Το ραδιόφωνο είναι από τις πλέον διαδεδομένες μορφές εκπομπής δεδομένων, χρησιμοποιείται δε ακόμα και σήμερα, σε μια εποχή που οι ψηφιακές τηλεπικοινωνίες επεκτείνονται ταχύτατα. Αρχικά επέτρεπε την μετάδοση μόνο ενός καναλιού ήχου, όμως επεκτάθηκε σε στερεοφωνική (δικάναλη) εκπομπή, προσετέθησαν μέθοδοι μετάδοσης ψηφιακών πληροφοριών (RDS/RBDS, DirectBand) για την πληροφόρηση χρηστών αλλά και για μεγαλύτερη ευελιξία των δεκτών. Παράδειγμα του τελευταίου είναι η λειτουργία "AF" (εναλλακτικές συχνότητες, alternative frequencies) η οποία δίνει την δυνατότητα σε ένα δέκτη να μεταπηδήσει σε άλλη συχνότητα στην οποία εκπέμπει ο ίδιος σταθμός αλλά με ισχυρότερο ή καθαρότερο σήμα. Δεδομένου του εύρους των λειτουργιών που χρησιμοποιούνται στις ραδιοφωνικές εκπομπές, είναι πολύ καλή επιλογή για την ανάπτυξη προγραμμάτων που τις εκμεταλλεύονται, από απλές μέχρι περίπλοκες τόσο στο αναλογικό όσο και στο ψηφιακό τμήμα. Για το αναλογικό τμήμα, στο ένα άκρο έχουμε έναν απλό μονοφωνικό δέκτη ενώ στο άλλο άκρο έναν στερεοφωνικό δέκτη ο οποίος μετρώντας την καθαρότητα του λαμβανόμενου σήματος επιλέγει το ποσοστό χρήσης στερεοφωνίας ώστε να επιτύχει συμβιβασμό μεταξύ διαχωρισμού καναλιών (στερεοφωνικής εικόνας) και χαμηλού θορύβου. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής, αναπτύχθηκε πρόγραμμα σε γλώσσα C το οποίο εκτελεί λειτουργία δέκτη ραδιοφωνικού σήματος διαμορφωμένου αναλογικά κατά συχνότητα (FM radio). Στον προγραμματισμό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τεχνικές Software Defined Radio (SDR). Επιπλέον, το πρόγραμμα εκτελεί λήψη ψηφιακού σήματος ραδιοφωνικών πληροφοριών (Radio Broadcast Data System, RBDS/RDS). Στόχος της διπλωματικής είναι η επίδειξη της εφαρμογής τεχνικών SDR στα πλαίσια της υλοποίησης τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων. Με την αύξηση της ανάγκης της βιομηχανίας αλλά και των χρηστών για ταχύτερη μετάδοση δεδομένων, επήλθε και αύξηση της περιπλοκότητας των μεθόδων διαμόρφωσης στα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα. Η περιπλοκότητα αυτή απαιτεί χρήση αλγορίθμων που είναι αδύνατη με συστήματα με διακριτά στοιχεία. Μία λύση στο πρόβλημα αυτό είναι η αξιοποίηση σύγχρονων μικροεπεξεργαστών, των οποίων η ισχύς, ειδικά αυτή των εξειδικευμένων σε DSP, έχει γνωρίσει αλματώδη εξέλιξη. Προκειμένου να καταστεί δυνατή η αξιοποίηση του κατάλληλου υλικού για τα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα, χρειάζεται κατάλληλη μέθοδος προγραμματισμού. Η ιδέα αυτή έχει ήδη χρησιμοποιηθεί σε εμπορικά συστήματα. Ένα παράδειγμα είναι modem κοινής τηλεφωνικής γραμμής (PSTN/POTS) για οικιακούς υπολογιστές που το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της αποδιαμόρφωσης και διαμόρφωσης το εκτελούσε η κεντρική μονάδα επεξεργασίας του υπολογιστή. Συνεπώς, υπάρχουν παραδείγματα εφαρμογής αυτής της τεχνικής με ήδη υπαρκτό υλικό, δεν απαιτείται εξειδικευμένο hardware. Η εξέλιξη της ιδέας και η ευκολότερη πρόσβαση σε υλικό κατάλληλο, οδήγησε στην ανάπτυξη του Software Defined Radio. Software Defined Radio είναι ένα σύστημα ασύρματης τηλέπικοινωνίας (αν και είναι απολύτως εφικτή και η εφαρμογή σε ενσύρματα συστήματα) όπου αλγόριθμοι και μέρη του συστήματος που τυπικά υλοποιούνταν με ηλεκτρονικά στοιχεία (πυκνωτές, αντιστάτες, κ.α.) πραγματοποιούνται με προγράμματα που εκτελούνται σε σύστημα με επεξεργαστή, μικροελεγκτή ή άλλο προγραμματιζόμενο σύστημα. Η ονομασία Software Defined Radio αναφέρεται, επίσης, στο πρόγραμμα που εκτελεί το ανωτέρω σύστημα. Σε αυτά τα προγράμματα, χρησιμοποιούνται κατά κύριο λόγο τεχνικές επεξεργασίας ψηφιακού σήματος (DSP). Ως παράδειγμα προς μελέτη της τεχνικής θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε ένα από τα πλέον γνωστά πρωτόκολλα, το οποίο δεν είναι τετριμμένο και χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα και στη σύγχρονη εποχή, το ραδιόφωνο FM. Το πρωτόκολλο FM είναι αρκετά απλό ώστε η ανάλυσή του να είναι προσβάσιμη χωρίς να απαιτεί εξειδικευμένες γνώσεις τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων, αλλά όχι τετριμμένο, ώστε να αναδεικνύει την χρησιμότητα της τεχνικής SDR. Ένας δεύτερος λόγος για αυτή την επιλογή είναι η ταυτόχρονη εκπομπή ψηφιακής πληροφορίας από τους σταθμούς. Η λήψη αυτών των πληροφοριών με τη χρήση SDR υπογραμμίζει την ευελιξία της τεχνικής, η οποία επιτρέπει τον ταυτόχρονο χειρισμό τόσο των αναλογικών πληροφοριών (ήχου, στη συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση) όσο και των ψηφιακών πληροφοριών (RBDS/RDS) από το ίδιο πρόγραμμα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 περιγράφεται η αρχή λειτουργίας της αναλογικής διαμόρφωσης κατά συχνότητα καθώς και η εφαρμογή της στη ραδιοφωνία. Ορίζονται οι σχετικές παράμετροι και καθορίζονται οι τιμές που λαμβάνουν στην κοινή ραδιοφωνία FM. Τέλος, περιγράφεται η μετάδοση ψηφιακών πληροφοριών με το πρωτόκολλο RDS. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφεται η δομή και λειτουργία ενός δέκτη FM με διακριτά στοιχεία. Αναλύεται η αρχή λειτουργίας του δέκτη, ονομάζονται μερικά από τα στοιχεία που χρησιμοποιούνται συνήθως και διαγράφονται βασικές ομοιότητες με τους δέκτες SDR. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 περιγράφεται η αρχή λειτουργίας του SDR. Δίνονται παραδείγματα υλικού κατάλληλου για SDR και οι δυνατότητες που απαιτούνται. Δίνονται παραδείγματα λογισμικού κατάλληλου για SDR και παραδείγματα εφαρμογών του. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 αναλύεται το υλικό που χρησιμοποιήθηκε και το πρόγραμμα που αναπτύχθηκε για την αποδιαμόρφωση σήματος FM και αποκωδικοποίηση σήματος RDS. Επίσης περιγράφεται το υλικό που χρησιμοποιήθηκε καθώς και τα κριτήρια επιλογής τους. Ορίζονται οι είσοδοι και έξοδοι του προγράμματος και περιγράφεται η δομή του. Αναλύεται η λειτουργία των επιμέρους στοιχείων του προγράμματος που αναπτύχθηκε και μελετάται η συμπεριφορά τους. Τέλος, αναλύεται η αποδιαμόρφωση και αποκωδικοποίηση του ψηφιακού σήματος (RDS) από το πρόγραμμα. Στα παραρτήματα δίδονται οι συντελεστές των ψηφιακών φίλτρων που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην ανάπτυξη του δέκτη, ο πλήρης κώδικας του δέκτη και οδηγίες για την δημιουργία φασματογραφημάτων με το MATLAB. / FM radio is one of the most widespread forms of data transmission, used even today, in an era where digital telecommunications are quickly spreading. Initially, it allowed transmission of only one audio channel, but it was extended to stereo (two channel) transmission, digital information methods of transmission were added (RDS/RBDS, DirectBand) for user information and for greater receiver versatility. One example of the latter is the AF ("alternative frequencies") functionality which allows a receiver to switch over to another frequency, carrying the same radio program but with better reception. Given the great width of functions that are used in radio transmissions, it is a very good choice for developing software that take advantage of them, from simple to complex, both in the analog and digital domain. For the analog domain, on one end, there may be a simple monophonic receiver and on the other end a stereo receiver which, according to the clarity of the received signal, can adjust the level of stereo separation to achieve a preferable compromise between stereo image and low noise audio. For the purposes of this project, a software program was written, in C, which functions as a frequency modulated, analog radio signal receiver (FM radio). Software Defined Radio techniques were used while developing this program. Additionally, the program performs RDS ("radio data system") signal reception. The objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of Software Defined Radio techniques in the development of telecommunication systems. The industry's, and the users', need for faster data transmission, brought an increase in modulation method complexity in telecommunication systems. This complexity requires use of algorithms that is impossible with systems with discrete components. One solution to this problem is via utilization of modern microprocessors, especially those specializing in DSP, the performance of which has increased dramatically. In order to be able to use the appropriate hardware in a telecommunication system using SDR, an appropriate method of programming them is necessary. This idea has been already used in commercial systems. One example are modems for the common copper telephone line (PSTN /POTS) for home computers, where most of the modulation and demodulation was performed by the computers central processor. Therefore, there are examples of applications of this method using common hardware. The evolution of this idea and the easier access to necessary hardware led to the development of Software Defined Radio. Software Defined Radio is a wireless telecommunication system (although a wired system is equally feasible) where algorithms and components that would, typically, be implemented with electronic elements (capacitors, resistors, etc) are realized with a software program running on a system with a microprocessor, microcontroller or other programmable device. The name Software Defined Radio is also used to refer to the program itself. In such a program, DSP techniques are commonly used. As an example for studying this method we are using one of the most widely known protocols, one that is not trivial and is widely used even in modern times, the FM radio. The FM protocol is simple enough so that its analysis is approachable without specialized knowledge of telecommunication systems, but not trivial, so that it demonstrates the usefulness of the SDR method. Another reason for this choice is the simultaneous transmission of digital information from an FM broadcast station. Reception of this signal, by the program, underlines the versatility of SDR, which allows simultaneous handling of both analog (audio, in this case) and digital (RDS) information. The first chapter presents the principle of operation of analog frequency modulation and its application in radio broadcasting. The respective parameters are defined and specific values for common FM radio broadcasting are given. Finally, digital data transmission via the RDS protocol is described. The second chapter presents the structure and functionality of an FM receiver implemented with discrete elements. Its principle of operation is analyzed, some of the more common elements used are named and similarities with SDR receivers are drawn. The third chapter presents the principle of operation of an SDR system. Examples of useful hardware and relevant requirements are given. Finally, examples of suitable software and respective applications are given. The fourth chapter presents an analysis of the hardware that was used and the software program that was developed for the demodulation of the FM signal and decoding of the RDS signal, along with the criteria for choosing them. The program structure is described and its input and output data signal formats are defined. The functionality of each component of the software program is analyzed and its behavior is studied. Finally, the demodulation and decoding process for the RDS signal by the program is analyzed. In the appendixes, the coefficients of the digital filters are listed, along with the full source code for the software program that was developed and, finally, a guide for creating spectral graphs with MATLAB, similar to those in section 4.3.2.

Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare clinical outcomes and economic impact involved with the use of beractant (B) compared to poractant (P) for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature neonates admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods: Patients were included if they were less than 35 weeks gestational age at birth, survived at least 48 hours, and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and treated with P or B for RDS. The primary outcome of this study is the change in the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) over the first 48 hours after surfactant administration. Secondary outcomes were the change in oxygen saturation, time spent on mechanical ventilation and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), complication occurrence and mortality of the neonates. Main Results: There were a total of 40 neonates whose charts were reviewed (n= 13 and n=27 in the P and B groups respectively). The mean gestational age of the neonates were 29.2+/-2.9 and 28.8+/-2.9 weeks in the P and B groups respectively. The FiO2 was found to not be lower between the P and B groups (35.5+/-22.2 and 42.4+/-24.2, respectively; p=0.379), as well as the O2 saturation (94.6+/-4.6 and 92.3+/-6.1; p=0.194). Significance was also not found for the other clinical or economic outcomes assessed in this study. Conclusions: There was not a significant difference between poractant and beractant in FiO2, O2 saturation, or in the other clinical outcomes evaluated in this study.

4 mal im Jahr erscheinende Zeitschrift über aktuelle Themen der TU Chemnitz

Els lixiviats d'abocadors urbans són aigües residuals altament contaminades, que es caracteritzen per les elevades concentracions d'amoni i el baix contingut de matèria orgànica biodegradable. El tractament dels lixiviats a través dels processos de nitrificació-desnitrificació convencionals és costós a causa de la seva elevada demanda d'oxigen i la necessitat d'addició d'una font de carboni externa. En els darrers anys, la viabilitat del tractament d'aquest tipus d'afluents per un procés combinat de nitritació parcial-anammox ha estat demostrada. Aquesta tesi es centra en el tractament de lixiviats d'abocador a través d'un procés de nitritació parcial en SBR, com un pas preparatori per a un reactor anammox. Els resultats de l'estudi han demostrat la viabilitat d'aquesta tecnologia per al tractament de lixiviats d'abocador. El treball va evolucionar des d'una escala inicial de laboratori, on el procés va ser testat inicialment, a uns exitosos experiments d'operació a llarg termini a escala pilot. Finalment, la tesi també inclou el desenvolupament, calibració i validació d'un model matemàtic del procés, que té com a objectiu augmentar el coneixement del procés. / Urban landfill leachate are highly contaminated wastewater, usually characterised by high ammonium concentrations and low biodegradable organic matter content. Treating leachate through conventional nitrification-denitrification processes is expensive due to its high oxygen demand and the requirement of a supplementary external carbon source. In recent years, the feasibility of treating such streams with a low C:N ratio by a combined partial nitritation-anammox process has been demonstrated. This thesis deals with the treatment of landfill leachate by a partial nitritation-SBR, as a preparative step for an anammox reactor. The results of the study have demonstrated the feasibility of this technology for the treatment of landfill leachate. The work evolved from initial lab-scale studies, where the process was first tested, to a successful long-term experiment at pilot-scale. In addition, the thesis also includes the development, calibration and validation of a mathematical model of the process, aiming at increasing process knowledge.

The purpose of this work was realization and implementation of two applications for the management of Radio Data System (RDS) messages. These applications will be subsequently used in the Czech Radio Ostrava to support two RDS services, namely the Traffic - Announcement Identification and Radiotext. Both applications are secured against unauthorized use by incompetent users through a password - protected access, access rights and encryption of passwords in initialization files. The text of this work is divided into three parts. The first describes the system RDS and services provided by it and implementation of RDS in the Czech Radio Ostrava. The second part deals with the realization of both applications and the last part describes the implementation itself. The work shows all applications windows. Work also includes all the flow charts. The list of all broken down by subroutines is given in the appendix.

Trafikolyckor är ett problem i dagens samhälle och nya lösningar inom intelligenta transportsystem (ITS) efterfrågas. En lösning är fordon-till-fordon kommunikation (V2V), där säkrare trafik kan uppnås genom att fordon sänder relevant trafikdata till omgivande trafik. I denna rapport undersöktes och utvecklades metoder för en följdetekteringsalgoritm inom V2V kommunikation. Uppdraget var att hitta en lösning för följdetektering med GPS och radiokommunikation med FM-RDS, där hänsyn togs till tidsfördröjning. Algoritmer utvecklades i en simuleringsmiljö, för att sedan implementeras i en egenkonstruerad prototyp för mätning i trafik. För effektivt utnyttjande av FM-RDS-paket komprimerades den sända positionen, för att sedan rekonstrueras vid mottagarsidan.Resultaten av simuleringarna och trafikmätningarna visade att det var möjligt att detektera om ett fordon följde efter ett annat i trafiken, med hjälp av GPS-positionering och kommunikation genom FM-RDS med tidsfördröjning av mottagna paket. Vid högre tidsfördröjningar så presterade algoritmen sämre, dock finns det potential till förbättring. Förslag på förbättring av rekonstruktionsfunktionen samt algoritmen behandlas i denna rapport. / Traffic accidents are a problem in today’s society and new solutions regarding intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are being requested. One solution to such is vehicle-to-vehicle communication (V2V), where safer traffic can be achieved by vehicles transmitting relevant traffic information to surrounding vehicles. In this report, we researched and developed methods for a follow-detection algorithm for V2V communication. The task was to find a solution for follow-detection by using GPS and FM-RDS, with regards to time delay. An algorithm was developed in a simulated environment, to then be implemented in a prototype for measuring traffic. For efficient usage of FM-RDS packets, the transmitted position was compressed and then decompressed at the receiving side. The results of the simulations and traffic tests indicated that it was possible to detect if a vehicle followed another in traffic, by using GPS positioning and FM-RDS with time delay. The accuracy of the algorithm degraded at higher time delays, however there is potential for improvements. Suggestions for improvements of the reconstruction function and the algorithm are discussed in this report.

Class of 2012 Abstract / Specific Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare clinical outcomes and cost involved with use of poractant versus beractant for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in a level III, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within an academic medical center. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients if they were admitted to the NICU for RDS between April 1, 2010 to November 30, 2010 and December 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011 treated with beractant and poractant respectively. Patients were excluded from the study if they were greater than 35 weeks gestational age and survived less than 48 hours. This is a review and the information needed from the patients was submitted in a data extraction form. Data collected included demographic variables (age, birthweight, birth length, gender, and race/ ethnicity), FiO2 measurement, mechanical ventilation time, length of hospitalization in the NICU, the incidence complications in the first 28 days, number of doses given, use of the nasal CPAP, concurrent complications or comorbidites such as pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, patent ductus arteriosis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and retinopathy of maturity. Main Results: Data from 27 neonates in beractant and 13 in poractant groups were collected. The FiO2 measurements in both groups were generally similar. However, FiO2 was consistently lower in the poractant group. (p = 0.044 from a runs statistical test) Conclusions: The FiO2 measurement is poractant group was lower compared with beractant group, however the difference was noted to be not statistically significant.

Diploma thesis "Meaning and development of traffic information and its specifics " deals with function of media, interactivity, news genres and traffic information as a necessary part of nowadays society. It also looks at the media and their meaning in the process of distributing traffic information. The diploma thesis also charts the behaviour of subjects, that are professionally dealing with traffic information. It focuses on news systems and individual broadcasting, that are distributing information about traffic. It also evaluates process of distributing traffic information as a welfare service. The thesis prove that such information are helpful to the public. Timely inteligence and realistic information may help not just the individual drivers, but also to the society as the whole, to the environment and the economy of companies as well. The diploma thesis denotes the beginning of first local system, that collects, processes, distributes and keeps traffic news - Integrated system of traffic information, these information are available for everybody, who applies for them, service is free of charge. Mainly media use this system. I also try to bring closer some technical inovations in traffic broadcasting, that made milestones in this relatively new discipline of mass communication.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur forskning från olika vetenskapliga fält och länder resonerar kring diagnostiseringen av ADHD hos förskolebarn. Som metod har en systematisk litteraturstudie använts, där de 22 vetenskapliga artiklar som framkommit vid den noggranna systematiska sökningen har granskats och analyserats genom en innehållsanalys. Vidare har the Relational Developmental System theory (RDS) använts som det teoretiska perspektivet för att analysera resultatet ytterligare. Resultatet från studierna visar på att en tidig diagnos med tillhörande behandling kan vara värdefullt för utvecklingen av barnets sociala förmågor och senare akademiska framgångar. Däremot finns det risk för feldiagnostisering och onödig behandling om diagnos ställs i tidig förskoleålder, därför bör noggrann utredning göras och en provisorisk diagnos kan vara att föredra om misstanke finns att symtomen skulle kunna vara åldersrelaterade. Forskningen har även visat att förskollärarnas kunskap om ADHD-relaterad problematik är betydelsefull för bedömningen vid utredning inför diagnostisering, men även att förskollärarnas inställning och utbildning påverkar arbetet med barn som uppvisar ADHD-symtom eller som har diagnosen. Enbart forskning från det senaste decenniet är med i denna studie, detta för ADHD-diagnostisering har ökat kraftigt och forskningen gått snabbt framåt.

A tradição Borda Incisa envolve um debate intenso entre os pesquisadores por uma série de motivos, dentre os quais, por suas cerâmicas apresentarem uma grande variabilidade estilística e morfológica, devido sua ampla distribuição geográfica e sua associação aos contextos de terra preta. Na Amazônia Central o período relacionado às ocupações Borda Incisa é considerado de adensamento populacional e quando as mudanças nas paisagens são mais intensas, associadas aos falantes de línguas Arawak que teriam desenvolvido um sistema regional multiétnico com circulação de cerâmicas e compartilhamento de uma mesma cosmologia baseada na ocupação de aldeias circulares. A Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã, área focal dessa pesquisa, é uma unidade de conservação localizada na porção central do Estado do Amazonas. O objetivo da dissertação é contribuir para a construção de uma história cultural do Lago Amanã e a compreensão de sua antiga e intensa ocupação pré-colonial. A fase Caiambé é o recorte de análise, a partir do refinamento de suas características estilísticas e contextuais, procura-se compreender seus significados no quadro cronológico da Amazônia Central e suas relações com os complexos culturais anteriores e posteriores a ela. Através de escavações, datações e tratamento do material cerâmico, buscou-se oferecer refinamento da cronologia de ocupação. Alguns dos resultados apresentados são: contemporaneidade de assentamentos, caracterização de sítios com diferentes funções e maior caracterização da tecnologia de produção cerâmica. Com base nessas informações sugere-se a fase Caiambé no lago Amanã representa o ápice da ocupação integral de um território, com a formação de diferentes aldeias e espaços públicos e rituais. / The Incised Rim tradition involves an intense debate among researchers for a number of reasons, among which, for its ceramics present a great stylistic and morphological variability due to its wide geographic distribution and their association with terra preta contexts. In central Amazonia the period related to occupations Incised Rim is considered population density and when changes in the landscapes are more intense, associated with the Arawak language speakers who have developed a multi-ethnic regional system with circulation ceramics and sharing the same cosmology based on occupation of circular villages. The Amana Sustainable Development Reserve, focal area of this research is a protected area located in the central portion of the state of Amazonas. The purpose of this work is to contribute to building a cultural history of the Lake Amana and understanding of its ancient and intense precolonial occupation. The Caiambé phase is the analysis of cut from the refinement of its stylistic and contextual features, try to understand their meaning in the chronological framework of the Central Amazon and its relations with the previous cultural complexes and subsequent to it. Through excavation, dating and treatment of ceramic material, it sought to provide refinement of the chronology of occupation. Some of the results are presented: contemporary settlements, characterization of sites with different functions and improved characterization of pottery production technology. Based on this information it is suggested to Caiambé phase at Lake Amana is the culmination of the full occupation of a territory, with the formation of different villages and public spaces and rituals.