LIDAR is the optical equivalent of RADAR. A LIDAR facility has been established at Rhodes University using a flashlamp-pumped dye laser as the transmitter and a photomultiplier tube at the focus of a searchlight mirror as the receiver. The setting up of the receiver and transmitter as well as the design and construction of the photon counting electronics is described. The LIDAR has been used to measure aerosol scattering ratios and temperature profiles in the stratosphere and these results are presented with the algorithms and software used to reduce the data. Finally some recommendations are made for future work

In spread spectrum systems employing parity bit selected spreading sequences, parity bits generated from a linear block encoder are used to select a spreading code from a set of mutually orthogonal spreading sequences. In this thesis, turbo receivers for SS-PB systems are proposed and investigated. In the transmitter, data bits are rst convolutionally encoded before being fed into SS-PB modulator. In fact, the parity bit spreading code selection technique acts as an inner encoder in this system without allocating any transmit energy to the additional redundancy provided by this technique. The receiver implements a turbo processing by iteratively exchanging the soft information on coded bits between a SISO detector and a SISO decoder. In this system, detection is performed by incorporating the extrinsic information provided by the decoder in the last iteration into the received signal to calculate the likelihood of each detected bit in terms of LLR which is used as the input for a SISO decoder. In addition, SISO detectors are proposed for MC-CDMA and MIMO-CDMA systems that employ parity bit selected and permutation spreading. In the case of multiuser scenario, a turbo SISO multiuser detector is introduced for SS-PB systems for both synchronous and asynchronous channels. In such systems, MAI is estimated from the extrinsic information provided by the SISO channel decoder in the previous iteration. SISO multiuser detectors are also proposed for the case of multiple users in MC-CDMA and MIMO-CDMA systems when parity bit selected and permutation spreading are used. Simulations performed for all the proposed turbo receivers show a signi cant reduction in BER in AWGN and fading channels over multiple iterations.

In the first article, the seismic properties for a suite of rocks along the West Cycladic Detachment System (Greece) are calculated, using Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements and the minerals’ elastic stiffness tensors. Muscovite and glaucophane well defined crystallographic preferred orientation increases the seismic anisotropy. Maximum Pwave velocities have the same orientation as the Miocene extension and maximum S-wave anisotropy is subhorizontal, parallel with mineral alignment, suggesting strong radial anisotropy with a slow subvertical axis of symmetry. In the second article, teleseismic receiver functions are calculated for an array of stations in the Cyclades and decomposed into back-azimuth harmonics to visualise the variations in structure and anisotropy across the array. Synthetic receiver functions are modeled using the first order structural observations of seismic discontinuities and EBSD data. They indicate 5% of anisotropy with slow symmetry axis in the upper crust, and demonstrate the importance of rock textural constraints in seismic velocity profile interpretation.

The ever-increasing demand for high date rate is beyond what is provided by the present wireless and wired access networks. Radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology which can provide broadband wireless access has been considered the most practical and efficient solution. In recent years, RoF with coherent detection has been shown to have better performance than that with direct detection in terms of receiver sensitivity and spectral efficiency. However, RoF with coherent detection suffers from phase noise introduced from both the transmitter and local oscillator (LO) laser sources, which degrades the performance significantly. This study is focused on coherent RoF links for broadband wireless access networks. The thesis consists of four parts. In the first part, a new approach to cancel the phase noise and the unstable frequency difference introduced from the transmitter and LO laser sources based on digital signal processing (DSP) in an RoF link with coherent detection is presented. The proposed schemes rival the RoF link with direct detection in complexity while maintaining a high receiver sensitivity. In addition, a high spectral efficiency coherent RoF link with phase noise cancellation, which can detect both intensity- and phase- modulated signals carried by the same optical carrier, is studied and demonstrated. In the second part, to achieve full-duplex transmission and increase the capacity of an RoF link, radio over wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) is studied. To eliminate the requirements of light sources and wavelength management at the optical network units (ONUs), which reduces the cost and eases the installation for a radio over WDM-PON system, a new approach to reuse the downstream wavelength at the ONU with coherent detection and DSP at the optical line terminal (OLT) is investigated. The performance in terms of error vector magnitude (EVM) and bit rate error (BER) is evaluated for both downlink and uplink. In the scheme, the coherent detection improves the receiver sensitivity for the uplink and compensate for the degraded data transmission performance due to the utilization of a wavelength-reused downstream optical signal. Furthermore, since the future internet traffic will become highly symmetric, a symmetrical radio over a colorless WDM passive optical network (PON) with wavelength reuse based on polarization multiplexing and coherent detection is proposed and studied. In the third part, a coherent RoF link based on optical single sideband with no optical carrier (OSSB) modulation with low-cost free-running laser sources for ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (UDWDM-PONs) is studied. In a UDWDM-RoF-PON, the channel spacing is very small, thus a WDM filter may not be able to de-multiplex the ultra-dense channels. However, through coherent detection, the channel separation can be realized by using electrical filters at the output of the coherent receiver. In addition, to utilize the spectrum in each channel more efficiently, OSSB modulation is employed. In the proposed scheme, an RoF signal based OSSB modulation with coherent detection is experimentally demonstrated. The channel spacing can be as narrow as 3 GHz. Finally, for 5th generation wireless systems (5G), multi-input and multi-output (MIMO) is a key technology which can multiple the capacity. To seamlessly integrate MIMO into RoF links, it is required that an RoF link can transmit multiple wireless signals over a single wavelength. To enable 4 × 4 MIMO, in the fourth part, an RoF link to transmit four wireless signals with an identical microwave center frequency without using frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) over a single optical wavelength based on optical independent sideband (OISB) modulation and optical orthogonal modulation incorporating optical coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP) is studied. To increase the spectral efficiency further, a novel high spectral efficiency (20.62 bit/s/Hz) RoF link based on coherent detection and DSP with the spectral efficiency improved by employing both intensity and phase modulation and polarization multiplexing to transmit four microwave signals over a single optical carrier is investigated.

Les centrales solaires à concentration sont des technologies prometteuses pour la production d'énergie d'origine renouvelable. Celles mettant en œuvre des cycles thermodynamiques à hautes températures, tels que les cycles combinés, permettent d'augmenter l'efficacité de la conversion solaire. Cependant, leurs implantations nécessitent le développement de nouveaux récepteurs à haute température (T > 1100 K), tels que les récepteurs solaires à particules (SPRs). Ce travail porte sur l'optimisation numérique des principaux paramètres pilotant l'efficacité de ce type de récepteurs, l'enjeu principal étant de minimiser les pertes par rayonnement thermique. Dans un premier temps, un modèle simplifié des transferts radiatifs dans un SPR a été développé. Le modèle considère un milieu particulaire soumis à un flux solaire concentré et collimaté. Le milieu émet, absorbe et diffuse le rayonnement de manière anisotrope. L'équation de transfert radiatif est résolue par une méthode à deux-flux (géométrie 1D) avec l'approximation delta-Eddington, permettant une obtention rapide des résultats. Cette méthode a été choisie pour son adéquation aux cas d'émission et de diffusion anisotrope. L'hypothèse de diffusion indépendante est utilisée afin de déterminer les propriétés optiques du milieu. La théorie de Lorenz-Mie et l'approximation de Henyey-Greenstein ont été utilisées pour calculer, respectivement, les efficacités optiques et la fonction de phase des particules. Ce modèle est mis en œuvre avec un algorithme d'optimisation par essaims particulaires, dans le but de déterminer la taille des particules, leur fraction volumique, et leur indice de réfraction optimums. Dans un deuxième temps, six matériaux réels sont sélectionnés afin de tenter de retrouver le résultat optimum obtenu précédemment avec un matériel idéal. Ces matériaux (HfB2, ZrB2, HfC, ZrC, W et SiC) sont pertinents du fait de leur comportement sélectif ou de leur absorptivité élevée. Afin de déterminer leurs indices de réfraction, la relation de dispersion de Kramers-Kronig a été utilisée à partir de données de réflectance issues de la littérature. Trois configurations de récepteurs ont été étudiées : a) un milieu homogène comprenant un seul type de particules, b) un milieu inhomogène comprenant deux matériaux différents, c) un milieu homogène comprenant des particules enrobées. D'après les résultats de ces configurations, les particules de W enrobées de SiC permettent d'atteindre des performances proches du cas idéal optimisé. Enfin, un modèle numérique de transfert thermique par convection et rayonnement a été développé, pour étudier l'influence de l'écoulement sur les pertes radiatives du récepteur. Il est basé sur une géométrie simple constituée d'un écoulement d'un mélange de gaz et de particules circulant entre deux plaques planes, l'une étant une fenêtre par laquelle pénètre perpendiculairement le flux solaire. Le modèle radiatif développé précédemment permet de calculer la divergence du flux radiatif, tandis que l'équation de l'énergie est résolue par une approximation de low-Mach. Ainsi, les conditions de l'écoulement et des propriétés radiatives que minimisent les pertes du récepteur sont déterminés. De futurs travaux pourront être élargis à de nouveaux matériaux candidats pour les récepteurs solaires à particules. Leur index de réfraction pourra être mesuré et comparé aux valeurs théoriques obtenues par les codes développés dans le cadre de ce travail / Solar Particle Receivers (SPRs) are promising candidates to work at high temperatures (T > 1100 K) in Central Solar Power (CSP) plants. They will permit the use of high efficient thermodynamic cycles, such as a combined cycle (Brayton cycle + Rankine cycle). Nevertheless, the optimal conditions that reduce the receiver losses (and consequently maximize the receiver efficiency) still remain to be studied. In this work, the principal parameters that drive the receiver efficiency are numerically optimized. For this end, a simplified radiative model is developed, which allows one to run the high number of simulations needed in such optimization. This model consists in a 1D slab of particulate media submitted to a collimated and concentrated solar flux. The medium emits, absorbs and anisotropically scatters energy. A two-stream method with a delta-Eddington approximation is implemented to fast solve the radiative transfer equation. Among the several two-stream approximations, the one proposed by Joseph et al. (1976) is chosen due to its good treatment of the anisotropic scattering. The volume optical properties are computed under the independent scattering hypothesis, the single-particle optical properties with the Lorenz-Mie theory and the phase function with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. Such a model is used with a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to find the optimal particle size, volume fraction and complex refractive index to be used in the receiver. Once the ideal optimal conditions for a SPR are found, the replication of these results is attempted by using real materials. Six materials (HfB2, ZrB2, HfC, ZrC, W and SiC) are chosen because of their spectral selective behavior or their high absorptivity. At this stage, an important difficulty is the lack of information about the refractive indexes of materials. Therefore, the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations are utilized to find the refractive indexes from reflectance data. Then, three SPR configurations are considered: (1) a homogeneous medium with only one kind of particles, (2) a medium with a mixture of two materials and, (3) a homogeneous medium with coated particles. The three configuration results are compared with those obtained using particles made of an ideal material. A remarkable result is obtained when W-particles coated with SiC are used. This configuration decreases the radiative losses approaching to the ideal minimal. Finally, the influence of the fluid flow on the radiative losses is studied through the implementation of a convection-radiation heat transfer model. A simple geometry is adopted for a gas-particles mixture flow between two parallel plates, where one of them is a window. The concentrated solar radiation then affects perpendicularly the fluid flow. The energy equation is solved using a low-Mach approximation and the divergence of the radiative flux with the radiative model developed before. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of the optical properties on the radiative losses. In the future, more materials remain to be investigated to be used in solar particle receivers. To this end, the refractive indexes of a number of materials should be measured. The developed codes will be useful for this investigation

Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av artiklar som berör smittade av covid-19 i Kina och Sverige undersöks det om distanserat lidande kan väcka medlidande hos mottagaren på samma sätt som när det sker nära mottagaren själv. Urvalet är artiklar publicerade i Aftonbladet mellan februari till juni 2020 då viruset spred sig globalt och blev en pandemi. Uppsatsen använder sig av Lilie Chouliaraki’s teori om medlidande och Simon Cottle’s teori om mediers kommunikation i kriser. Den tidigare forskningen som belyses i denna undersökning är studier om hur medias rapportering kan påverka mottagaren. Resultatet av analysen visar att informationen inte är lika detaljerat i den distanserade rapporteringen av covid-19, därmed uppstår inte medlidande i samma utsträckning som i rapporteringen geografiskt nära mottagaren. / This essay examines through a quantitative content analysis of articles whether distant suffering can cause the recipient of the news to feel pity for the sufferers in the same way as when it occurs near the recipient. The selection of articles is published in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet related to sufferers of covid-19, between February through June 2020 when the virus spread globally and became a pandemic. The essay uses Lilie Chouliaraki's theory of politics of pity and Simon Cottle's theory of media communication in crises. The previous research highlighted in this essay consists of studies on how media reporting in crises can affect the recipient of the news. The results of the study show that the information about the sufferer is not as detailed in the distant reporting of covid-19, therefore pity does not arise to the same extent as in the reporting geographically near the recipient of the news.

Son efficacité, son faible impact environnemental et sa fiabilité font de la réfrigération thermoacoustique solaire une alternative intéressante aux systèmes solaires de production de froid. L'adaptation des technologies solaire et thermoacoustique requiert une conception thermique précise de l'élément d'interface, le récepteur solaire, constitué d'une cavité et d'un échangeur irradié par le rayonnement solaire. L'objectif de cet élément est de collecter et de transmettre efficacement l'énergie solaire incidente au fluide de travail du système thermoacoustique. Comme les ondes acoustiques sont très sensibles aux perturbations thermiques, la conception du récepteur doit favoriser l'homogénéité thermique, spatiale et temporelle, à l'intérieur de l'échangeur. Pour cette raison, une étude complète incluant le développement d'outils numériques de simulation pour modéliser le processus thermique, du transfert solaire au transfert thermoacoustique est nécessaire afin d’optimiser les dimensions du prototype de la campagne expérimentale. Cette étude décrit les outils de simulation ainsi que les dispositifs expérimentaux comme les résultats obtenus sur les aspects spatiaux et temporels. / Its efficiency, its low environmental impact and its reliability makes thermoacoustic solar refrigeration an interesting alternative to the existing solar systems for the cooling production. The solar adaptation of a thermoacoustic system requires an appropriate thermal design of the interface element, the solar receiver, which consists in a hot heat exchanger placed in a cavity that surrounds the focused image of the sun. The objective of this element is to efficiently collect and transfer the concentrated solar incident energy to the working fluid of the thermoacoustic system. Since acoustic waves characteristics are very sensitive to thermal disturbances, one challenge in the design of the receiver is that the temperature field within the heat exchanger must be as homogeneous as possible in space and time. Hence, a complete study, including the development of simulations tools which model the whole heat transfer processes, from solar to thermoacoustics, is necessary to optimize the prototype’s dimensions for the experimental campaign. This study describes the simulation tools and the experimental apparatus developed and the results obtained over space and time.

Massive MIMO systems are shown to be a promising technology for next generations of wireless communication networks. The realization of the attractive merits promised by massive MIMO systems requires advanced linear precoding and receiving techniques in order to mitigate the interference in downlink and uplink transmissions. This work considers the precoder and receiver design in massive MIMO systems. We first consider the design of the linear precoder and receiver that maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) subject to a given power constraint. The analysis is carried out under the asymptotic regime in which the number of the BS antennas and that of the users grow large with a bounded ratio. This allows us to leverage tools from random matrix theory in order to approximate the parameters of the optimal linear precoder and receiver by their deterministic approximations. Such a result is of valuable practical interest, as it provides a handier way to implement the optimal precoder and receiver. To reduce further the complexity, we propose to apply the truncated polynomial expansion (TPE) concept on a per-user basis to approximate the inverse of large matrices that appear on the expressions of 4 the optimal linear transceivers. Using tools from random matrix theory, we determine deterministic approximations of the SINR and the transmit power in the asymptotic regime. Then, the optimal per-user weight coefficients that solve the max-min SINR problem are derived. The simulation results show that the proposed precoder and receiver provide very close to optimal performance while reducing significantly the computational complexity. As a second part of this work, the TPE technique in a per-user basis is applied to the optimal linear precoding that minimizes the transmit power while satisfying a set of target SINR constraints. Due to the emerging research field of green cellular networks, such a problem is receiving increasing interest nowadays. Closed form expressions of the optimal parameters of the proposed low complexity precoding for power minimization are derived. Numerical results show that the proposed power minimization precoding approximates well the performance of the optimal linear precoding while being more practical for implementation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第22590号 / 情博第727号 / 新制||情||124(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科通信情報システム専攻 / (主査)教授 橋口 浩之, 教授 山本 衛, 准教授 村田 英一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

The goal of this thesis is a complete design and realization of a device that is able to communicate with GPS module iTrax300 and display the coordinates received from the module. The thesis deals with the GPS, localization principles and the standard communication protocol for navigation systems - the NMEA 0183 protocol. Futhermore it is dealing with the particular steps in the realization of the engineered device (from the specification of requirements at the beginning to the testing of its functionality in the end). The GPS coordinates, the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the date, the altitude and the speed on the ground can be displayed. There is also a possibility to put in any coordinates, the direction and the distance to the point are displayed afterwards. The device enables the track storage in the memory as well. The track is viewable while connecting the device and the PC through the USB interface.