Title page, table of contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / Field experiments investigating the nature and extent of interference in monocultures and mixtures of wild radish and wheat were conducted in 2003 and 2004 at Roseworthy, South Australia. Intraspecific and interspecific interfenernce between wild radish and wheat was investigated in the field using additive series design. Results indicated that higher densities of wheat were able to suppress seed production of this weed species. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1274618 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2006

Auxinic herbicide-resistant (i.e., resistant to 2,4-D and MCPA) wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.) was discovered in the Western Australian wheatbelt, providing an opportunity to integrate auxinic herbicide resistance into cultivated radish (R. sativus L.) using conventional breeding methods. It was hypothesized that the inheritance of auxinic herbicide resistance in wild radish is conferred by a single, dominant nuclear gene and, therefore, will be relatively easy to introgress from wild radish to cultivated radish; and the mechanism of auxinic herbicide resistance in wild radish is through an altered target-site. Visual injury data of the F2 progeny suggested that resistance was conferred by a quantitative trait with the susceptible allele(s) exhibiting dominance with minor cytoplasmically inherited genes masking the susceptible trait. In conclusion, the resistance allele(s) were quantitative and, thus, make selection for resistance difficult. Therefore, the introgression of the resistance allele(s) was not successfully completed. To determine the mechanism of resistance, the wild radish plants resistant WARR6-26 (R) and susceptible WARR7-5 (S) were treated with radiolabeled MCPA. There was no difference in metabolism of [14C]MCPA between R and S plants. Based upon the decline in the total 14C recovered over 72 h in R and S it was clear that both were “losing” [14C]MCPA; however, R plants were losing MCPA more rapidly. It was hypothesized that because R plants exude 14C more rapidly from their roots than S plants, this accounted for the resistance of R plants.

Raphanus raphanistrum L. (wild radish) is a widespread and economically problematic weed of winter crops including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southern Australia. Management of the weed is achieved by a range of non-chemical and chemical techniques. Current management is failing to contain the weed, which is increasing in abundance and distribution. The characteristics of staggered recruitment, dormancy, rapid growth, competitive ability and high levels of seed production contribute to its persistence. The literature review concludes that weeds formed the basis for perpetuation of R. raphanistrum, a claim further investigated by simulation modeling. The effective management of R. raphanistrum should aim to achieve declining populations and this requires the integration of all factors that regulate seed production. Reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum in wheat can be achieved by applying herbicides at reproductive stages of development. This technique has been demonstrated to be an effective, safe and practical method of reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum in wheat. Reducing seed production of R. raphanistrum by herbicides applied at reproductive stages of development is a technique that can be incorporated into an integrated weed management program to improve control / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-05-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 piffer_cr_dr_botfca.pdf: 869788 bytes, checksum: 1fd990a31ecd21b6ea0fbf4b2bbfc672 (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar dois tipos de cobertura vegetal de inverno, através de três sistemas de manejo do solo, avaliando seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura de milho. Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, no período compreendido entre fevereiro de 2005 e maio de 2006, em NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, cultivado há nove anos com os mesmos sistemas de manejo do solo. Os experimentos foram constituídos de seis tratamentos com quatro repetições utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas por três sistemas de manejo do solo (preparo convencional, constituído por uma gradagem pesada e duas gradagens leves; cultivo mínimo, escarificador equipado com disco de corte e rolo destorroador, trabalhando na profundidade entre 25 e 30 cm e plantio direto, com dessecação da vegetação de cobertura por meio de aplicação de herbicida) e as subparcelas foram compostas por duas culturas de inverno (nabo forrageiro, Raphanus sativus L. e nabiça, Raphanus raphanistrum L.), que conseqüentemente formaram os dois tipos de coberturas vegetais, sobre as quais foram realizados os sistemas de manejo do solo para a implantação da cultura de milho. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância com teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparar as médias. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que o sistema de plantio direto apresentou maior densidade e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, quando comparado ao preparo convencional e ao cultivo mínimo. O cultivo mínimo apresentou maiores valores de profundidade de trabalho, área de solo mobilizada e capacidade de campo efetiva e menores valores de tempo efetivo demandado, uso específico... / This paper aims to compare two types of winter vegetal covering, through three soil tillage systems, evaluating their effects in growth and development of corn crop. Experiments were installed and carried out at Lageado Experimental Farm at Agricultural Science University of UNESP, Botucatu Campus, from february 2005 to may 2006, in Distroferic Red Nitosoil, which has been cultivated for nine years under the same soil tillage systems. Experiments were carried out in six treatments with four repetitions, using randomized experimental blocks with subdivided parts. Parts were made up by three soil tillage systems (conventional tillage, made up by one heavy harrow and two leveling harrow; minimum tillage, with chisel plow with cut disk and roll, working at 25 to 30 cm deep and notillage, with herbicide drying coverage vegetation) and subparts were made up by two winter crops (Raphanus sativus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L.) which made up the two vegetal coverings over which the soil tillage systems were carried out for corn cropping. Obtained data were analyzed by Turkey variance test at 5% of probability for comparing averages. Statistical analysis showed that no-tillage system had higher density as well as mechanical soil resistance to penetration, when compared to conventional and minimum tillages. Minimum tillage system showed higher values of work deepness, mobilized soil area as well as effective field capacity and lower values of demanded real time, specific energy use and fuel consumption. For Raphanus sativus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L., sowing it was observed that no-tillage system showed lower traction force, steering bar power, demanded real time, specific energy use and fuel consumption. Raphanus raphanistrum L. showed higher length, volume and root dry matter compared to Raphanus sativus L., meantime not observed statistical differences between both. Raphanus raphanistrum...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

<p>Tolerance to herbivory is the ability of plants to maintain fitness in spite of damage. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the genetic variation and expression of tolerance within species, determine whether and in what conditions tolerance has negative side-effects, and how tolerance is affected by different ecological factors. Tolerance is investigated with special focus on the effects of different damage types, competitive regimes, history of herbivory, and polyploidization in plants. Studies are conducted as a literature review and three experiments on two cruciferous species Raphanus raphanistrum and Cardamine pratensis.</p><p>In the tolerance experiments, plants are subjected to artificial damage solely, or in a combination with natural damage. A literature review was conducted in order to investigate the effects of damage method. We found that traits related to tolerance, such as growth and fitness were not as sensitive in regard to damage method as measures of induced chemical traits, or measures of secondary herbivory.</p><p>Genetic variation of tolerance was demonstrated within populations of R. raphanistrum and between subspecies of C. pratensis. In R. raphanistrum, traits involved in floral display and male fitness were positively associated with plant tolerance to herbivore damage. A potential cost of tolerance was demonstrated as a negative correlation between levels of tolerance in high and low competitive regimes. I found no evidence of other proposed costs of tolerance in terms of highly tolerant plants suffering of reduced fitness in the absence of herbivores or trade-offs in terms of a negative association between tolerance to apical and leaf damage, or between tolerance and competitive ability. In C. pratensis, higher ploidy level in plants involved higher levels of tolerance measured as clonal reproduction. Furthermore, populations exposed to higher levels of herbivory had better tolerance than populations exposed to lower levels of herbivory. In this thesis, I demonstrate evidence of different components for the evolution of tolerance in plants: genotypic variation, selective factors in terms of costs and ploidization, and selective agents in terms of changing environment or herbivore pressure.</p>

Tolerance to herbivory is the ability of plants to maintain fitness in spite of damage. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the genetic variation and expression of tolerance within species, determine whether and in what conditions tolerance has negative side-effects, and how tolerance is affected by different ecological factors. Tolerance is investigated with special focus on the effects of different damage types, competitive regimes, history of herbivory, and polyploidization in plants. Studies are conducted as a literature review and three experiments on two cruciferous species Raphanus raphanistrum and Cardamine pratensis. In the tolerance experiments, plants are subjected to artificial damage solely, or in a combination with natural damage. A literature review was conducted in order to investigate the effects of damage method. We found that traits related to tolerance, such as growth and fitness were not as sensitive in regard to damage method as measures of induced chemical traits, or measures of secondary herbivory. Genetic variation of tolerance was demonstrated within populations of R. raphanistrum and between subspecies of C. pratensis. In R. raphanistrum, traits involved in floral display and male fitness were positively associated with plant tolerance to herbivore damage. A potential cost of tolerance was demonstrated as a negative correlation between levels of tolerance in high and low competitive regimes. I found no evidence of other proposed costs of tolerance in terms of highly tolerant plants suffering of reduced fitness in the absence of herbivores or trade-offs in terms of a negative association between tolerance to apical and leaf damage, or between tolerance and competitive ability. In C. pratensis, higher ploidy level in plants involved higher levels of tolerance measured as clonal reproduction. Furthermore, populations exposed to higher levels of herbivory had better tolerance than populations exposed to lower levels of herbivory. In this thesis, I demonstrate evidence of different components for the evolution of tolerance in plants: genotypic variation, selective factors in terms of costs and ploidization, and selective agents in terms of changing environment or herbivore pressure.

Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Banca: Silvio Jose Bicudo / Banca: Elcio Hiroyoshi Yano / Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Banca: Antonio Renan Berchol da Silva / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo comparar dois tipos de cobertura vegetal de inverno, através de três sistemas de manejo do solo, avaliando seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento da cultura de milho. Os experimentos foram instalados e conduzidos na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, no período compreendido entre fevereiro de 2005 e maio de 2006, em NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico, cultivado há nove anos com os mesmos sistemas de manejo do solo. Os experimentos foram constituídos de seis tratamentos com quatro repetições utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas por três sistemas de manejo do solo (preparo convencional, constituído por uma gradagem pesada e duas gradagens leves; cultivo mínimo, escarificador equipado com disco de corte e rolo destorroador, trabalhando na profundidade entre 25 e 30 cm e plantio direto, com dessecação da vegetação de cobertura por meio de aplicação de herbicida) e as subparcelas foram compostas por duas culturas de inverno (nabo forrageiro, Raphanus sativus L. e nabiça, Raphanus raphanistrum L.), que conseqüentemente formaram os dois tipos de coberturas vegetais, sobre as quais foram realizados os sistemas de manejo do solo para a implantação da cultura de milho. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância com teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade para comparar as médias. As análises estatísticas demonstraram que o sistema de plantio direto apresentou maior densidade e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, quando comparado ao preparo convencional e ao cultivo mínimo. O cultivo mínimo apresentou maiores valores de profundidade de trabalho, área de solo mobilizada e capacidade de campo efetiva e menores valores de tempo efetivo demandado, uso específico... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This paper aims to compare two types of winter vegetal covering, through three soil tillage systems, evaluating their effects in growth and development of corn crop. Experiments were installed and carried out at Lageado Experimental Farm at Agricultural Science University of UNESP, Botucatu Campus, from february 2005 to may 2006, in Distroferic Red Nitosoil, which has been cultivated for nine years under the same soil tillage systems. Experiments were carried out in six treatments with four repetitions, using randomized experimental blocks with subdivided parts. Parts were made up by three soil tillage systems (conventional tillage, made up by one heavy harrow and two leveling harrow; minimum tillage, with chisel plow with cut disk and roll, working at 25 to 30 cm deep and notillage, with herbicide drying coverage vegetation) and subparts were made up by two winter crops (Raphanus sativus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L.) which made up the two vegetal coverings over which the soil tillage systems were carried out for corn cropping. Obtained data were analyzed by Turkey variance test at 5% of probability for comparing averages. Statistical analysis showed that no-tillage system had higher density as well as mechanical soil resistance to penetration, when compared to conventional and minimum tillages. Minimum tillage system showed higher values of work deepness, mobilized soil area as well as effective field capacity and lower values of demanded real time, specific energy use and fuel consumption. For Raphanus sativus L. and Raphanus raphanistrum L., sowing it was observed that no-tillage system showed lower traction force, steering bar power, demanded real time, specific energy use and fuel consumption. Raphanus raphanistrum L. showed higher length, volume and root dry matter compared to Raphanus sativus L., meantime not observed statistical differences between both. Raphanus raphanistrum...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

<p>Pollination is one of the most important factors determining the reproductive success of plants. This thesis examines processes associated to varying pollination, with focus on plant responses. The first aim was to examine the possibility and constraints for short-term evolution of flower size in <i>Raphanus raphanistrum</i>. The results showed that there exists a possibility for pollinator-mediated short-term evolution of flower size in the study species. Flower size was strongly correlated to plant size. Since flower size cannot evolve separately from plant size, this correlation may constitute a constraint to the evolution of flower size. The second aim was to determine how varying pollen load affects later flowering, reproduction and growth of maternal plants. High pollen load treatment resulted in larger or more flowers on late flowers, which may enhance pollen dispersal and reproductive success, while the total seed mass was the same between treatments. The results indicate that the study species <i>R. raphanistrum</i>, <i>Sinapis arvensis</i> and <i>Brassica napus</i> have plastic responses in floral traits according to the present pollination level. The third aim was to determine how varying pollen load affects seed quality and offspring vigor. The results suggest that high pollen load had no positive effects on seed quality or offspring vigor due to pollen competition. Instead, seed mass determined seed quality and offspring vigor in the three study species and low pollen load treatment resulted in highquality offspring due to heavier seeds. The fourth aim was to examine causes and consequences of variation in reproductive success of <i>Succisa pratensis</i> on a regional scale. The results suggest that the most important variables, on a regional scale, for reproductive success were population size and habitat quality. The results showed that seed weight variation might be important when assessing reproductive success. In this study, seed weight variation did not seem to be adaptive.</p>

Pollination is one of the most important factors determining the reproductive success of plants. This thesis examines processes associated to varying pollination, with focus on plant responses. The first aim was to examine the possibility and constraints for short-term evolution of flower size in Raphanus raphanistrum. The results showed that there exists a possibility for pollinator-mediated short-term evolution of flower size in the study species. Flower size was strongly correlated to plant size. Since flower size cannot evolve separately from plant size, this correlation may constitute a constraint to the evolution of flower size. The second aim was to determine how varying pollen load affects later flowering, reproduction and growth of maternal plants. High pollen load treatment resulted in larger or more flowers on late flowers, which may enhance pollen dispersal and reproductive success, while the total seed mass was the same between treatments. The results indicate that the study species R. raphanistrum, Sinapis arvensis and Brassica napus have plastic responses in floral traits according to the present pollination level. The third aim was to determine how varying pollen load affects seed quality and offspring vigor. The results suggest that high pollen load had no positive effects on seed quality or offspring vigor due to pollen competition. Instead, seed mass determined seed quality and offspring vigor in the three study species and low pollen load treatment resulted in highquality offspring due to heavier seeds. The fourth aim was to examine causes and consequences of variation in reproductive success of Succisa pratensis on a regional scale. The results suggest that the most important variables, on a regional scale, for reproductive success were population size and habitat quality. The results showed that seed weight variation might be important when assessing reproductive success. In this study, seed weight variation did not seem to be adaptive.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T13:35:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_lizandro_tavares.pdf: 1225836 bytes, checksum: 987635fed6f9fe4f72fab3840a1a03b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T13:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tese_lizandro_tavares.pdf: 1225836 bytes, checksum: 987635fed6f9fe4f72fab3840a1a03b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-24 / A competição de azevém e nabo e a estimativa de dano econômico de nabo na cultura do trigo, além de práticas de manejo como a dessecação em pré-colheita com herbicidas e aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl e nitrogênio são fatores que merecem atenção pela pesquisa, visto que influenciam diretamente a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo produzidas em competição com azevém e/ou nabo (experimento 1); quantificar a produtividade, a qualidade fisiológica e o resíduo em sementes de trigo após a dessecação com herbicidas (experimento 2); avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo em competição com nabo e sob a aplicação de trinexapac-ethyl e nitrogênio (experimento 3); e, estimar o nível de dano econômico de nabo em competição com as cultivares de trigo BRS 328, BRS 177 e BRS Umbu (experimento 4). Para as pesquisas realizadas o delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, com exceção do ensaio 4 que utilizou uma repetição. O primeiro ensaio foi realizado com a cultivar BRS 177, o segundo com as cultivares BRS 177 e BRS Umbu, o terceiro com a cultivar BRS Guamirim e o quarto com as cultivares BRS 328, BRS 177 e BRS Umbu. As variáveis analisadas no experimento 1 foram número de antécios por espiga, número de sementes por espiga, peso hectolítrico, peso de mil sementes e produtividade. No experimento 2 avaliaram-se o peso de mil sementes, peso hectolítrico, número de antécios por espiga e a produtividade de sementes, além dos resíduos gerados nas sementes após a aplicação dos herbicidas em pré-colheita. No experimento 3 avaliaram-se o número de sementes por espiga e número de antécios, índice de colheita, produtividade biológica, produtividade de sementes, peso hectolítrico e peso de mil sementes e no experimento 4 avaliaram-se a população de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, cobertura do solo, área foliar e produtividade. Ainda, nos três primeiros experimentos a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram avaliadas por testes de vigor e germinação. Conclui-se que a competição de trigo na população de 5 plantas m-2 com azevém, nabo ou nabo + azevém reduz a produtividade da cultura, independentemente da época de emergência das plantas em relação as plantas daninhas, entretanto não prejudica a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes produzidas. A dessecação em pré-colheita com herbicida realizada em estádio posterior a maturidade fisiológica, de maneira geral, não influencia a qualidade fisiológica e a produtividade de sementes de trigo das cultivares BRS Umbu e BRS 177, entretanto apresentam resíduos nos grãos. A cultivar de trigo BRS Guamirim em competição com nabo submetido à adubação suplementar com nitrogênio, de maneira geral, apresenta aumento da produtividade de sementes até a dose de 100 kg ha-1, enquanto na ausência da competição o aumento ocorre até a dose de 150 kg ha-1, apesar da qualidade fisiológica das sementes serem reduzidas com o incremento das doses. A cultivar de trigo BRS 328, ciclo precoce, apresenta maior habilidade competitiva comparativamente a BRS 177, ciclo médio, e BRS Umbu, ciclo tardio. A planta daninha Raphanus raphanistrum mostra-se competitiva com a cultura trigo, sendo necessário no mínimo 1,6 plantas m-2 para que o controle se justifique. / The ryegrass and wild radish competition and the estimated wild radish economic threshold in wheat crop, besides management practices as herbicide pre-harvesting desiccation and application of trinexapac-ethyl and nitrogen are factors that deserve attention by the research, as they directly influence productivity and seed physiological quality. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and physiological quality of wheat seeds produced in competition with ryegrass and/or wild radish (experiment 1); measure the yield, physiological quality and the residue in wheat seeds after herbicide desiccation (experiment 2); evaluate the productivity and physiological quality of wheat seeds in competition with wild radishes and under trinexapac-ethyl and nitrogen application (Experiment 3); and estimate the economic level of wild radish in competition with the wheat cultivars BRS 328, BRS 177 and BRS Umbu (experiment 4). To research performed the experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, except for the fourth experiment that used one replication. The first trial was conducted with BRS 177 cultivar, the second with the BRS 177 and BRS Umbu cultivars, the third with BRS Guamirim and the forth with the BRS 328, BRS 177 and BRS Umbu cultivars. The variables analyzed in experiment 1 were number of anthecium per spike, number of seeds per spike, test weight, thousand seed weight and productivity. In experiment 2 assessed the weight of a thousand seeds, test weight, number of anthecium per spike and seed yield, in addition to the residual generated in the seeds after herbicide application before the harvest. In Experiment 3 was evaluated the number of seeds per spike and number of anthecium, harvest index, biological yield, seed productivity, test weight and thousand seed weight and experiment 4 were evaluated plant population, dry mass of plant aerial part, soil cover, leaf area and productivity. Still, in the first three experiments the physiological seed quality was evaluated by germination and vigor tests. It was concluded that wheat competition in the population of 5 plants m-2 with ryegrass, wild radish or wild radish + ryegrass reduces crop yield, regardless of the time plant emergence over the weeds, however not affect the viability and vigor of produced seeds. The herbicide pre-hasvest desication held after physiological maturity stage, in general, does not affect the physiological quality of wheat seeds or it productivity in BRS Umbu and BRS 177 cultivars, however it shows residues present in grains. The wheat cultivar BRS Guamirim in competition with wild radish subjected nitrogen supplementar fertilization, in general, has increased seed yield until the dose of 100 kg ha-1, while in the absence of competition its increased until the dose of 150 kg ha-1, despite the physiological quality of seeds being reduced with increasing doses. The wheat cultivar BRS 328, early maturing, presents greater competitive ability compared to BRS 177, medium cycle, and BRS Umbu, late cycle. The weed Raphanus raphanistrum proves to be competitive with the wheat crop, requiring at least 1.6 plants m-2 so that the control is justified.