La construction et l'exploitation de la ligne Haiphong-Yunnan avaient lieu dans le cadre de la présentation française au Viet Nam, débutée en1858 par l'attaque du port de Tourane (Đà Nẵng) et interrompue en 1945, après le coup de force japonais et la déclaration de l'indépendance du Vietnam. En réalité, les processus de construction et d'exploitation de cette ligne avaient une influence sur la société et sur l'économie du Tonkin dans la période coloniale. L'objectif de cette thèse donc consiste à examiner ces influences socio-économiques et sociopolitiques de ce chemin de fer. De plus, la thèse vise également 1) à la vie des travailleurs sur les chantiers de construction dans la haute région du Tonkin, 2) à la rentabilité de la Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Indochine et du Yunnan et 3) au rôle de cette ligne dans la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale. / The construction and the operation of the Haiphong-Yunnan railway took place in the framework of the French presentation in Viet Nam, started by the attack in 1858 at the port Tourane (Da Nang) and suspended in 1945, after the Japanese coup and the declaration of the independence of Vietnam. In fact, the process of construction and operation of this line had an influence on the society and the economy of Tonkin. The objective of this thesis is to examine the socio-economic and socio-political influences of this railway. In addition, the thesis also aims 1) to the lives of workers on construction sites in the Upper-Tonkin, 2) the profitability of the Company railways Indochina and Yunnan and 3) the role of this line throughout the Second World War.

Document highlights the key moments of social marketing in the Czech Republic and its recent development. The second part is about some projects of Czech Railways in the field of social responsibility. By this projects would the company like to built a positive image. The practical part is focused on specific project "Preventive train". This project informs young people (in the age from 13 to 19) about potential hazard in the field of railway. Czech railways want to improve their image (by this project), as a socially responsible company.

L'approche moderne des Traversées Alpines s'est fondée sur un postulat de corrélation de trois dynamiques : l'accélération, la concentration et l'extériorisation. Il convient aujourd'hui de le réinterroger. Les cadres d'étude récents des phénomènes de Traversées Alpines ont enfermé ce champs dans des approches spatiales segmentées (corridor, axe ; découpage courant Alpes occidentales/centrales/orientales). Ce contexte épistémologique révèle la prédominance du versant nord comme prisme de considération du phénomène. Il renforce le paradoxe animant le fond des Traversées Alpines : alors que l'Italie est le dénominateur commun à tous les axes de franchissement, ce pays est le plus absent tant dans la littérature que dans la menée politique des conditions d'exercice des flux. Le contexte géopolitique explique pour partie cette situation. Le jeu politique des Traversées témoigne d'une forme de « complexe de centralité » animant l'Autriche et plus encore la Suisse. Ce paradoxe remet en cause un premier postulat moderne, la course à l'extériorisation. Si les nœuds associés au franchissement se retrouvent aujourd'hui jusqu'à Mannheim voire Rotterdam, le cadre politique n'est, lui, pas dépassé. Le cadre technique, caractérisé par une recherche de continuités réticulaires (libéralisations, interopérabilités, tunnels de base), se concrétise au contact du cadre politique par l'émergence d'un mouvement nodal contraire. L'ouverture des tunnels de base comme la mise en place des réseaux de production des nouveaux acteurs sur le marché ferroviaire inventent et réactivent des nœuds à l'intérieur du massif. Cette nodogenèse interroge ainsi le présupposé répandu d'effacement, corollaire de cette ère affirmée des Nouvelles Traversées Alpines. L'accélération portée par les tunnels de base ne produit alors pas uniquement, à l'échelle des territoires alpins, une dynamique d'extériorisation ; il en va de même en ce qui concerne la concentration. L'itinéraire nouvellement ouvert n'efface pas les itinéraires précédents. Le tunnel de base du Lötschberg est exploité de concert avec la ligne de faîte. Il en sera de même avec le Gothard ou le Brenner. Si bien que la question de l'agencement vertical des logiques de franchissement se pose dans ce contexte d'éclatement des linéaires. Réintériorisation, éclatement, accélération apparaît comme le nouveau tryptique à l'œuvre autour des Traversées Alpines. L'enjeu de la nouveauté est de remettre en cause les acquis d'une lecture moderniste et de questionner la profondeur du tournant actuel. Tout ne change pas : la dimension nationale reste prédominante, l'Italie reste en retrait. Les Traversées Alpines restent un ensemble de systèmes nationaux cospatiaux, en recherche d'interspatialités entre eux et avec les territoires traversés. Une configuration territoriale émerge, la basse vallée, comme espace de conflictualités en mal de médiations. La basse vallée accueille la nodogenèse, est le théâtre des oppositions aux projets actuels comme dans le Val de Suse, porte la majeure partie des chantiers des tunnels de base… Cet espace, hier considéré comme intermédiaire, réinvente la notion de piedmont en se posant en potentielle intermédiation entre des dimensions verticales toujours plus centrifuges. La « nouveauté » est ainsi à chercher dans cette nouvelle donne spatiale. / The modern approach of Alpine Crossing was based on the correlation between three processes: acceleration, concentration and exteriorization. It can be interrogated once again at present time. The recent spatial studies of the phenomenon have enclosed it into an addition of partial considerations. This epistemological context reveals the importance of the northern part of Alps. It reinforces the paradox animating the intellectual ground of the Alpine Crossings system: Italy is the spatial common reference of the entire axis but this country is quite not concerned in the scientific literature and the political invention of the technical conditions. The geopolitical context explains partly this situation. Political frame testifies systemof centrality animating Austria and moreover Switzerland. This paradox takes issue to the first pillar of the modern intellectual approach of the phenomenon, exteriorization. If nodal points associated to the crossing can be identified from Mannheim to Rotterdam, this study focus into the borders of the alpine states. The technical ground and the research of reticular continuities, takes sense in a special political frame characterized by a movement of reinteriozation. Basis tunnels and transport liberalization into alpine area give new functionalities to former crossing nodal points. This new nodogenesis interrogates the idea of cancellation encpsuled in “New Alpine Crossings” era. Acceleration brought by the basis tunnels doesn't product exteriorization and concentration. New itinerary doesn't cancel the former ones. Lötschberg basis tunnel is managed together with the mountain line. It should be the same with Gothard and Brenner axis. Basically, the question of the vertical organization of crossing logics is asserted in a context of itineraries' split. Reinteriozation, itineraries' split, acceleration appears as the new tryptic of the Alpine Crossings. Novelty issue is to question the modern inherited meaning. First of all, Alpine Crossings remain an addition of national systems going to interspatiality increasing performance. Intermediation appears as a new territorial configuration, which could be illustrated by Italian lower valleys. This area was considered as an in-between space, but reinvents now the notion of piedmont. Novelty maybe found into this new territorial context.

A soil-steel composite bridge is a structure comprised of corrugated steel plates, which are joined with bolted connections, enclosed in friction soil material on both sides and on the top. The surrounding friction soil material, or backfill, is applied in sequential steps, each step involving compaction of the soil, which is a necessity for the construction to accumulate the required bearing capacity. Soil-steel composite bridges are an attractive option as compared with other more customary bridge types, owing to the lower construction time and building cost involved. This is particularly true in cases where gaps in the form of minor watercourses, roads or railways must be bridged. The objective of this master thesis is the modelling of an existing soil-steel composite railway bridge in Märsta, Sweden with the finite element software Plaxis. A 3D model is created and calibrated for crown deflection against measurement data collected by the Division of Structural Engineering and Bridges of the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden. Once the 3D model is calibrated for deflection, two 2D models with different properties are created in much the same way. In model 1, the full axle load is used and the soil stiffness varied, and in model 2 the soil stiffness acquired in the 3D model is used and the external load varied. The results are compared to measurement data. In 2D model 1 an efficient width of 1,46 m for the soil stiffness is used in combination with the full axle load, and in 2D model 2 an efficient width of 2,85 m is used for the external load, in combination with the soil stiffness acquired in the 3D model. Aside from this, parametric studies are performed in order to analyse the effect of certain input parameters upon output results, and in order to analyse influence line lengths. Recreating the accelerations and stresses in the existing bridge using finite element models is complicated, and the results reflect this. Below are shown the discrepancies between model results and measurement data for the pipe crown. The scatter in the measurement data has not been taken into consideration for this; these specific numbers are valid only for one particular train passage. For crown deflection, the 3D model shows a discrepancy of 4%, 2D model 1 5% and 2D model 2 8% compared with measurement data. For crown acceleration, in the same order, the discrepancy with measurements is 1%, 71% and 21% for maximum acceleration, and 46%, 35% and 28% for minimum acceleration. For maximum crown tensile stress, the discrepancy is 95%, 263% and 13%. For maximum crown compressive stress, the discrepancy is 70%, 16% and 46%.

The thesis studies the Swedish government policy of freight transports during a period ofstructural change since the 1920s. The focus is on the 1963 Transport Act, which introduced amore market-oriented approach. The views of the trade unions during this process areanalysed in more detail. Frequent financial problems of the railways were the main driverbehind different policy decisions in the Swedish Parliament, such as the nationalisation in1939, tightened quantity control of road freight transports, as well as the liberalisation in 1963and its abrupt cancellation 5 years later. No policy change was implemented without thesupport of Statens Järnvägar, the state-owned railway. Unions were sceptical to theliberalisation programme and preferred varying degrees of regulation and planning, althoughstated in general terms. They also agreed on the need for quantity control for most of theperiod, but for different reasons. After supporting Transport workers resistance toliberalisation of quantity control in the late 1940s, LO, the peak organisation, became morepositive in the 1960s, which created a split between the unions. As the problems for therailways deepened later, LO joined the Railway workers in support for rigorous transportplanning, which was fiercely resisted by the Transport Workers, which further increased therift.

Cette thèse porte sur la question de l’intégration de l’espace ferroviaire européen, à partir d’une approche centrée sur les relations professionnelles communautaires qui se sont développées depuis le milieu des années 1980 entre représentants des salariés, des employeurs et des institutions publiques dans ce secteur. En s’appuyant surl’analyse de documents et de bases de données publiques, sur une enquête de terrain par entretien et par observation et sur le dépouillement d’archives, elle adopte une perspective sociohistorique sur ces évolutions, qui prend pour pivot l’analyse des activités du comité de dialogue social européen « chemins de fer ». Dans une première partie, nous soulignons que les évolutions du dialogue social « chemins de fer » ne peuvent pasêtre comprises indépendamment de la dynamique du dialogue social européen interprofessionnel, qui a notamment participé à la transformation du cadre institutionnel du dialogue social sectoriel et influé sur la nature des produits et sur les thématiques abordées par les acteurs du rail. Dans une seconde partie, nous montrons cependant que les activités les plus significatives dans ce secteur s’articulent à l’enjeu de l’intégration ferroviaire européenne, qui constitue l’un des objectifs clés de la politique européenne des transports. Elles aboutissent à la fois à une mise en débat des orientations générales de cette politique et à des activités participant à la construction d’un espace ferroviaire européen plus intégré : les acteurs ont ainsi participé à l’élaboration d’une législation communautaire dans le domaine de la certification professionnelle des cheminots mobiles (« permis de conduire » européen) et ont mené plusieurs initiatives marquant l’émergence d’une négociation collective européenne. Le développement de l’interopérabilité technique et économique du système ferroviaire a donc débouché sur la construction d’une interopérabilité sociale. Les acteurs européens sont ainsi parvenus à construire le niveau communautaire du système de relations professionnelles européen qui émerge actuellement dans le rail. / This PhD thesis deals with the integration of the European railway area in a perspective of industrial relations’ analysis. Based on a field survey by interview and observation and on analysis of public documents and archives, it adopts a socio-historical perspective, centered on the activities of railway sector’s European social dialogue committee. In a first part, we underline that “railways” EU social dialogue’s evolutions have to be understood in the light of interprofessional European social dialogue’s dynamic, as it has influenced the shaping of sectoral dialogue’s institutional framework as well as the nature of products and themes addressed in the railway sector. In a second part, we show however that the most significant activities in this sector are related to integration of European railways, one of EU railway policy’s key objectives. Industrial relations’ actors have both discussed the general orientations of this policy and taken part to the process of building an integrated railway area in Europe: they have participated to shape EU legislation on mobile railway workers’ professional certification(European “driving licence”) and have managed to conduct successfully in their sector Europeancollective bargaining processes. The development of technical and economical interoperability of EUrailway system has therefore led to the building of social interoperability. EU level actors have thusmanaged to build the community level of a European industrial relation system, currently emerging in the railway sector.

The diploma thesis reacts on the upcoming urban plan for Brno-Jižní centrum. It creates a piece of a real city with some traditional urban spaces and vertically mixed functions. The theory of the creation of the new town quarter is strongly influenced by the reconstruction of Brno railway junction and by the requirement of the incorporation of the city high speed rail connected with Brno region. In the transport concept a new railway tracing is designed enabling to bring all regional trains to the present junction point – Brno main station. This solution will improve a public transport in the city. Moving the route from the Boulevard will make possible an unlimited connection between historical centre and new Jižní centrum. In the design the emphasis is put on a maximal habitability of the area together with application of semi-public residential courts known as “hofjes.” The new public spaces are based on composition principles, optical connection to the historical heart of the city and on linking of urban structures that provide a smart pedestrian connection between the future main railway station and the historical city centre.

Elevated railway structures (ERS) has for more than a century been evolving as an urban archetype. Present in various forms in cities across the globe, to transport the increasing number of citizens, ERS are urban infrastructures that perform a vital role in curbing congestion and pollution that plague cities so often. In spite of their sustainable transport benefits, ERS are often viewed negatively as noisy, ugly and severing urban form, amongst other problems which will be elaborated on - problematising ERS. A theorisation of these problems follows, looking at ERS as an urban type, an infrastructural typeand other typologies. 39 types of ERS interventions are described as the result of a global literary and experiential search of various instances of ERS and projects that seek their urban integration. It is a search for the potentials of ERS to contribute to urban life and urban form, beyond their main transport function - potentializing ERS.

In this dissertation the construction of two coastal railways, the East Coast Line and the Bothnia Line, in the Norrland region of northern Sweden is used as a case study of how regionally based interest groups are formed, and how they gain access to decision-making processes on a national level. In periods when a number of preconditions were in place, a window of opportunity opened for the coastal railway that the regional elites could exploit. Among these was the ability to form a coherent regional interest group, through institutions that created platforms and power-bases that enable regional elites to co-operate and act on regional and national levels.The existence of an institutional framework that was adapitve towards regional railway promotion was also important. The study shows that the coastal railway had a very flexible role on the agenda, as it provided a fixed solution against which actors could pin a multitude of different problems. An important factor for explaining the development of the coastal railway question in Norrland was the ideological notion of the region itself. Being a vast, resource-rich and sparsely populated region, Norrland had almost always received special consideration in both public opinion and national policy making. It also created a remarkable stubbornness among the regional actors in working for the coastal railway. Regional interest groups had also learnt that linking their claims to Norrland's peripheral position had high legitimacy on the national arena, by claiming the need for regional fairness and/or the national importance of the regional export-intensive industries. This was instrumental in justifying the repeated exemptions from the national railway policy regimes that ultimately were decissive in making the regional elites successful.

A subestrutura ferroviária é uma parte importante da via permanente, pois seu comportamento pode afetar significativamente o desempenho global da via, impactando em manutenção e custos. O fato é que os materiais da subestrutura, como o subleito, estão no estado não-saturado na maior parte do tempo, e suas propriedades hidromecânicas dependem diretamente do grau de saturação e dos valores de sucção. Além disso, o estado não-saturado do solo é regido pelas ações atmosféricas e climáticas, o que torna fundamental a análise da influência de características ambientais e geotécnicas, tais como a precipitação, evaporação, tipo de solo e drenagem na resposta estrutural do subleito. Países de clima tropical/subtropical, como o Brasil, possuem elevada taxa de precipitação anual, e, por isso, merecem atenção especial quando se trata da interação via-clima. Mudanças da umidade ou sucção ou da taxa de infiltração no interior do subleito podem impactar significativamente no seu estado de tensões. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da variação da umidade e sucção no comportamento hidromecânico de um subleito ferroviário, localizado na região costeira do estado de São Paulo, considerando-se as características geotécnicas e climáticas locais. A interação via-clima foi investigada através de análises numéricas em elementos finitos (MEF) de infiltração saturada/não-saturada, aplicando-se parâmetros determinados em laboratório e monitoramento de campo. Para as simulações numéricas foi utilizado o software SEEP/W, enquanto no monitoramento de campo foram empregados sensores de matriz granular para medição do potencial matricial no solo. A caracterização mecânica do solo de subleito se baseou em resultados de módulo de resiliência obtidos por ensaios triaxiais cíclicos, em diferentes condições e ciclos de umidade e sucção. As simulações numéricas apresentaram importantes variações da sucção no solo em função das condições geotécnicas e climáticas, verificando-se a significância dos aspectos climáticos no comportamento hidráulico e mecânico do subleito da via férrea. / The track substructure is an important part of a railway that requires attention when considering its whole global mechanical performance. Improving the long-term resistance to deformation behavior and therefore reducing maintenance problems during the operation of a track is always presented between engineers and researchers. The fact is that the substructure materials, such as the subgrade, are mostly in unsaturated state, and their hydro-mechanical properties are directly dependent on saturation degree and suction values. Besides, unsaturated state of the soil is controlled by atmospheric actions and climate conditions. Considering this, it is fundamental to analyze the influence of the environmental and geotechnical characteristics such as precipitation, evaporation, soil type, and drainage in the subgrade structural response. Countries with tropical/subtropical climate, such as Brazil, which have a high average annual precipitation rate, deserve special attention concerning climate-track interaction in railway performance. A little variation in the water content or infiltration rate into the subgrade may affects significantly their stress state. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the water content and suction changes on mechanical behavior of a track substructure in a Brazilian coastal region, at São Paulo state, considering geotechnical characteristics and local climate. The climate-track interaction was evaluated through field monitoring and finite element numerical analysis with parameters obtained in the laboratory for all the materials involved. Numerical simulations were performed using SEEP/W software and the field monitoring was realized through granular matrix sensors (GMS). Soil mechanical characterization was based on resilient modulus values determined through cyclic triaxial tests in different moisture/suction conditions. Numerical results showed an important variation of soil suction over time in function of geotechnical and climate data. In the simulated scenario, considering tropical local climate it was observed the importance of climate aspects in the hydraulic and mechanical behavior of the geotechnical components of the railway track.