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Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la détection d’évènements impulsionnels intermittents en provenance de pulsars. Ces objets astrophysiques sont des étoiles à neutrons hautement magnétisées en rotation rapide, qui émettent un faisceau radio balayant l’espace comme la lentille d’un phare. Ils sont détectables grâce à une instrumentation spécifique. Depuis quelques années, on a découvert de nouvelles catégories de ces pulsars, aux caractéristiques extrêmes, avec en particulier des impulsions individuelles plus intenses et irrégulières comparé à la moyenne. Il faut pouvoir les détecter en temps réel dans un environnement radio perturbé à cause des signaux de télécommunications. Cette étude propose des algorithmes de traitement d’interférences radio fréquence (RFI) adaptés à ce contexte. Plusieurs méthodes de traitement de RFI sont présentées et comparées. Parmi elles, deux ont été retenues et comparées au moyen de simulations Monte Carlo, avec un jeu de paramètres simulant le pulsar et un signal BPSK avec des puissances et des durées différentes. Pour la recherche de nouveaux pulsars, une méthode alternative est proposée (SIPSFAR), combinant capacité de recherche en temps réel et robustesse contre les RFI. Elle est basée sur la transformée de Fourier 2D et la transformée de Radon. Une étude comparative théorique a permis de confronter et comparer la sensibilité de cette nouvelle méthode avec celle communément utilisée par les radioastronomes. La méthode a été implantée sur un GPU GTX285 et testée sur un grand relevé du ciel effectué au radiotélescope de Nançay. Les résultats obtenus ont donné lieu à une comparaison statistique complémentaire à partir de données réelles. / The work presented in this thesis is in the context of the intermittent impulsive event detection at Nançay Observatory. The pulsars are highly magnetized neutron stars in rapid rotation, which emit a radio beam scanning the space like a lighthouse. They are detectable with a specific instrumentation. In recent years, new classes of such pulsars were discovered. These pulsars with extreme features, especially with individual pulses more intense and irregular compared to the average, must be detected in real time in a disrupted radio environment because of telecommunication signals. This study presents some radio frequency interference (RFI) mitigation algorithms adapted to this context. Several methods are presented and compared. Among them, two were selected and compared using Monte Carlo simulations with a set of parameters to simulate the pulsar and a BPSK signal with power and different durations. In the case of researching new pulsars, an alternative method is proposed (SIPSFAR), combining research capacity in real time and robustness against RFI. It is based on 2D Fourier transform and the Radon transform. A theoretical comparative study has confronted and compared the sensitivity of this new method and the commonly method used by radio astronomers. SIPSFAR was implemented on a GPU GTX285 and tested on a large survey of the sky made at Nançay radio telescope. The results have led to a further statistical comparison from the actual data.

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Orientador: Euclides de Mesquita Neto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:13:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adolph_Marco_D.pdf: 9999341 bytes, checksum: 0336316213626e1dcf851637c49e82be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma formulação para obtenção de Funções de Green e estados auxiliares para os problemas viscoelastodinâmicos tridimensionais. Os problemas são descritos com auxílio de equações diferenciais, as quais foram solucionadas utilizando as transformadas de Radon e Fourier, bem como condições de contorno específicas. A transformada inversa é realizada numericamente. Essa formulação resulta em soluções com apenas uma integral imprópria e uma limitada, porém, quando se adota transformada de Fourier, são obtidas duas integrais ilimitadas. Para os problemas isotrópicos, essa formulação permite o desacoplamento do problema tridimensional em dois problemas auxiliares bidimensionais. As respostas de tensão e deslocamento foram deduzidas para os problemas de semi-espaço com cargas concentrada e distribuída, bem como de espaços completos submetidos a carregamento distribuído. A implementação numérica foi validada com auxílio das soluções estáticas de Cerruti, Boussinesq e Kelvin, bem como com implementações numéricas dinâmicas baseadas na transformada dupla de Fourier. Foram obtidos bons resultados. É apresentada a formulação para semi-espaços anisotrópicos / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a formulation to obtain Green's functions and auxiliary states in order to solve three-dimensional viscoelastodynamic problems. The problems are described with the aid of differential equations, which were solved by using the Radon and Fourier transforms, as well as specific boundary conditions. The inverse transform was numerically accomplished. This formulation resulted in solutions with a single (one) improper integral and a finite one, however, in case of using the Fourier transform, two infinite integrals are obtained. As for the isotropic-related problems, this formulation allows to break up the threedimensional problem into two auxiliary two-dimensional problems. The stress and displacement solutions were obtained for problems related to half-space under concentrated and distributed loads, as well as to whole-spaces under a distributed load. The numerical implementation was validated by using the Cerruti, Boussinesq and Kelvin¿s static solutions, and numerical dynamic responses based on the double Fourier transform. Thus, effective results were obtained. In addition, it was included the formulation for anisotropy half-spaces / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Solidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

The determination of plasma equilibrium profiles is necessary to evaluate the properties of the confinement and to investigate perturbation effects. Optical diagnostics can be used to determine some of these profiles. However, these diagnostics measure all emitted radiation at a solid angle that illuminate each diagnostic channel through a slit. Therefore, the real measured quantity is the emissivity integrated along the line-of-sight and some unfolding procedure, like Abels inversion, is commonly used to recover the emissivity profile. In TCABR tokamak, at the Physics Institute of the University of São Paulo, a 24-channel bolometer and a 20-channel soft X-ray optical diagnostics are used to measure the plasma emissivity in wavelength range from 1.0 to 1000 nm, depending on the used filters. In this work, a numerical simulation is used to compute the signal measured by the diagnostics for a given emissivity profile, allowing direct comparison with the experimental data and avoiding the use of the Abel\'s inversion directly and the numerical difficulties associated with unfolding procedures. By considering TCABR tokamak geometry, spatial coordinates can be related to the normalized linear coordinates of the plasma by imposing a plasma emissivity model that depends on some free parameters, allowing the emissivity resulting in each point can be calculated. Thus, the luminosity of each channel is calculated by the integral of the emissivity modeled in each line-of-sight (Radon Transformation). Emissivity model free parameters are determined by fitting calculated luminosity to measured one. We considered three types of emissivity profiles: a parabolic model in law of power, a Gaussian model and a model based on Bessel functions. We observed that the parabolic profile fits well the bolometer data, while the Gaussian profile is adequate to describe the data obtained with the soft X-ray detector. / A determinação dos perfis de equilíbrio do plasma é necessária para avaliar as propriedades do confinamento e para investigar os efeitos de perturbações. Diagnósticos ópticos podem ser usados para determinar alguns desses perfis. No entanto, esses diagnósticos medem toda a radiação luminosa emitida em um ângulo sólido que ilumina cada canal do detector através de uma fenda. Assim, a verdadeira grandeza física medida é a emissividade integrada ao longo da linha de visada. Com isso, algum procedimento de deconvolução, como a inversão de Abel, se faz necessário para obter o perfil de emissividade. No tokamak TCABR do Instituto de Física da USP, um bolômetro de 24 canais e um detector de raios-X moles de 20 canais são utilizados para medir a emissividade do plasma no intervalo de comprimento de onda de 1 a 1.000 nm, dependendo dos filtros utilizados. Neste trabalho, uma simulação numérica é usada para calcular o sinal medido pelos diagnósticos para um dado perfil de emissividade, possibilitando a comparação direta com os dados experimentais, evitando a realização da inversão de Abel e os problemas numéricos associados aos procedimentos de deconvolução. Pela consideração da geometria do tokamak TCABR, as coordenadas espaciais podem ser relacionadas com as coordenadas lineares normalizadas do plasma por meio da imposição de um modelo de emissividade para o plasma que dependa de alguns parâmetros livres, permitindo que a emissividade resultante em cada ponto possa ser calculada. Assim, a luminosidade de cada canal é calculada pela integral da emissividade modelada em cada linha de visada (Transformada de Radon). Os parâmetros livres dos perfis de emissividade são determinados ajustando-se as luminosidades calculadas em termos das luminosidades medidas. Nós consideramos três modelos de perfis de emissividade: um modelo parabólico em lei de potência, um modelo gaussiano e um modelo baseado em funções de Bessel. Observamos que o perfil parabólico ajusta-se bem aos dados do bolômetro, ao passo que o perfil gaussiano é adequado para descrever os dados obtidos com o detector de raios-X moles.

Orientadores: Rodrigo de Souza Portugal, Carlos Alves da Cunha Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T03:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moraes_DioneCherpinsky_M.pdf: 4463877 bytes, checksum: 6418a90fbf3389f9233ef9eb721da563 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Os levantamentos sísmicos são parametrizados para que os dados sejam adquiridos segundo uma malha regular. Tal regularidade quase nunca é possível, pois durante a aquisição dos dados ocorrem obstáculos operacionais como cidades, estradas, plataformas e áreas de preservação ambiental, dentre muitos outros. Em dados marítimos sempre ocorre outro tipo de irregularidade, que é a deriva do cabo de hidrofones devido a correntes oceânicas. Tenta-se então regularizar esses dados no início do processamento sísmico, para que processos cruciais como análise de velocidades e migração tenham melhores desempenhos. Neste trabalho, a interpolação e regularização dos dados são feitas com auxílio da transformada T - p. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos utilizam a técnica do empilhamento oblíquo. Para os casos 2D e 3D, os parâmetros ideais são discutidos para que o dado retome do domínio T - P com a menor quantidade de artefatos possível. A regularização dos dados é realizada quando há deriva de cabos de hidrofones. A forma e a amplitude do sinal são preservadas quando realizam-se as transformadas T - P direta e invesa. Para o caso 2D, também são estudadas a interpolação de dados e a regularização quando ocorre um longo trecho sem informação sísmica. / Abstract: Seismic surveys are designed on the purpose that all samples collected during the seismic experiment fall on a specific regular grid. Nevertheless, this data regularity is almost impossible to achieve due to different obstacles during seismic acquisition such as constructions (cities, pipelines or other facilities), roads, platforms, preservation areas and so on. A very important non-cultural irregularity which occurs during marine seismic surveys and shall be part of our main concern is hydrophone cable drift caused by ocean currents (cable feathering). These irregularities shall be treated in the first steps of seismic data processing and data regularization can be the right tool to be used. Regularization may improve the overall performance of important steps in seismic processing like velocity analysis and migration. Data interpolation and regularization are performed using the T - P transform, with slant stack 2D and 3D algorithms. We discuss different issues in 2D and 3D data regularization using T - p transforms such as ideal parameterization to avoid artifacts and the 2D experiments related to interpolation and regularization of gaps in seismic information and cable feathering. Requirements for amplitude and phase preservation when the pair of T - P transforms is performed are also discussed. / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

La compréhension des processus de recharge et de l’hydrodynamique des systèmes aquifères karstiques est indispensable pour estimer la vulnérabilité et la disponibilité des réserves en eau souterraine. Afin d’améliorer cette compréhension, de nombreuses études ont utilisé l’information issue du comportement de plusieurs éléments chimiques et des isotopes naturels dans les eaux souterraines. Parmi eux, les quatre isotopes du radium (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra et 228Ra) et le radon (222Rn), tous radioactifs, sont de plus en plus utilisés. Ces traceurs naturels permettent d’identifier l’origine des différentes masses d’eau et leurs processus de transport et de mélange dans plusieurs types de systèmes aquifères. Cependant, leur application aux systèmes karstiques est principalement développée dans les systèmes côtiers ou thermaux, dont les eaux sont souvent riches en Ra. Très peu de travaux ont été menés dans les aquifères karstiques continentaux, probablement en raison de la faible activité de ces radionucléides, qui les rend difficiles à quantifier et nécessitant le prélèvement de plusieurs litres d’eau. La première partie de ce travail a donc consisté au développement d’un nouveau dispositif de prélèvement capable de concentrer in-situ le radium contenu dans plusieurs dizaines de litres d’eau (20-300 L) à l’aide de de fibre acrylique imprégnée de MnO2 et d’améliorer la mesure des activités par spectrométrie gamma. Grâce à cette méthode, nous avons été capables de mesurer, pour la première fois, les faibles activités des quatre isotopes de Ra (0,4 à < 7,0 mBq/L pour 226Ra, 228Ra et 224Ra et de 0,05 à 0,3 mBq/L pour 223Ra) dans les eaux de deux hydrosystèmes karstiques continentaux Méditerranéens, les systèmes du Haut Vidourle et du Lez (Sud de la France). La méthode de quantification de 222Rn a également été optimisée. L’étude du comportement des isotopes de Ra et de Rn dans la zone d’étude a mis en évidence les diverses applications avérées ou potentielles de la mesure de ces radionucléides dans les aquifères karstiques. En général, les valeurs des activités de 226Ra et du rapport (228Ra/226Ra) des eaux sont cohérentes avec le type de lithologie dans lesquelles elles circulent ou sont stockées. Nous avons pu ainsi mieux préciser l’influence des eaux du Vidourle à la recharge allogénique de l’aquifère de Sauve. Nous avons montré que parfois, les activités des isotopes de Ra correspondent plutôt à des valeurs typiques des différents compartiments aquifères qu’à celles de la roche encaissante. Ces résultats nous ont permis de déterminer les proportions de mélange des trois différents pôles géochimiques composant le flux d’eau qui s’écoule à la source du Lez suivant les conditions hydrodynamiques. Les isotopes à longue période (226Ra et 228Ra) combinés aux isotopes à courte période (224Ra et 223Ra), permettent potentiellement de déterminer, en même temps, les taux de mélange et le temps de transfert des eaux. De plus, l’excès des isotopes à courte période traduirait l’arrivée d’eaux souterraines en surface, 223Ra et 224Ra devenant de meilleurs traceurs des échanges superficiels que Rn car ils ne subissent pas de processus de dégazage vers l’atmosphère. Par contre, l’étude de l’évolution temporelle du radon à la source du Lez a mis en évidence que ce gaz radioactif naturel est un très bon traceur des processus de recharge diffuse des aquifères karstiques. Les relations entre 223Ra et 222Rn, ainsi qu’entre 210Pb et 222Rn, peuvent fournir des informations sur le temps de transfert des eaux souterraines. Cependant, des études complémentaires et à plus long terme sont nécessaires. / Understanding recharge processes and hydrodynamics of karstic systems is an essential rule to assess their vulnerability and their groundwater resource availability. Numerous studies use the behavior of natural geochemical elements and isotopes in groundwaters to improve this understanding. The radium quartet (223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra and 228Ra) and the radon (222Rn), natural radioactive elements, have been commonly applied for studies devoted to the identification of water mass origins and to their mixing and transfer processes in different type of aquifers. Nevertheless, the applications to karstic systems are mainly concerned to coastal and thermal systems, because of their uncommon Ra enrichment. Just a few works have been undertaken in continental karstic aquifers, probably because of these radionuclide low activities in such environments. This statement makes their quantification not easy and requires large water sampling. The first part of our research work has been devoted to the development of a new sampling system able to pre-concentrate in situ the radium present in several tens of liters of water (20-300 L) with MnO2-fibers and to improve the determination of Ra quartet activities by means of gamma spectrometry. This method gave us the ability of measuring, for the first time, the very low activities of the four radium isotopes (0.4 to < 7.0 mBq/L for 226Ra, 228Ra et 224Ra and from 0.05 to 0.3 mBq/L for 223Ra) in the waters of two Mediterranean karstic hydrosystems, the Haut Vidourle and the Lez systems (both located in South of France). The radon measuring method has also been optimized and improved. The study of the Ra isotope and Rn behavior over the survey area put in evidence the multiple applications of measuring these radionuclides in karstic aquifers. 226Ra activities and (228Ra/ 226Ra) ratios in water are in agreement with the existing lithologies into which the waters flow or are stored. The effective participation of Vidourle river water to the allogenic recharge of the Sauve aquifer has been specified. We showed that sometimes, the Ra isotope activities correspond to characteristic values of the aquifer compartments instead of the bedrock. These data also allow us to estimate the mixing proportions of the three geochemical endmembers composing the waters flowing at the Lez karstic spring in relation with hydrodynamic conditions. Coupling the long-lived radium isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra) together with the short life isotopes (223Ra and 224Ra) potentially led us, at the same time, to determine the mixing rates and the transfer time of the groundwaters. Moreover, the short life isotope excess would express groundwater venues at surface, 223Ra and 224Ra becoming more reliable tracers of superficial exchanges than radon because insensitive to degassing processes towards the atmosphere. On the other end, the study of the radon time evolution at the Lez spring confirmed that this natural radioactive gas is a good tracer of the diffuse recharge processes of karstic aquifers. The relations between 223Ra and 222Rn as well as between 210Pb and 222Rn, could give access to the transfer time of groundwater. However, more exhaustive researches are needed.

La transformée de Radon généralisée est une extension de la transformée de Radon qui généralise ses courbes de projection. Ce mémoire présente de nouveaux formalismes théoriques à la transformée de Radon Généralisée discrète. Les approches proposées dans ce mémoire ont différentes propriétés. Nous citons principalement : l'aspect modèle où chaque point dans l'espace de Radon correspond à un modèle dans l'espace spatial. Il est le résultat de la somme des pixels appartenant au modèle, la projection multidirectionnelle dans le sens que le domaine transformé de Radon se constituera au fur et à mesure que les courbes effectuent une rotation, selon le même principe utilisé dans la transformée de Radon classique et l'inversion exacte qui signifie la reconstruction exacte de l'image initiale à partir de l'espace de Radon de telle sorte que l'image reconstruite à partir de l'espace de Radon est égale en tout point à l'image initiale. La première approche proposée, appelée la transformée de Radon Généralisée Discrète multidirectionnelle est basée sur un formalisme algébrique défini par une multiplication matricielle entre des matrices de projection et l'image. Cette transformée permet une projection multidirectionnelle vu que les matrices de projection sont définies pour sélectionner des courbes épousant différentes directions. Cette transformée a l'avantage de ne poser aucune contrainte sur la nature des courbes projetées tout en permettant une inversion exacte. Nous avons appliqué la nouvelle transformée dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de formes, plus précisément dans la reconnaissance des bâtiments de forme rectangulaire dans des images satellitaire de haute résolution. En partant du principe qu'une courbe est transformée en un point de forte intensité dans l'espace de Radon, notre méthode de reconnaissance adoptée est basée sur l'étude de l'espace de Radon dans le but d'en extraire les pics. Ces derniers portent les informations cherchées sur la forme à identifier, à savoir ses paramètres, sa localisation et son orientation. Une deuxième approche appelée transformée de radon discrète polynomiale a été également proposée. Cette transformée projette une image discrète suivant des courbes polynômiales de différents degrés et orientations. Cette approche, fondée sur des propriétés arithmétiques, est également exactement inversible et multi directionnelle. Nous avons appliqué cette approche dans la reconnaissance des empreintes digitales. Les résultats montrent la précision de la méthode pour la détection de la position et de la direction des courbes polynomiales. Des propriétés intéressantes comme l'invariance aux transformations comme la rotation, la translation et le bruit caractérisent cette approche / The Generalized Radon transform is an extension of the Radon transform which generalizes its projection curves. This paper presents new theoretical formalism to the generalized discrete radon transform. The approaches proposed in this paper have different properties. We mainly cite: the model aspect where each point in Radon space corresponds to a model in spatial space. It is the result of the sum of the pixels belonging to the model, the multi-projection which means that the Radon transform domain will be constructed as the curves are rotated according to the same principle used in the classical Radon transform and exact inversion which means the exact reconstruction of the original image from Radon space so that the reconstructed image is equal in all pixels to the original image. The first proposed approach, called the Generalized Discrete Radon transform is based on an algebraic formalism defined by a matrix multiplication between the projection matrices and the image. This transform allows multidirectional projection since the projection matrices are defined to select curves following different directions. This transform has the advantage of not posing any constraints on the nature of the projected curves while allowing an exact inversion. We applied the new transformed in the field of pattern recognition, specifically in recognition of rectangular buildings in satellite images of high resolution. Assuming that a curve is transformed into an intensive point in the Radon space, our adopted recognition method is based on the study of Radon space in order to extract the peaks. These point out the needed information to identify the pattern, i.e., its parameters, its location and orientation. A second approach called polynomial discrete Radon transform was also proposed. This transform projects a discrete image following polynomial curves of different degrees and directions. This approach, based on arithmetic properties, is exactly reversible and multi-directional. We applied this approach to fingerprint recognition. The results show the precision of the method on detecting the position and direction of polynomial curves but also interesting properties such as invariance transformations such as rotation, translation and noise

Le neutrino est l'une des douze particules élémentaires du modèle standard. Il se caractérise par une charge électrique nulle et une masse extrêmement petite. De nombreuses expériences ont été conçues afin d'étudier les propriétés des neutrinos. Malgré les avancées effectuées jusqu'à présent, la nature du neutrino est, encore aujourd'hui, inconnue. La collaboration NEMO (Neutrino Ettore Majorana Observatory) étudie la double désintégration bêta sans émission de neutrino, phénomène radioactif très rare, afin de découvrir la nature du neutrino et de déterminer s'il est, ou non, identique à son antiparticule. Aujourd'hui, la collaboration NEMO construit un nouveau détecteur baptisé SuperNEMO. Le gaz présent dans le détecteur requiert une concentration en radon inférieur à 100 µBq/m3, afin de minimiser le bruit de fond radioactif. La purification du gaz est réalisée grâce l'adsorption du radon par des matériaux microporeux. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé au CPPM (Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille) un banc de mesures pour quantifier l'adsorption du radon par divers matériaux, afin d'en tirer un modèle, et atteindre les conditions de pureté requise pour SuperNEMO. En parallèle avec l'étude d'adsorbants disponibles, et de manière à mieux explorer la problématique de l'adsorption du radon, nous avons synthétisé et étudié au CINaM (Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille) des composés polyaromatiques hydrocarbonés étoilés et des polymères aromatiques branchés ou dendritiques, incorporant du soufre, pour adsorber le radon. / The neutrino is one of the twelve elementary particles from the standard model. It is characterize by a neutral electrical charge and an extremely low mass. Many experiments have been set up in order to study the properties of neutrino. Despite scientific breakthrough, the nature of this particle is still unknown up to now. The NEMO collaboration is studying the neutrinoless double beta decay, a very rare radioactive process, to find out the nature of neutrino and to know if the neutrino is equivalent to the antineutrino. Today, the NEMO collaboration is building a new detector called SuperNEMO. The gas inside the detector need to have a concentration in radon below 100 µBq/m3, to minimize the radioactive background. The purification of this gas is achieved from the adsorption of radon by microporous material. In this work, we have developed in CPPM a bench test to measure the radon adsorption by various materials, in order to propose an adsorption model, and to reach the purity condition needed for SuperNEMO. Along with the study on adsorbents available and to better understand the radon adsorption, we synthetized and studied at CINaM star-shape polyaromatic hydrocarbons and branched or dendritic aromatic polymers, incorporating sulfur, to adsorb radon.