69 The re-use of public-sector information This thesis considers the re-use of public-sector information in the context of freedom of information. The thesis describes the following: a) the implications of freedom of information (transparency of public administration, involvement of citizens in public affairs, fight against information poverty, protection of the environment or the fight against corruption); b) the implications of the re-use of public-sector information (from an economic and social view); c) principle of publicity and principle of confidentiality (their application in democratic and nondemocratic regimes); d) the evolution of freedom of information legislation (inspiration in China, origin in Sweden, transposition into international law, influence of the United States of America, examples of modern information regulations and the right to information in European Union law); e) freedom of information in international law (The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe No. R (81) 19 on the access to information held by public authorities, Úmluva Rady Evropy o přístupu k úředním...

Abstract The functional usage of historical buildings is essential for their preservation. However, it appears to be very difficult to find satisfactory solutions especially when deciding new uses for them. This research focuses on the problem of the re-use of historical buildings from the point of view of the tasks of architecture and restoration. The aim of this research is, firstly, to examine the history of the re-use of historical buildings and, secondly, to identify the premises for their functional integrity and authenticity, both of which are considered crucial in restorations. Since antiquity the Latin concept utilitas has been referred to as the primary task of architecture: to be useful and functional. In this research the theme of utilitas has been observed through architectural and restoration theories and examples of re-use from different periods. Even if the re-use of old buildings has been common throughout history, it is only since the modern restoration approach of the 19th century that the functionality of historical buildings has been considered important in their preservation. Among restoration debates during the 20th century the functionality and the re-use of historical buildings have been considered only occasionally. However, among theoretical discussions on architecture functionality has been one of the most central themes of the century. Can a historical building be authentic even if its original function has changed? The main issue in the re-use of historical buildings is not to find technical solutions or methodologies, but to understand the more profound intentions for the building. Historical buildings cannot be distinguished from the reality and the requirements of human beings of today. In the restorations there must be an equilibrium between the historical legacy and the requirements of the present. Analyzing historical buildings from the point of view of functional integrity offers not only a new method but also new possibilities to discover planning solutions in the re-use of the historical buildings — respecting both the past and the present. / Tiivistelmä Historiallisen rakennuksen säilymisen ehto on sen järkevä hyödyntäminen alkuperäisen käyttötarkoituksen loputtuakin. Silti käytön kannalta välttämättömiin muutoksiin suhtaudutaan usein kielteisesti. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksia arkkitehtuurin ja restauroinnin tehtävien näkökulmasta. Siinä pohditaan käyttötarkoituksen muutosten oikeutusta ja restauroinneissa keskeisenä pidettyä autenttisuuden ongelmaa. Samalla pyritään hahmottamaan, mitä tarkoittaa autenttisuuteen liittyvä funktionaalinen integriteetti käyttötarkoituksen muuttuessa. Utilitas-käsitteellä on aina antiikista lähtien viitattu arkkitehtuurin yhteydessä rakennusten funktionaalisuuteen ja käyttökelpoisuuteen. Aihetta on tässä tutkimuksessa käsitelty eri aikojen arkkitehtuuriteorioiden ja historiallisiin rakennuksiin kohdistuneiden käyttötarkoituksen muutosten avulla. Vaikka historiallisia rakennuksia on aina muutettu uusiin tarkoituksiin vasta 1800-luvulla alettiin korostaa käyttötarkoituksen merkitystä historiallisten rakennusten säilymiselle. Historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksiin liittyviin ongelmiin on 1900-luvun restaurointikeskustelussa viitattu kuitenkin vain harvoin. Sen sijaan arkkitehtuurista puhuttaessa rakennuksen funktionaalisuus on ollut yksi keskeisistä aiheista. Suurin ongelma historiallisten rakennusten käyttötarkoituksen muutoksissa on rakennuksen syvempien merkitysten ymmärtäminen, ei teknisten menetelmien ja ratkaisujen puuttuminen. Historiallisia rakennuksia ei voida täysin erottaa todellisuudesta ja ihmisen tarpeista tässä ja nyt. Kysymys on tasapainosta historian ja nykyhetken välillä. Funktionaalisen integriteetin tarkastelu tarjoaa paitsi menetelmän restaurointien arvioimiseen, myös mahdollisuuden löytää uusia ratkaisuja historiallisten rakennusten hyödyntämiseksi samalla sekä historiaa että nykyajan tarpeita kunnioittaen.

The city of Pretoria can be likened to a blanket stretched thin, where previously urban programs shift to the expanding periphery leaving gaps in the city fabric. It is essential to investigate ways in which these urban “left overs” can be re-imagined within the contemporary context. This complex urban condition is investigated with the focus on conservation of abandoned buildings of heritage significance. In South Africa, state funding cannot be relied upon for conservation of individual buildings. Thus the conservation of leftover and abandoned heritage buildings should happen not through singular museum projects but through the everyday usefulness of the building. The role of art and the artist has long been linked to the reuse of buildings which have become difficult to inhabit in conventional ways. Thus the introduction of cultural programs to derelict heritage sites and “left over” spaces is pertinent to their reuse. One such site is the Capitol theatre in the Pretoria CBD. It is undoubtedly a place of cultural richness and expression, having been a place of daily gathering as well as formal entertainment throughout its history. It is a natural point in which to reintroduce culture into an extended public realm at the heart of the city. Originally a space of introverted and exclusive cultural expression, curated cultural artifacts (films and occasional shows) were displayed to a limited audience in a highly internalised experience. However, it is proposed that this condition be inverted through external display of the processes of cultural production on the exterior of the theatre. The intention is to broaden the sphere of cultural influence into the public realm of the city and simultaneously invite the existing communities to engage with the building. Thus the focus shifts from internal event space to external production space which becomes part of the public everyday experience. Reviving the Capitol The Capitol Theatre complex was never completed and no exterior facade was ever design for the auditorium. This creates the opportunity for a new inhabitable facade to be designed which fulfills the role of both a supportive and expressive element. The new element incorporates spaces where people and processes of cultural production are expressed externally while curated cultural artifacts and events remain housed in the auditorium. Ultimately the concept is one of support. The physical support of a failing structure being the starting point which necessitates an intervention; the functional support which allows the building to become useful again in a contemporary context with new cultural meaning; and the social support of the everyday rituals which make up the daily cultural experiences through the extension of the sphere of cultural influence of the Capitol Theatre. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Les fines de lavage de carrières sont à l’heure actuelle peu valorisées. Pourtant, leurs caractéristiques physiques font de ces fines une matière première intéressante pour le domaine de la construction. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer la formulation de produits préfabriqués non porteurs à base de fines de lavage, en considérant ces fines comme de la terre crue. Deux catégories de produits préfabriqués sont visées : un produit dit « lourd » (brique de terre comprimée) et un produit « léger » (carreau). Pour la valorisation en BTC, une étude de compacité par essai Proctor a permis de cibler la teneur en eau de fabrication et la masse volumique sèche à obtenir. Les performances mécaniques des briques ont été améliorées par surcompactage, renforcement granulaire et traitement au liant hydraulique. L’étude de formulation du carreau a associé les fines de lavage et la chènevotte. La consistance des mélanges à l’état frais a été étudiée avec le consistomètre VEBE. Les performances mécaniques en flexion et en compression des mélanges fibrés ont été mesurées. De la chaux et un superplastifiant ont été ajoutés dans la formulation pour satisfaire aux conditions de tenue mécanique. Les deux voies de valorisation ont été validées par mesures des performances physico-mécaniques sur produits fabriqués à l’échelle industrielle. La formulation optimale de BTC valorise près de 80% de fines de lavage et se classe dans la catégorie BTC 40 de la norme expérimentale XP13-901 (brique faiblement capillaire et résistante à la projection en eau). La formulation optimale de carreau se compose de 60% de fines de lavage, et répond aux exigences mécaniques des carreaux de plâtre. / Currently, few re-use ways are developed with clay fines from washing units in quarries. However, these clayey fines represent interesting materials for construction domain. This research work aims to develop non-load bearing precast products and to re-use these fines without thermal treatment as for unfired clay products. Two types of precast products are wished: a “heavy” product (compressed earth brick) and a “light” product (tile hemp-clay).For the CEB re-use way, the level of compaction has to be high. Proctor tests have been done to define the moisture content and dry density to obtain. Mechanical performances of bricks have been increased by overcompaction, granular reinforcement and lime treatment.For the tile re-use way, mixes with quarry fines and hemp have been studied. The behaviour of fresh material has been studied with VEBE consistometer. Flexural and compression strengths have been measured on hardened mixes. Lime and water-reducing agent have been necessary for a good mechanical behaviour.The two re-use ways have been validated by measuring mechanical and physical performances of products manufactured at industrial scale. The optimal mix for CEB includes almost 80% of quarry fines. The CEB is classed in BTC40 category according to experimental standard XP13-901 (brick with a low water absorption level and resistant to water spray). The optimal mix for tile includes 60% of quarry fines and satisfies mechanical requirements for gypsum blocks.

The diploma thesis deals with the current knowledge in the field of saving measures in swimming pool services. The theoretical part describes the typology of swimming pools and subsequently deals with the technological aspect, including heat management. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes in detail the possibilities of saving measures in public swimming pool operations, especially in sanitary facilities, including reuse of wastewater from showers as a water source, or heat recovery from wastewater. The knowledge from the theoretical section is then applied in the practical part, where saving measures are proposed on the public swimming pool.

The thesis addresses the proximity of contemporary global human issues to local human issues and presents an architectural solution. By identifying, exploring and drawing closer the proximities between these global and local issues, new solutions can be developed for local application. There are new fields created for architecture when we understand and connect the proximity of objects of both cultural and biophysical creation, and when we understand and build on our ever-narrowing proximities between what has been and what is to come. The narrowing global conditions have direct implications on us as individual human beings and our individual local societies. These proximities have been explored, developed, and resolved for local application. The resulting research field for urban agriculture ultimately guided an appropriate architectural response within the city of Pretoria, South Africa. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The project proposes the investigation into the adaptive re-use of abandoned and unused buildings in the Pretoria CBD to develop social housing that makes use of existing infrastructure, structures, economic activity and transport networks. This is done as a response to the need for social housing in the medium income market. Most developments for this market are built outside city limits and use precious resources and unnecessary new materials. This project focuses on what is currently known as Huis Potgieter, on the UNISA Sunnyside Campus, as a testing ground to develop theories and approaches that can be used in the development of future developments. Throughout the research conducted into the project, the residents have been emphasised as the main design informant, specifically by the regulations set out by the national government. Considering the highly user-centred approach as identified by the regulations, it is appropriate to approach it from an interior design knowledgebase. Looking firstly at the resident’s needs, those in similar housing developments and income markets have identified and emphasised the need and importance of shared public spaces. Other research has confirmed that public spaces are a large contributor to both the social and psychological well-being of the residents. This project focuses on providing public spaces as integrated areas within the building, interspersed between living units, in an effort to provide comfortable, inclusive, and enjoyable public spaces that encourage a sense of place among the residents. A design proposal to integrate interior public spaces into the daily lives of the residents was developed. Various public space theories were collated and synthesised to develop a set of theory-based guidelines for use in this and future social housing projects. The project aims to develop a proposal that considers all users in the development, both in their physical needs (in the form of an inclusive design approach), as well as their social and community needs, by providing public spaces that accommodate a wide range of users and activities. To benefit future studies and to contribute to the field of interior design, a new term, interior public spaces, was developed in order to describe the type of public spaces created. In order to create a strong identity for the building, which the users can relate and respond to in their own attachment and appropriation, the legibility of the intervention is large focus of the project. To increase the legibility of the building, the building identity – KwilaliCity - was developed to reflect strongly in the public areas of the building to create a common ground for all residents. The intervention ensures accessibility to its wide range of residents by introducing a strong inclusive design component, with a focus on wayfinding. Applying the wayfinding and inclusive approach early in the project allows for an integrated resolution that serves to strengthen the design approach. The intention that residents are encouraged to develop an attachment to KwilaliCity and their fellow residents is evident in the encouragement to appropriate specific elements in and around their homes, in order to reflect their identities and give them some control over their housing environment. / Hierdie projek neem voor om die her-gebruik van verlate en ongebruikte geboue in die Pretoria besigheidsdistrik te ondersoek, met die doel om sosiale behuising wat gebruik maak van bestaande infrastruktuur, strukture, ekonomise aktiwiteit en vervoernetwerke. Die projek het vorendag gekom as ‘n reaksie op die nood vir sosiale behuising in die medium-inkomstemark. Ontwikkelings vir hierdie mark word dikwels geplaas buite die stadperke, en gebruik waardevolle hulpbronne en onnodige nuwe material. Die projek fokus op wat tans bekend staan as Huis Potgieter, te vinde op die UNISA Sunnyside-kampus, as ‘n toetsarea waar teorieë en benaderings te ondersoek en wat in toekomstige uitbreidings gebruik kan word. Tydens die navorsing wat afgelê is vir die projek, is die inwoners beklemtoon as die hoof ontwerpinformant, hoofsaaklik deur die regulasies uiteengesit deur die nasionale regering. Met hierdie hoogs gebruiker-geörienteerde benadering, soos geïdentifiseer deur die regulasies, is dit toepaslik om gebruik te maak van die interieurontwerp kennisbasis. Eerstens word daar gekyk na die inwoners se behoeftes. Inwoners in soortgelyke behuising en inkomstemark het die behoefte en belangrikheid van gedeelde openbare ruimtes uitgelig en beklemtoon. Verdere navorsing het bevestig dat openbare ruimtes ‘n groot bydraende faktor is in die sosiale en sielkundige welstand van die inwoners. Die projek fokus op die voorsiening van openbare ruimtes as integreerde areas binne die gebou, verweef tussendeur die leefeenhede, in ‘n poging om gemaklike, toeganklike, en aangename openbare ruimtes te skep wat ‘n gevoel van plek by die inwoners aanwakker. ‘n Ontwerpvoorstel om die interieur openbare ruimtes te integreer met die daaglikse lewens van die inwoners is ontwikkel. Verskeie teorieë wat handel oor openbare ruimtes is versamel en saamgevat om ‘n stel teorie-gebasseerde riglyne te ontwikkel wat gebruik kan word in hierdie en toekomstige sosiale behuisingskemas. Die projek poog om ‘n voorstel te ontwikkel wat alle inwoners in ag neem, beide in hul fisiese behoeftes (in terme van ‘n inklusiewe ontwerpbenadering), sowel as hul sosiale en gemeenskapsbehoeftes deur inwoners van openbare ruimtes te voorsien wat ‘n wye spectrum van gebruikers en aktiwiteite kan akkommodeer Om toekomende interieurontwerpstudies te baat, is ‘n nuwe term, interieuropenbare ruimtes, ontwikkel om die soort openbare ruimtes, soos geskep in hierdie projek, te beskryf. Ten einde ‘n sterk identiteit te ontwikkel vir die gebou, wat die inwoners in staat sal stel om verband te hou en te reageer daarop deur hul aanhegtig en bewilliging, is die leesbaarheid van die ingryping ‘n groot fokus van die projek. Om die leesbaarheid van die gebour te verbeter, is ‘n gebou-identiteit – KwilaliCity – ontwikkel. Dit kom sterk voor in die openbare areas van die gebou om ‘n gelyke grondslag vir alle inwoners te skep. Die ingryping verseker die inklusiwiteit vir die wye reeks inwoners deur ‘n sterk inklusiewe ontwerpkomponent in te bring, wat fokus op die navigasie en leesbaarheid van die ruimtes. Deur hierdie benadering toe te pas vanaf die begin, maak voorsiening vir ‘n geïntegreerde oplossing wat help om die ontwerbenadering te versterk. Die bedoeling is dat inwoners aangemoedig word om aanhegting met KwilaliCity en hul mede-inwoners, en is aangebring in die aanmoediging om spesifieke elemente om hul eenhede te bewillig, in ‘n poging om hul identiteit te weerspieël en bietjie beheer te gee oor hul huislike omgewing. / Mini Dissertation (MInt (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MInt (Prof) / Unrestricted

Die Gestaltung betrieblicher Prozesse stellt heute einen wichtigen Wettbewerbsfaktor dar. Um am Markt erfolgreich agieren zu können, ist es notwendig, die eigenen Prozesse konsequent an den Bedürfnissen der Kunden auszurichten. Methoden der Prozessverbesserung beschreiben, welche Schritte hierfür durchzuführen sind. Modelle stellen dabei ein wesentliches Werkzeug für die Visualisierung der betrieblichen Abläufe dar. Gleichwohl wird in bestehenden Methoden der Prozessverbesserung nur unzureichend auf die systematische Nutzung und Wiederverwendung von Modellen eingegangen. Dadurch klafft eine Lücke zwischen erwartetem und tatsächlichem Nutzen des Modelleinsatzes im Rahmen der Prozessverbesserung. So wird insbesondere die methodische Nutzung und Auswertung von Modellen bisher entweder gar nicht oder lediglich isoliert von der Prozessverbesserung betrachtet. Damit existiert zwar eine Vielzahl an methodischen Puzzleteilen, eine durchgängige Unterstützung der Modellerstellung und -nutzung im Rahmen der Prozessverbesserung kann jedoch nicht erkannt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich diesem methodischen Defizit und beschreibt Schritt für Schritt, wie die Verwendung von Modellen im Rahmen der Prozessverbesserung systematisiert werden kann. Damit soll die Nutzung von Modellen im betrieblichen Alltag forciert und der Aufwand für die Modellierung langfristig reduziert werden.

In humanity’s current condition, the advantages of organic material sources are supplanted by the qualities of synthetics that allow for rapid growth and altered capabilities, whilst man becomes further removed from his natural existence as a being that once possessed the aptitude to understand and work with these materials. Prior to our industrial, mechanised and materialist consumer culture, the direct interaction with the natural world provided humanity with more comprehensive and experiential ground for growth and learning. As we are connected to the world through our senses, space becomes the primary enabler of such a platform. Relying on the haptic qualities of materials and the body’s ability to experience and embody its immediate surroundings, architecture’s role in the integration between man, nature, and industry is explored. As a natural industry with a significant public interface, architecture acts as a mediator between man’s “constructed nature” and his “first nature” – referring to man’s estrangement from his environment. This dissertation investigates the adaptation of industrial buildings to accommodate public interaction whilst responding to the environmental impact that the production of building materials has on the environment. Alternatives to commonly used materials such as glass, steel and carbon fibres were researched, and so hemp, flax and bamboo became the primary elements used in the making of the architecture. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Konsumtionen är ett miljöproblem i Sverige och den behöver ställas om mot en mer cirkulär ekonomi. En del av den cirkulära ekonomin är återanvändning. Återanvändning av saker är mer miljöeffektivt än att materialåtervinning. Trots att kommunala återvinningscentraler erbjuder möjlighet att lämna saker till återbruk slängs betydande mängder återanvändbara saker till energiåtervinning. Genom att kombinera tidigare studiers resultat kring nudging och återvinning med förutsättningarna som råder på Gävle återvinningscentral designades 3 nudges. En nudge använder en beskrivande social norm mot återbruk, en förenklar att återbruka och den sista kombinerar den förenklande nudgen med en beskrivande social norm. Dessa undersöker hur nudging som metod kan förmå avfallslämnare som avser att slänga återanvändbara saker att i stället återbruka dem. Fyra 4 hypoteser ställdes upp kring vilken effekt de framtagna nudges skulle ha och därefter genomfördes ett fältexperiment av författaren. Experimentet gav inget signifikant resultat varvid en diskussion förs kring hur förändringar i metoden skulle kunna påverka resultatet. Författaren anser att det inte går att förkasta de framtagna nudges utan att först genomföra ett modifierat experiment då det finns indikationer som tyder på ett gott utfall trots allt. / Consumption is an environmental issue in Sweden that must adapt towards circular economy. Re-use is a part of circular economy and is more environmentally friendly than material recycling. Even though municipal recycling centrals offers the possibility for their visitors to re-use functioning things, considerable amounts are still thrown to be energy recycled by incineration.  By combining results from studies about nudging and recycling with the conditions, physical and social, of Gävle recycling central, 3 nudges where designed. One uses a descriptive social norm about re-use, the second simplifies the behavior of re-use and the third combines the two previous nudges into one. These will be used to test if nudging as a method can convince waste throwers that intend to throw away re-usable things to re-use them instead. 4 hypotheses were formulated about the effect of the designed nudges and then a field experiment was conducted by the author. The experiment did not yield a significant result. The discussion focuses on how changes in the methodology could affect the result to make it more robust. The author is not ready to reject the designed nudges without testing them in a modified experiment as there are indications pointing towards a potential good result after all.