with the mismatch hypothesis in that beneficiaries of the diversity quota policy are made ex-ante worse off. My findings are also in line with recent literature on diminishing racial outcome gaps by skill.</p> <p><br></p> <p>\textbf{Chapter 2}\\</p> <p>In this paper, we provide theoretical framework for three models of Digital Media Firm behavior called \textit{Premium}, \textit{Free-to-Play}, and \textit{Play-to-Earn} as well as suggest an empirical measure of firm ponzi-likeness. First, we study a baseline model optimal price and quality of a digital product, the premium model. Second, we extend the baseline model where some customers, called minnows, receive the product for free and other customers, called whales, pay a price for a better version of the product, this is the free-to-play model. Finally, we explore a model where customers receive a security-like asset from the firm and this asset acts like a negative price while also subsidizing the firm's revenue. This final model provides an environment for much research. We show that, even when firms are ponzi-schemes in this final model, quality of the product need not be at a minimum. We also briefly discuss how one would measure the ponzi-likeness of a digital media firm in the third model setting. </p> <p><br></p> <p>\textbf{Chapter 3}\\</p> <p>In this paper, I explore unique measures of racial prejudice and their impact on black wages in the labor market using the General Social Survey, Current Population Survey and the NLSY79. I generate two variables to proxy for racial prejudice which are extracted from the GSS and the NLSY79. The first variable, drawn from the GSS, measures prejudice sentiment towards blacks and the second, drawn from the NLSY79, measures individual experience with racial discrimination. I use these measurements to proxy for racial prejudice and its impact on the black-white wage gap. I find that these variables are two distinctly different measures of racial discrimination in the labor market, providing a powerful instrument for measuring racial discrimination in the labor market. They also provide the insight that, while racial prejudice may be high in certain occupations and regions, this sentiment does not directly impact black outcomes. Specifically, wages are more sensitive to racial prejudice in WC jobs than in BC jobs. </p>

Media outlets play a pivotal role in the shaping of society's perception on different matters. The research of this thesis consists of 20 articles in total from two of the larger media outlets in the US, CNN and Fox News. Each dataset contains 10 articles consisting of 5269 words, for the former, and 4516 words, for the latter. The analysis categorized how CNN and Fox News utilize linguistic devices when constructing newsworthiness in their depiction on immigration with news values. Both CNN and Fox News exhibited variations in the utilization of news values. CNN emphasized personal narratives, utilizing names and locations, while Fox News leaned towards highlighting elite figures and frequently labeling immigrants as "illegal." These differences in narrative strategies could potentially shape public perceptions of immigration, influencing attitudes and policy discussions. Understanding these media portrayals is critical in comprehending how news influences societal views on this topic and highlights the importance of diverse and balanced media representation in discussions on immigration.