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This research investigates the use of sexual violence in the HBO series <i>Game of Thrones</i> to determine: how victims react to the violence they experience, how relationships are expressed after the violence occurs, and how the show changed after the #MeToo and #TimesUp movements became viral.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proposes that universities/colleges implement comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming (SV-PP). Data suggest intimate partner violence (IPV) exceeds campus sexual violence (SV) rates with rape culture (RC) creating an environment conduce to SV; with limited information on graduate students’ SV and IPV experiences. To improve university/college SV-PP, counseling, and mental health services for all students, studies of IPV and SV, and a contributing factor, RC, are needed. This dissertation is a secondary data analysis of the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment IIc comparing responses from Spring 2016 to Spring 2019 to illuminate the relationship between IPV and SV. Specific aims were to: 1) explore the relationship between IPV and SV amongst students; 2) compare IPV and SV experiences between undergraduate and graduate students; and, 3) develop an instrument assessing students’ RC perceptions. Analyses (SPSS Version 26) illustrated that SV was correlated (2016: r=.25, p<.001; 2019: r=.29, p<.001) with IPV; with rates of IPV exceeding SV. Undergraduates had disproportionately higher experiences of SV and IPV than graduate students. Factors that increased odds for SV and IPV: being female, transgender, non-White, non-heterosexual, lower GPA, and/or drug use. Non-White subgroups of the college population, such as American Indian/Alaskan Native/Native Hawaiian students, had higher rates and increased odds of experiencing SV (OR: 1.47, 95% CI [1.29, 1.67], p<.001) and any form of IPV (OR: 1.53, 95% CI [1.34, 1.74], p<.001) than other subgroups. Among variables analyzed using logistic regression, drug use (excluding marijuana) within the last 30 days was associated with the highest odds of SV (OR 5.29, 95% CI [3.11, 9.01], p<.001) and IPV (OR 6.02, 95% CI [3.62, 10.03], p<.001). To improve resources, educate the campus community, and support survivors, it is imperative campuses understand the relationship between SV, IPV, RC, and those at increased risk for victimization. Colleges and universities can facilitate systemic change by accurately naming the culture that supports violence against women as “rape culture,” measuring RC on campus, and engaging in multitiered PP at all levels of the institution.

Av de svenska internetanvändarna använder 83 procent sociala medier och 63 procent av dessa använder sociala medier dagligen. Tekniken i dagens samhälle har skapat en plattform för sexualbrott. Lagarna idag inkluderar inte alltid sexualbrott via sociala medier. Studien visar att bristande kunskap och beteende bland internetanvändarna är två stora problem. Det finns ingen statistik om de vanligaste sexualbrotten på sociala medier men enligt de intervjuade är sexuellt ofredande det vanligaste sexualbrottet som sker på sociala medier. Problemet med sexualbrott på sociala medier bör ses som ett problem av de mänskliga rättigheterna och bör hanteras på ett djupare plan. Ansvarstagandet ligger hos flera aktörer än polisen och det behövs mer kunskap inom området för att kunna utbilda alla aktörer som har en koppling till internet. Vidare forskning om metoder för att motverka sexualbrott på sociala medier kan leda till hjälpmedel för de aktörer som kan göra förändring. / Of the Swedish internet users, 83 percent use social media and 63 percent of them use socialmedia daily. The new technology have created a platform for sexual offenses. The laws do notinclude sexual offenses via social media. The study shows that lack of knowledge andbehaviour among internet users are two major problems. There are no statistics on the mostcommon sexual offenses on social media, but according to the interviewees, sexually abusivesex crime is the most common sexual crime that occurs on social media. The problem of sexual offenses on social media should be seen as a problem of human rights and should be dealt with on a deeper level. Responsibility lies with more individuals than the police and more knowledge is needed in the area to be able to educate all respective who have a connection to the internet. Further research on methods for counteracting sexual offenses on social media can lead to aids for those organizations who can make change.

Sexual assault on college campuses is a pervasive issue that continues to affect women from a variety of backgrounds. Unfortunately, the narratives of women of color, especially black women are often marginalized even though data shows that they tend to be more susceptible to sexual assault. Using survey questions concerning traditional gender roles, and situations of sexual assault (while considering race and gender), this study will measure the attitudes of 300 college-aged individuals. Data will be analyzed using an ANOVA test to study the combined effects that race and gender may have on the respondents’ perception of victims. Historically, African American/black women have faced unique stereotypes about their sexuality that dehumanizes and normalizes sexual aggression towards them. This study aims to explore perceptions about sexual assault as it relates to college-age black women and expand the scope of research currently being done on victimization.

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Feminist scholars define rape culture as an environment that is conducive to the occurrence of rape, due to an acceptance of sexual objectification, double standards, strict adherence to traditional gender norms, and victim blaming. They argue rape culture as a definitive feature of US society. The structural forces of racism and classism, negatively impact urban areas, increasing the likelihood of violence. This includes the spectrum of sexual violence. While community centers are regarded as key social resources that help urban youth navigate the social landscape of violence, little has been said about how they respond to rape culture in particular. Employing ethnographic methods, this dissertation investigated a summer camp within a community center in the Bronx, and the everyday ways that five women of color (18-26) taught a public pedagogy of gender and sexuality. Nine weeks were spent observing women in the field; in a one year-follow up, additional interviews and observations were made outside the camp setting. Supplemental data were collected from women of color in various community centers in urban areas. This study found that given the othermother/othersister relationships that the women developed with their teen campers, they were able to detect sexual activity and trauma. In turn, they employed a public pedagogy, which offered lessons of `passive protection' and `active preparation.' This study offers implications for training and programming regarding the resistance of rape culture, and policy and legislation to regulate it within community centers. / Urban Education

New media technologies are changing the ways that we not only go about our day-to-day lives, but also the ways that we sell and exchange our labor within the capitalist economy. These technologies are shaping how we represent and perceive ourselves and others, as well as the ways in which, as we move about the world, our images are taken and circulated with neither our explicit permission, nor sometimes our knowledge (Dovey, 2000; Toffoletti, 2007). Despite the fact that we can no longer viably opt out of visual or technological culture, there remains a strong rhetoric of personal responsibility when such images are used in ways that are unexpected and sometimes extremely damaging (C. Hall, 2015). The growth in incidences of what Clare McGlynn (2017) calls “image-based sexual violence” cannot be divorced from the economic and cultural shifts that are both challenging and reifying dominant power relations in the early 21st century. This doctoral thesis examines the economic and social discourses underpinning news reporting on sexual privacy violations in relation to new media technologies and shifting forms of female celebrity. Using empirical methods to collect and sort U.S. and Canadian news articles at a macro level as well as discourse analysis of news reporting at the micro level, I focus on two particular sites wherein new media celebrity, sexual violence/violation, and political economies converge: the celebrity sex tape scandal and the stolen celebrity nude photo. I examine sexuality and privacy violation in an exemplary economic context, looking at how the “leaked” sex tape or image functions in the gendered sexual economy to undermine claims to meritocratic capitalist success. I focus on two moments of crisis: firstly, the pop culture crisis of 2007-2008, coinciding with the global economic recession as well as the growth in new media technology and social media usage, wherein several high-profile female celebrities undergo dramatic and very public “breakdowns” in proper femininity, ranging from the fairly banal “scandal” surrounding a then-15-year-old Miley Cyrus posing semi-nude for Vanity Fair to the more severe and illegal acts of Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton (both of whom were arrested for driving under the influence across this time period). Secondly, I examine the moment of crisis signaled by the 2014 iCloud hacking incident wherein hundreds of female celebrities’ personal private nude photos were stolen and circulated online. I analyze the sex “scandals” that are both discursively constructed by, and circulating through, the news at these moments. The findings point to several notable trends in the contemporary political climate. Firstly, they illuminate the tensions and contradictions in the media’s attempt to reconcile post-feminist sexual “empowerment” narratives with the broader imperatives of neoliberalism, surveillance, and self-commodification. Secondly, this thesis provides a timely analysis of the gendered pathways to success and the gatekeeping that is conducted both within and by the (news) media, which are themselves invested in narratives of meritocracy. Finally, the cynical, meta-commentary circulating in the news reporting on celebrity content – reporting that is increasingly beholden to corporate interests – contributes to the broader erosion of trust in mainstream media. In today’s media environment in particular, studies of heirs-turned-reality stars such as Paris Hilton (whose trajectory is eerily similar to that of U.S. President Donald Trump), are particularly urgent, as are studies that connect the seemingly disparate yet increasingly converging fields of celebrity, journalism, feminism (and sexual violence), and neoliberalism.

Working within a social constructionist paradigm, the focus of this study is on the way in which the social problem of campus sexual assault is constructed and the way in which these constructions determine the proposed solutions. To address the issue, the study focuses on a high-profile case of a violent sexual assault that occurred at Carleton University in the fall of 2007. Drawing upon the work of Joel Best and Donileen Loseke, I approach this issue by focusing on the claims-making activities that emerged in response to this event. Using a mixed methods analysis of newspaper coverage of the event consisting of a quantitative content analysis combined with a more detailed thematic analysis focusing on the specific claims made and the more general themes they reflect, this study analyzes the dominant claims-makers identified by the media, the claims they put forth, and the proposed solutions that follow from their particular constructions of the problem. Results of this analysis illustrate the contested nature of the construction of campus sexual assault as well as the way in which competing discourses reflect features of a broader social discourse relating to crime, individualization, and the responsibilization of women to protect themselves from sexual violence.

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