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A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma das lesões mais freqüentes da cavidade bucal, comprometendo a qualidade de vida de seus portadores muitas vezes de maneira importante. Embora sua etiopatogenia ainda não esteja esclarecida, vários fatores têm sido consistentemente relacionados ao surgimento da UAR, especialmente alterações imunológicas e genéticas, conduzindo grande parte da investigação científica para esses campos do conhecimento. Os receptores Toll-Like (TLR) reconhecem produtos moleculares derivados, principalmente, de microrganismos, desencadeando a resposta inflamatória protetora. Entretanto, anormalidades em sua função podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de doenças, pela ativação aberrante do sistema imunológico. A proposta desta investigação foi a de se avaliar a expressão dos receptores TLR-2, TLR-4 e TLR-7 através do RT-PCR em tempo real, a partir de amostras de sangue periférico e da mucosa bucal de população portadora de UAR e indivíduos controles sadios. Cinco pacientes UAR e quatro controles voluntários compuseram a casuística estudada, sendo submetidos à biópsia de lesões de UAR ou de mucosa de revestimento sadia. Na mesma sessão os pacientes tiveram sangue coletado por venopunção. Posteriormente, ambos os materiais foram submetidos aos procedimentos laboratoriais de extração do RNA e análise de expressão dos receptores TLR por meio da técnica de RT-PCR real time. Não houve diferença significativa na expressão destes receptores entre portadores de UAR e controles sadios, nos dois tipos de amostra. Estudos mais aprofundados são necessários a fim de se verificar a real participação destes receptores na UAR, visto que não há outros estudos nesta área e a amostra analisada foi pequena. / Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases which may cause serious impairment on patients quality of life. Despite its still unknown pathogenesis, several factors have been consistently associated with RAS, especially genetic and immunological changes, which has driven a lot of research effort towards these issues. Toll-Like receptors (TLR) recognize molecular products, mainly derived from microorganisms, triggering the inflammatory response. However, abnormalities in their function may give rise to the development of diseases, through abnormal activation of the immune system. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the expression of receptors TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-7 in peripheral blood and tissue samples of RAS and healthy controls, through real time RT-PCR technique. Five UAR patients and four healthy volunteers with no RAS history composed the casuistic and were submitted to biopsy of their UAR lesions or normal oral mucosa. On that same session patients had a blood sample taken through venopuncture. Both samples (tissue and blood) were, afterwards, submitted to lab procedures of RNA extraction and toll-like receptors expression through real time RT-PCR. There were no significant differences in the expression of these receptors between RAS and healthy controls in the two sample types. Further studies are necessary to allow sound conclusions on the actual participation of these receptors in RAS, since the sample followed were small and there are no similar studies published.

Por representar a mais importante arbovirose em nível mundial, as infecções causadas pelos vírus da dengue são de grande importância em nosso país, apresentando uma ampla variedade de sintomas clínicos que vão desde infecção assintomática até formas mais graves da doença. O título de anticorpos neutralizantes produzidos frente à infecção por dengue parece ser determinante na forma de apresentação da doença no paciente. Atualmente, a forma com que o teste de neutralização é realizado demanda tempo para sua realização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um ensaio de neutralização viral por RT-PCR em tempo real em cepas virais dos quatro sorotipos dengue para, posteriormente, ser empregada na detecção rápida e em grande escala de anticorpos em soro de pacientes e de candidatos vacinais. Para isso, foram construídas curvas padrão, para cada sorotipo viral, por meio da transcrição in vitro do RNA viral. O ensaio de neutralização padronizado nesse estudo reduziu o número de dias de detecção da neutralização em 48 horas quando comparada com a técnica de neutralização tradicional (PRNT), além de utilizar técnicas moleculares sensíveis e específicas para detecção como a RT-PCR em tempo real que garantem maior aplicabilidade do teste. / Because Dengue virus is the most important arboviral disease worldwide, infections caused by this pathogen are of great importance in Brazil, producing a wide variety of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic infection to more serious forms of the disease. The title of neutralizing antibodies produced against the dengue infection appears to be determinant in the outcome of the disease. Currently, neutralization tests that have been performed take time for its execution. The aim of this study was to standardize a viral neutralization assay by real-time RT-PCR of viral strains of the four Dengue serotypes to subsequently be used for rapid detection and large-scale using antibodies of patients and for vaccine candidates. For this matter, standard curves were constructed for each Dengue serotype, by in vitro transcription of viral RNA. The neutralization assay in this study reduced the period of neutralization to 48 hours, compared to traditional neutralization test (PRNT), and it uses a more sensitive and specific molecular technique for detection of neutralizing antibodies, such as real time RT-PCR, to ensure greater applicability of the test

A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é uma das lesões mais freqüentes da cavidade bucal, comprometendo a qualidade de vida de seus portadores muitas vezes de maneira importante. Embora sua etiopatogenia ainda não esteja esclarecida, vários fatores têm sido consistentemente relacionados ao surgimento da UAR, especialmente alterações imunológicas e genéticas, conduzindo grande parte da investigação científica para esses campos do conhecimento. Os receptores Toll-Like (TLR) reconhecem produtos moleculares derivados, principalmente, de microrganismos, desencadeando a resposta inflamatória protetora. Entretanto, anormalidades em sua função podem estar relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de doenças, pela ativação aberrante do sistema imunológico. A proposta desta investigação foi a de se avaliar a expressão dos receptores TLR-2, TLR-4 e TLR-7 através do RT-PCR em tempo real, a partir de amostras de sangue periférico e da mucosa bucal de população portadora de UAR e indivíduos controles sadios. Cinco pacientes UAR e quatro controles voluntários compuseram a casuística estudada, sendo submetidos à biópsia de lesões de UAR ou de mucosa de revestimento sadia. Na mesma sessão os pacientes tiveram sangue coletado por venopunção. Posteriormente, ambos os materiais foram submetidos aos procedimentos laboratoriais de extração do RNA e análise de expressão dos receptores TLR por meio da técnica de RT-PCR real time. Não houve diferença significativa na expressão destes receptores entre portadores de UAR e controles sadios, nos dois tipos de amostra. Estudos mais aprofundados são necessários a fim de se verificar a real participação destes receptores na UAR, visto que não há outros estudos nesta área e a amostra analisada foi pequena. / Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases which may cause serious impairment on patients quality of life. Despite its still unknown pathogenesis, several factors have been consistently associated with RAS, especially genetic and immunological changes, which has driven a lot of research effort towards these issues. Toll-Like receptors (TLR) recognize molecular products, mainly derived from microorganisms, triggering the inflammatory response. However, abnormalities in their function may give rise to the development of diseases, through abnormal activation of the immune system. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the expression of receptors TLR-2, TLR-4 and TLR-7 in peripheral blood and tissue samples of RAS and healthy controls, through real time RT-PCR technique. Five UAR patients and four healthy volunteers with no RAS history composed the casuistic and were submitted to biopsy of their UAR lesions or normal oral mucosa. On that same session patients had a blood sample taken through venopuncture. Both samples (tissue and blood) were, afterwards, submitted to lab procedures of RNA extraction and toll-like receptors expression through real time RT-PCR. There were no significant differences in the expression of these receptors between RAS and healthy controls in the two sample types. Further studies are necessary to allow sound conclusions on the actual participation of these receptors in RAS, since the sample followed were small and there are no similar studies published.

Gene expression differences between patients and controls can be used to find susceptibility genes and drug targets for a disease. High-resolution strategies are required because the differences between the investigated groups may be small and numerous factors may affect the mRNA quantity. This thesis is based on the use of real-time RT-PCR combined with a new statistical approach, developed to detect small differences between patients and controls and differences due to patient subgroups. Comparisons between human brain biopsy and autopsy samples showed that post-mortem tissue can be used to make conclusions on the relative mRNA levels in the living brain. Power analysis based on human brain mRNA expression from 14 genes adjusted with two reference genes, revealed that a sample size of 50 patients and 50 controls was required to detect a 2-fold difference with a power and a confidence of 95%. A similar study in rats revealed that approximately the same sample size was required for rat brain mRNA expression studies. The mRNA levels of several genes were studied in 55 schizophrenia and 55 control prefrontal brain autopsies, using a novel and more powerful statistical analysis. The serotonin receptor 2C gene (HTR2C) showed a significant 1.5-fold decrease in the patients as compared to controls, and the monoamine oxidase B gene (MAOB) a 1.2-fold increase. The mechanism behind the decrease of HTR2C mRNA levels was investigated by studying the correlation of drug treatment and HTR2C promoter polymorphisms to the HTR2C expression levels. The observed decrease was present in untreated patients, suggesting that the HTR2C mRNA decrease is correlated with the disease and not the treatment. There was no association between promoter polymorphisms and HTR2C expression levels. Thus, the molecular mechanism for the decreased expression remains unclear. Nevertheless, the results support a role for monoaminergic synapses in schizophrenia.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a known secretory product of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMF), is essential for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2). I hypothesized that GLP-2 increases the production of IGF-1 by primary murine ISEMF in culture. Immunocytochemistry showed that the ISEMF stained appropriately for α smooth muscle actin and vimentin but not for desmin. The ISEMF also expressed GLP-2 receptor and IGF-1 mRNA transcripts. ISEMF treated with GLP-2 revealed a maximal increase in IGF-1 mRNA transcript levels at 10-8 M GLP-2 and 2hr. Interestingly, immunoblotting revealed an increase in P-AKT/T-AKT with GLP-2, but no changes in cAMP, P-ERK/T-ERK or calcium were detected. PI3K inhibition and kinase-dead AKT over-expression abrogated GLP-2-induction of IGF-1 mRNA, and ISEMF from GLP-2R null mice demonstrated reductions in IGF-1 mRNA and cellular IGF-1, but not in media IGF-1, vs. wild-type ISEMF. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which GLP-2 increases intestinal growth in-vivo.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a known secretory product of intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMF), is essential for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2(GLP-2). I hypothesized that GLP-2 increases the production of IGF-1 by primary murine ISEMF in culture. Immunocytochemistry showed that the ISEMF stained appropriately for α smooth muscle actin and vimentin but not for desmin. The ISEMF also expressed GLP-2 receptor and IGF-1 mRNA transcripts. ISEMF treated with GLP-2 revealed a maximal increase in IGF-1 mRNA transcript levels at 10-8 M GLP-2 and 2hr. Interestingly, immunoblotting revealed an increase in P-AKT/T-AKT with GLP-2, but no changes in cAMP, P-ERK/T-ERK or calcium were detected. PI3K inhibition and kinase-dead AKT over-expression abrogated GLP-2-induction of IGF-1 mRNA, and ISEMF from GLP-2R null mice demonstrated reductions in IGF-1 mRNA and cellular IGF-1, but not in media IGF-1, vs. wild-type ISEMF. These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which GLP-2 increases intestinal growth in-vivo.

HMPV was first reported in Australia by Nissen et al in 2002 from a group of 200 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens collected throughout 2001 from children presenting to the Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane. These specimens, previously negative for all common viral pathogens, were screened for hMPV by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on known sequences. Molecular diagnostic assays including conventional reverse transcriptase PCR assay (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR assays were subsequently developed, and molecular characterisation studies in our laboratory identified four genetic groups of hMPV. At the start of this project, little information were available regarding the virological characteristics of hMPV such as the isolation and replication kinetics of the virus in eukaryotic cells, molecular assays capable of detecting all virus subtypes, quantitation of viral load, genotyping and molecular epidemiology, correlation between virus subtypes and disease severity, and clinical spectrum of the infection. This project was designed to elucidate the virological features of hMPV that had not been explained by earlier studies on this virus. The project was limited to retrospective studies utilising the sera and nucleic acids obtained from positive subjects presenting to our hospital. The project provided relevant data in these areas, which helped in the early detection of infection and treatment, and also provided information for future research on antibody profiles and vaccine development. The study examined specific areas related to clinical and virological characteristics of hMPV with the aim of applying the results in patient management. During the project, five areas of hMPV research were undertaken, addressing each through detailed studies. An outline of the project aims and the conclusions derived from those experimental chapters is described below: 1. Isolation of the virus from clinical specimens obtained from infected subjects An optimised tissue culture protocol was successfully developed for isolating hMPV from positive nasopharyngeal aspirates, using LLC-MK2 cell lines. Viral stocks were prepared and maintained at stable conditions for future experiments. The demonstration of virus infection in the eukaryotic cells and titration of the infectious virions were performed using immunological assays developed and optimised in our laboratory, during the course of this study. 2. The complete genome sequence of an Australian hMPV isolate In this study, we described the ‘13,333 base pair’ complete genome sequence of the Queensland hMPV type-A strain, designated as AUS-001. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genes were used to generate ‘topological trees’ for systematic comparison of our local hMPV strain to that of international sequences. 3. A quantitative PCR assay (q.PCR) for hMPV A quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (qrt.RT-PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of hMPV in clinical samples. Serial dilutions of a synthetic RNA control were amplified after determining the absolute RNA copy numbers, and a standard curve was derived based on the cycle thresholds (Ct) values of the respective dilutions. Quantification of the hMPV RNA in clinical specimens was performed by extrapolating this data with Ct values of specimen dilutions obtained from the real-time assay. The dynamic range of the assay for hMPV genotypes A and B was determined. Validation of the inter- and intra- assay variations was completed using negative and positive controls along with a second assay targeting a different gene. 4. Determine the molecular epidemiology of hMPV genotypes This component of the project was designed to determine the molecular epidemiology of Queensland hMPV strains, using a selected ‘specimen population of hMPV positives’ representing the period 2001 to 2004. An RT-PCR assay based on P gene regions of hMPV was developed for the molecular typing of the above panel. Analyses of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences confirmed the heterogeneity of hMPV strains. In our study group, two genotypes (A and B) further classified into four subtypes (A1, A2, B1 and B2), were found to co-circulate during this period. General epidemiological features of the hMPV infections including seasonality, co-infections, incidence and prevalence in different age groups and in general population were described. 5. Clinical characteristics of hMPV infections The aim of this analysis was to illustrate the clinical spectrum of hMPV infections in a Queensland study population. We described the hMPV incidence pattern in different age groups and investigated the clinical severity scores of hMPV genotypes based on reported clinical features. We also undertook to identify any correlations between disease severity and other factors, including genotype, co-infections and viral load. Summary On completion, this PhD study provided valuable data on the isolation, molecular detection, epidemiological pattern and clinical severity of hMPV infections in Queensland. Overall hMPV was determined to be a serious respiratory pathogen in Queensland children. Data from this thesis will contribute to improved patient management and reduce the burden of hMPV-related disease in Queensland. These studies also formed the basis of further research involving respiratory viral pathogens in our laboratory and nationally.

HMPV was first reported in Australia by Nissen et al in 2002 from a group of 200 nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) specimens collected throughout 2001 from children presenting to the Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane. These specimens, previously negative for all common viral pathogens, were screened for hMPV by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on known sequences. Molecular diagnostic assays including conventional reverse transcriptase PCR assay (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR assays were subsequently developed, and molecular characterisation studies in our laboratory identified four genetic groups of hMPV. At the start of this project, little information were available regarding the virological characteristics of hMPV such as the isolation and replication kinetics of the virus in eukaryotic cells, molecular assays capable of detecting all virus subtypes, quantitation of viral load, genotyping and molecular epidemiology, correlation between virus subtypes and disease severity, and clinical spectrum of the infection. This project was designed to elucidate the virological features of hMPV that had not been explained by earlier studies on this virus. The project was limited to retrospective studies utilising the sera and nucleic acids obtained from positive subjects presenting to our hospital. The project provided relevant data in these areas, which helped in the early detection of infection and treatment, and also provided information for future research on antibody profiles and vaccine development. The study examined specific areas related to clinical and virological characteristics of hMPV with the aim of applying the results in patient management. During the project, five areas of hMPV research were undertaken, addressing each through detailed studies. An outline of the project aims and the conclusions derived from those experimental chapters is described below: 1. Isolation of the virus from clinical specimens obtained from infected subjects An optimised tissue culture protocol was successfully developed for isolating hMPV from positive nasopharyngeal aspirates, using LLC-MK2 cell lines. Viral stocks were prepared and maintained at stable conditions for future experiments. The demonstration of virus infection in the eukaryotic cells and titration of the infectious virions were performed using immunological assays developed and optimised in our laboratory, during the course of this study. 2. The complete genome sequence of an Australian hMPV isolate In this study, we described the ‘13,333 base pair’ complete genome sequence of the Queensland hMPV type-A strain, designated as AUS-001. Phylogenetic analyses of individual genes were used to generate ‘topological trees’ for systematic comparison of our local hMPV strain to that of international sequences. 3. A quantitative PCR assay (q.PCR) for hMPV A quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR assay (qrt.RT-PCR) was developed for the simultaneous detection and quantification of hMPV in clinical samples. Serial dilutions of a synthetic RNA control were amplified after determining the absolute RNA copy numbers, and a standard curve was derived based on the cycle thresholds (Ct) values of the respective dilutions. Quantification of the hMPV RNA in clinical specimens was performed by extrapolating this data with Ct values of specimen dilutions obtained from the real-time assay. The dynamic range of the assay for hMPV genotypes A and B was determined. Validation of the inter- and intra- assay variations was completed using negative and positive controls along with a second assay targeting a different gene. 4. Determine the molecular epidemiology of hMPV genotypes This component of the project was designed to determine the molecular epidemiology of Queensland hMPV strains, using a selected ‘specimen population of hMPV positives’ representing the period 2001 to 2004. An RT-PCR assay based on P gene regions of hMPV was developed for the molecular typing of the above panel. Analyses of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences confirmed the heterogeneity of hMPV strains. In our study group, two genotypes (A and B) further classified into four subtypes (A1, A2, B1 and B2), were found to co-circulate during this period. General epidemiological features of the hMPV infections including seasonality, co-infections, incidence and prevalence in different age groups and in general population were described. 5. Clinical characteristics of hMPV infections The aim of this analysis was to illustrate the clinical spectrum of hMPV infections in a Queensland study population. We described the hMPV incidence pattern in different age groups and investigated the clinical severity scores of hMPV genotypes based on reported clinical features. We also undertook to identify any correlations between disease severity and other factors, including genotype, co-infections and viral load. Summary On completion, this PhD study provided valuable data on the isolation, molecular detection, epidemiological pattern and clinical severity of hMPV infections in Queensland. Overall hMPV was determined to be a serious respiratory pathogen in Queensland children. Data from this thesis will contribute to improved patient management and reduce the burden of hMPV-related disease in Queensland. These studies also formed the basis of further research involving respiratory viral pathogens in our laboratory and nationally.

Με την ηλικία, νόσοι που σχετίζονται με δομικά ελαττώματα των οστών που οφείλονται σε κατάγματα ή εκφυλισμούς, αναμένονται να αυξηθούν σε συχνότητα. Επιπλέον, η αύξηση του προσδόκιμου ζωής επιβάλλει τη χρήση βελτιωμένων συνθετικών υλικών για την αντικατάσταση νοσούντων οστών, για παράδειγμα κατά τη χρήση μεταλλικών ράβδων σε περιπτώσεις βλαβών μη-ένωσης και στις χειρουργικές επεμβάσεις αντικατάστασης ισχίου. Τα υπάρχοντα υλικά σχετίζονται με υπο-βέλτιστη οστεοενσωμάτωση και προβληματική μακροπρόθεσμη επιβίωση του σύνθετου εμφυτεύματος. Για το λόγο αυτό, η βελτίωση των υλικών επικάλυψης και των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των νέων, κυτταρικά συμβατών, συστατικών είναι επιτακτική. Για να αντιμετωπιστεί αυτό το πρόβλημα, υλικά νέας γενιάς είναι διαθέσιμα, ενδεχομένως με καλύτερες ιδιότητες ως υπόστρωμα προσκόλλησης για τα κύτταρα των οστών. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν να εκτιμηθεί η ικανότητα ενός νέου, ειδικά κατασκευασμένου υλικού απο νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα ως προς τη διατήρηση της σωστής έκφρασης των χαρακτηριστικών γονιδίων των οστεοβλαστών, με έμφαση στην έκφραση των γονιδίων που εμπλέκονται στις αλληλεπιδράσεις οστεοβλαστών-υποστρώματος και έτσι προωθούν την σταθερή προσκόλληση των κυττάρων στο υπόστρωμα. Παράλληλα, ερευνήσαμε και την επίδραση της μηχανικής καταπόνησης στην έκφραση των γονιδίων αυτών σε κύτταρα που καλλιεργήθηκαν σε νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα. Χρησιμοποιήσαμε δύο ανεξάρτητες απομονώσεις οστεοβλαστών διαφοροποιημένων από ανθρώπινα μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα μυελού των οστών, δηλαδή προχωρήσαμε σε δύο ανεξάρτητα πειράματα. Και στα δύο, για να γίνει ο πειραματισμός όσο εγγύτερα στις πραγματικές συνθήκες, καλλιεργήσαμε τους οστεοβλάστες υπο στατικές συνθήκες όσο και υπό συνθήκες μηχανικής καταπόνησης, για την προσομοίωση "in vivo" συνθηκών, και συγκρίθηκε η γονιδιακή έκφραση οστεοβλαστών που καλλιεργήθηκαν σε πλαστικό έναντι επιφανειών επικαλυμμένων με νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα. Απομονώσαμε το RNA από τους οστεοβλάστες μετά από την καλλιέργειά τους για 3 και 24 ώρες και προσδιορίσαμε, χρησιμοποιώντας την τεχνική real time RΤ-PCR, την έκφραση των ακόλουθων γονιδίων σε επίπεδο mRNA: κολλαγόνο-α1, αλκαλική φωσφατάση, οστεοποντίνη, βινκουλίνη και ιντεγκρίνες α4, αV, β1 και β3. Συνολικά, τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης του κυτταρικού mRNA έδειξαν ότι η γονιδιακή έκφραση μετά από 3 ώρες καλλιέργειας είναι πολύ μεταβλητή, και οριστικά συμπεράσματα δεν θα μπορούσαν να εξαχθούν. Ωστόσο, αφού δίνεται η ευκαιρία στα κύτταρα να προσκολληθούν σταθερά, στις 24 ώρες, κατέστη σαφές ότι: α) η κυτταρική ταυτότητα των διαφοροποιημένων οστεοβλαστών διατηρείται, με βάση το γεγονός ότι η έκφραση αυτών των χαρακτηριστικών γονιδίων, που σχετίζονται με την προσκόλληση, συντηρείται σωστά, αν και σε διάφορα επίπεδα, β) σε στατικές συνθήκες, το επίπεδο της έκφρασης των εξετασθέντων γονιδίων είναι κατά τι χαμηλότερο σε οστεοβλάστες που καλλιεργηθήκαν σε επικαλυμμένη επιφάνεια με νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα σε σύγκριση με τα κύτταρα που καλλιεργηθήκαν σε πλαστικό, και γ) σε σύγκριση με τις στατικές συνθήκες, το μηχανικό ερέθισμα ενισχύει την έκφραση αυτών των γονιδίων οστεοβλαστών όταν καλλιεργούνται σε νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα, για την επίτευξη υψηλών επιπέδων mRNA έκφρασης των γονιδίων κυτταρικής προσκόλλησης. Τα αποτελέσματα της τελευταίας ανάλυσης της γονιδιακής έκφρασης είναι επίσης συμβατά με τις συνολικές ποσότητες RNA που λαμβάνονται, υποστηρίζοντας έμμεσα τη σταθερή προσκόλληση και επιβίωση των οστεοβλαστών σε νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα υπο συνθήκες μηχανικής καταπόνησης. Συμπεραίνουμε λοιπόν ότι το νέο υπόστρωμα από νανοσωλήνες άνθρακα που αναλύθηκε σε μηχανικές συνθήκες διέγερσης που προσομοιάζουν, κατά το δυνατόν, συνθήκες καταπόνησης in vivo, συνιστά ένα κατάλληλο κυτταρικό υπόστρωμα, συμβατό με την επιβίωση των οστεοβλαστών, τη διαφοροποίηση, την ανάπτυξη και την σταθερή προσκόλλησή τους στο υπόστρωμα νανοσωλήνων. Η εργασία αυτή υποστηρίζει την πιθανότητα της χρήσης αυτών των νέων υλικών στο μέλλον για την επικάλυψη σκελετικών προσθέσεων, με σκοπό την απόκτηση βέλτιστης οστεοενσωμάτωσης. / As population ages, diseases related to bone structural defects due to fracture or degeneration are expected to increase in frequency. In addition, the increase in life expectancy necessitates better composite materials for replacement of diseased/fractured bones, for example during the use of metal rods for non-union defects and in hip replacement surgery. The existing materials are associated with sub-optimal osseointegration and problematic long-term survival of the composite graft. For this reason, improvement of coating materials and engineering of novel cell-compatible components is imperative. To address this problem, new-generation materials are available, with possibly better bone cell adherence properties. The Aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of a novel, specially-constructed carbon nanotube material to sustain proper expression of characteristic osteoblast genes, with emphasis on the expression of genes that are functionally involved in osteoblast-matrix interactions and promote firm cell adherence to substrate. We used two independent isolates of osteoblasts differentiated from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, ie we proceeded to two independent experimental runs. In both, to make the experimentation more context-relevant, we grew the osteoblasts in static as well as under mechanical strain, to simulate in vivo conditions, and also compared gene expression in osteoblasts grown on plastic versus carbon nanotube-coated surface. We isolated RNA from the osteoblasts at 3 hours and 24 hours after seeding them on the culture vessels and determined, using real-time RT-PCR techniques, the level of expression of the following genes at the mRNA level: α1-collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, vinculin, and integrins α4, αV, β1 and β3. All in all, the results on cell mRNA analysis indicated that gene expression at 3h post-plating is too variable and no firm conclusions could be drawn. However, once the cells are given a chance to firmly adhere, at 24h, it became clear that: a) osteoblast cell identity is maintained, based on the fact that the expression of these characteristic matrix- and adhesion-related genes is properly maintained, albeit in various levels, b) in static conditions, the level of expression of the examined genes is lower in cells grown on nanotube-coated surface compared to cells grown on plastic, and c) in comparison to static conditions, mechanical stimulation enhances expression of these genes in osteoblasts grown on nanotubes, to attain robust levels of cell adherence gene mRNA expression. The results of the latter gene expression analysis are also compatible with total RNA quantities obtained, indirectly arguing firm osteoblast adhesion/survival on nanotubes under mechanical strain conditions. We therefore conclude that the novel carbon nanotubes assayed herein in lifelike mechanical stimulation conditions, constitute an appropriate cell-bearing surface, compatible with osteoblast survival, differentiation, growth and firm adherence to substrate. This work raises the possibility of using this novel material in the future to coat skeletal prostheses, in order to obtain improved osseointegration.