Ce mémoire s'intéresse aux développements du libéralisme en Amérique du Nord. Le libéralisme subit des pressions qui le façonnent. Historiquement, les deux principales sont les revendications des droits civiques et les dénonciations des inégalités sociales et économiques. Un nouveau courant critique se développe présentement. Ce courant est celui de l'environnementalisme. Le but de ce mémoire est de tenter d'évaluer quelles relations ce nouveau champ entretient avec le libéralisme. Son champ étant très large, nous avons choisi de l'évaluer à travers le développement durable. Le choix du développement durable est motivé par sa proximité avec le libéralisme et la pertinence du concept dans la vie politique actuelle. Nous faisons l'hypothèse que le libéralisme ne pourra intégrer que partiellement les changements imposés par le développement durable. Ces changements consolideront un mouvement du libéralisme qui l'éloigne de la tradition fondée sur une interprétation stricte de la liberté négative. Un respect assez strict de la conception négative de la liberté est une caractéristique propre du libéralisme nord-américain. On peut d'ailleurs diviser en deux les écoles libérales en Amérique du Nord. La première est néo-libérale. Elle fait une interprétation très stricte de la liberté négative. Le second groupe, les libéraux égalitaires, préfère tempérer ce concept de liberté négative par une considération égale des libertés. Or, nous verrons que le développement durable vient consolider un mouvement s'éloignant d'une interprétation stricte de la liberté négative. Pour bien comprendre les différents aspects de ce mouvement, nous explorerons le rapport Brundtland, document qui donna naissance au concept du développement durable. Nous verrons que ce rapport est né de tensions entre plusieurs intérêts. Pour bien comprendre ces intérêts, nous analyserons les caractéristiques proprement écologistes et libérales du rapport. Nous arrivons à la conclusion que le principe de développement durable découle assez directement des préoccupations de justice chères aux libéraux égalitaires. Les néo-libéraux étant marginalisés tant par une non-correspondance de leurs idées concernant le rapport intergénérationnelle et intragénérationnelle avec celle défendue par le rapport Brundtland. Nous soulignons ensuite les limites qu'impose le libéralisme aux besoins environnementaux. Cette évaluation se fait principalement autour de la discussion concernant la tension entre idéal et neutralité chez les libéraux. Les libéraux recherchent une neutralité qui est problématique lorsqu'elle devient un idéal qui s'oppose à d'autres idéaux, notamment ceux des environnementalistes, comme c'est le cas de la liberté négative défendue par les néo-libéraux. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Libéralisme, environnementalisme, écologisme, liberté négative, neutralité, anthropocentrisme, écocentrisme, Brundtland, développement durable, justice, néolibéralisme, libéralisme égalitaire.

The aim of this study was to examine which effect tabloidization has had on the news content and the presentation of the Swedish news program Rapport, during the years 1979 and 2009. Rapport is broadcasted in the Public Service channel "Sveriges Television". Our main concern was to examine whether Rapport has stayed true to their assignment or if they have made changes to appeal to the popularised audience. To do so we focused on three questions: What is the journalist’s role? What becomes news? Who are interviewed? We used theories such as social representation, news value and media logic to help us perform the analysis. Qualitative methods were used to analyse the news broadcasts, of which John Langer’s story-types was the primary method. In addition to that we used the method of semiotics to reveal signs of tabloidization in the imagery of the broadcasts. Our results showed that the tabloidization of Rapport lies in the format rather than the news content. The changes in the news content are barely noticeable, even though the time span is quite long. The format however, has seen some tabloidization in 2009, with changes to the vignette and the feature structure. We also found changes in which people that Rapport chose to interview and changes among the journalists themselves. For instance we discovered that the representation of different groups of people is much more varied in 2009 than it was in 1979. The results also showed that the journalistic role has shifted from the task of educating the citizens to the task of being sensational and entertaining.

The aim of this thesis is to compare and contrast the ways in which native speakers of Turkish (NST) and native speakers of American English (NSAE) write the acknowledgment sections of their MA and PhD dissertations. The analysis in the study focuses on the pragmatic and discourse strategies used by the authors in the texts written in English. First, the study uncovers the organization of the dissertation acknowledgments and the thanking strategies employed in the acknowledgment sections written in English by native speakers of Turkish and American English in their MA and PhD dissertations. Then, the authors&rsquo / choices of expressions of gratitude for specific addressees (e.g., supervisors vs. friends) are discussed. Data examined in the study comprise 144 dissertations written by 72 NST and 72 NSAE and are collected from sources such as the National Theses Centre of The Council of Higher Education of Turkey, ProQuest dissertation services. The thesis aims to contribute to the areas of foreign language education, pragmatics and cross-cultural communication.

Th. Etat--Musicologie--Paris 4, 1999. / Glossaire p. 497-500. Bibliogr. p. 501-516.

The rapport building phase of child investigative interviewing is referred to in practice guidelines as an essential. Nevertheless, in contrast with other aspects of the interview it has been subject to little empirical examination. There is a lack of information on the rapport phase’s impact on children’s communication and whether this changes across a variety of different circumstances. Finally, few researchers have empirically assessed different styles of rapport building. This thesis investigates the communicative influence of the rapport building phase in child investigative interviews. It also examines the effectiveness of a new collaborative play approach to rapport building with respect to its influence on children’s communication and the rapport levels between the interviewer and child. The investigation began by interviewing practitioners about their perceptions and experiences of rapport building practice, and their opinions on the use of play during the rapport phase. A grounded theory approach to analysis found that interviewers perceive the rapport phase as a tool for facilitating communication with children during the investigative interview. This is achieved in three main ways: (1) assessing the child during the rapport phase, (2) adjusting interview approach based on the child’s presentation during the rapport phase, and (3) producing a psychological outcome in the child that then facilitates communication. The resultant theory and the comments made about play rapport were used in subsequent experimental chapters to design and implement play rapport, and to interpret the empirical findings. The second line of enquiry investigated the communicative impact of a collaborative play approach to rapport building in adult-child interactions. Children across three different age groups (6-7, 8-10 & 12-14 year olds) were more communicative and demonstrated greater rapport with an adult after play rapport than children in a control condition. The findings indicate that a collaborative play format of rapport building is an effective communication facilitator. The third empirical study tested play rapport’s efficacy in a mock investigative interview situation. It was compared with the current open style of rapport building used by practitioners in the UK, and a control condition that involved no rapport phase. Older children (8-10 year olds) who experienced play rapport demonstrated information benefits in comparison with children in the control condition. No differences were found between the open style and the control, and the open style and play rapport for information detail or accuracy. Children (5-7 and 8-10 year olds) were however, more resistance to interviewer suggestion after engaging in a play rapport phase in comparison with children who experienced the open style of rapport building. These results indicate the potential of play rapport as a communication facilitator for children in investigative interview settings. The final empirical chapter examined anxiety data taken from the children during the third study. This was to address the hypothesis that improvements in recall as a result of the rapport phase, and in particular play rapport, were due to a reduction in the children’s anxiety levels. The data showed no differences across the rapport protocols in terms of anxiety for any of the measures. The information benefits found could therefore not be explained with respect to a reduction in anxiety. Alternative theories were then proposed, and future research outlined that could further investigate the psychological underpinnings of the communicative effects of the rapport phase, and the collaborative play rapport approach.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if female and male reporters and interviewees get the same amount of time in the news feature in the Swedish news programs TV4-Nyheterna and SVT 1 Rapport. The aim of this study was also to investigate if there is a breakdown of the reporting lines between male and female reporters, that is, if they are reporting on various topics. In our study we also determined if the two television channels in any way are different when it comes to gender. Our main theory was that men are overrepresented both among reporters and interviewees and that they are dominant in both hard and soft news. We thought that SVT 1Rapport would have a better gender balance than TV4-Nyheterna because SVT 1 has been working on gender issues for a long time. We were using a quantitative content analysis to examine the 19:30 news on SVT 1 Rapport and 22:00 news on TV4-Nyheterna for two weeks in November 2010. We examined domestic and foreign news and determined how much time each sex got. Then we calculated the number of seconds and converted it into percent. The reason for this was because we wanted to compare the two television channels. Our study showed that men are overrepresented in both channels when it comes to reporters and interviewees in the news. Men are also the dominant sex in the provision of hard and soft news. TV4-Nyheterna, however, had a better gender balance than SVT 1 Rapport.

L'écriture de textes qui suscitent des émotions est une situation d'énonciation particulière. Celle-ci implique l'investissement de l'énonciateur dans son discours et renforce les liens que noue le sujet avec : le monde, qui est source d'émotion ; l'interlocuteur, qu'il faut émouvoir ; l'énoncé, qui doit contenir et / ou transmettre l'émotion. S'inscrivant dans un cadre théorique multiréférencé (psychologie, linguistique et didactique), notre travail repose sur l'hypothèse didactique que l'investissement énonciatif et subjectif, nécessaire pour écrire un texte qui suscite des émotions, permet d'infléchir l'investissement dans l'écriture des apprenants. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons mis en place une expérimentation didactique, auprès de lycéennes de série technologique, pendant une année scolaire. Nous avons évalué les effets de cette expérimentation en comparant deux types de données recueillies dans cette classe et une autre classe, dite classe témoin : des productions d'élèves, afin d'analyser les indices de l'implication énonciative et subjective, et des questionnaires, afin d'observer l'évolution du rapport à l'écriture des élèves. À l'issue de l'expérimentation, les résultats obtenus montrent que les élèves de la classe expérimentale s'investissent davantage dans l'écriture. Du point de vue énonciatif, ces élèves expriment davantage leur subjectivité et utilisent des outils linguistiques, marquant leur investissement, plus variés que ceux de la classe témoin. Du point de vue du rapport à l'écriture, les discours produits par ces mêmes élèves contiennent des traces d'un investissement plus fort que ceux de l'autre classe.

The AIDS epidemic affects the whole world, as there is no region of the world that has been spared.Approximately 34-46 million people are infected with HIV and more than 24 million people havealready died since the first cases were identified in 1981. The pandemic is no longer just a healthproblem but a serious threat to human development. Significant efforts have been made to halt the transmission of the disease. As early as 1987, the European Union established a HIV/AIDSProgramme in Developing Countries. From 1994 to 2001 the EC spent an average of 625 million Euros everyyear on health, HIV/AIDS and population in more than 100 developing countries. The EC support is mainly implemented through projects financed through Community grants. The main objective of this study is to contribute to improving the quality of project reporting. The purpose is to evaluate the reporting on projects financed through the European Commission AIDSbudget line both in terms of structure and content through analyzing the final project reports. The targets and the amount of moneyinvested in the fight against HIV/AIDS are high, but are wereaching the targets and getting value for the moneyinvested? The spread of HIV/AIDS continues despite increased efforts in recent years. Nearly 5 million people became newly infected in 2003. This is more than in any previous year. The effectiveness of HIV/AIDS projects, in terms of changing attitudes and behavioural change, has been criticized. According to this study,changes canbe identified at several levels – the individual, the community and the international. It was shown in some case studies in the assessed reports thatthe projects could have significant impact on the individuals. This study shows that the strength ofthese projects was the diversityof them and the new innovative approaches. They targeted different vulnerable populations like children, IDUs, truckers etc. Further they used many strategies on addressing many areas related to AIDS as human rights, capacity building, advocacy, clinicalpractice etc. This studysuggests more systematic evaluations of the EC funded AIDS prevention projects and the application of a unified format for reporting in order to be able to compare results and effectiveness of interventions. / L'épidémie du SIDA touche le monde entier, aucune région du monde n’est épargnée. Environ 34-46 millions de personnes sont infectées avec le VIH et plus de 24 millions sont mortes depuis l’identification des premiers cas en 1981. La pandémie n’est plus seulement un problème de santé mais constitue une menace sérieuse pour le développement humain. Des efforts significatifs ont été faits pour mettre un terme à la transmission de la maladie. Dès 1987, l'Union européenne a établi unprogramme de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA dans les pays en développement. De 1994 à 2001 la CE a consacré en moyenne 625 millions d'euros chaque année à la santé, au VIH/SIDA et aux politiques de population dans plus de 100 pays en développement. L'aide de la CE est principalement mise enoeuvre à travers les projets financés par les subventions communautaires. L'objectif principal de cette étude est de contribuer à l’amélioration de la qualité des rapports rédigés dans le cadre des projets. Le but est d’évaluer les rapports de projets financés par la ligne budgétaire SIDA de laCommission européenne aussi bien au niveau du format que du contenu et ce par l’analyse des rapports finaux. Les objectifs de la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA sont ambitieux et les montants investis élevés, mais atteignons-nous les objectifs et est-ce que notre investissement porte ses fruits? Le VIH/SIDA continue à se propager malgré les efforts accrus de ces dernières années. Presque 5 millions de personnes ont été nouvellement infectées en 2003. Cela est plus que pendant toute autre année précédente. L'efficacité des projets de VIH/SIDA, en termes de changement d'attitudes et des comportements, a été critiquée. Selon cette étude, des changementspeuvent pourtant être identifiés à plusieurs niveaux : individuel, communautaire et au niveau international. Dans certains cas cités dans les rapports évalués il a été démontré que les projets onteu un impact significatif sur les individus. Cette étude montre que la force de ces projets réside dans leur diversité et dans leurs approchesinnovatrices. Ils ont ciblé différentes populations vulnérables comme les enfants, IDUs, des camionneurs etc. Par ailleurs, ils ont adopté des stratégies pour adresser plusieurs domaines liés auSIDA comme les Droits de l'homme, le renforcementdes capacités, l’IEC, la pratique clinique etc.Cette étude propose davantage d'évaluations systématiques des projets de prévention du SIDA financés par la CE et l'application d'un format unifié des rapports pour permettre une meilleure comparaison des résultats et évaluation de l'efficacité des interventions. / <p>ISBN 91-7997-100-8</p>

Mémoire (M.A.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1990. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

<p>The aim of this study was to examine which effect tabloidization has had on the news content and the presentation of the Swedish news program Rapport, during the years 1979 and 2009. Rapport is broadcasted in the Public Service channel "Sveriges Television".</p><p>Our main concern was to examine whether Rapport has stayed true to their assignment or if they have made changes to appeal to the popularised audience. To do so we focused on three questions: What is the journalist’s role? What becomes news? Who are interviewed?</p><p>We used theories such as social representation, news value and media logic to help us perform the analysis. Qualitative methods were used to analyse the news broadcasts, of which John Langer’s story-types was the primary method. In addition to that we used the method of semiotics to reveal signs of tabloidization in the imagery of the broadcasts.</p><p>Our results showed that the tabloidization of Rapport lies in the format rather than the news content. The changes in the news content are barely noticeable, even though the time span is quite long. The format however, has seen some tabloidization in 2009, with changes to the vignette and the feature structure. We also found changes in which people that Rapport chose to interview and changes among the journalists themselves. For instance we discovered that the representation of different groups of people is much more varied in 2009 than it was in 1979. The results also showed that the journalistic role has shifted from the task of educating the citizens to the task of being sensational and entertaining.</p><p><p><p> </p></p></p>