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An understanding of pain presupposes that the sufferer is able to use a language which is understood by all. Pain is always described in the language of experience and this experience, encountered by all, is nevertheless lived alone. The interpretive process provides the framework for this study which explores the experiences of five persistent pain sufferers. They have not had their pain validated by diagnosis and persistent pain has become the centrepiece of their existence. The use of epiphany moments illuminates an understanding of the essence of persistent pain experiences, and sufferers are provided with a voice to tell their own stories as their experiences unfold through events in time. These stories are then deconstructed and analysed in order to bring meaning to the lives described. This study found that the communal folklore of pain remains underpinned by dominant ideological forces and discursive practices which sustain the powerlessness of persistent pain sufferers. The sufferer is rendered powerless through medical technologies including the medical interview. Through language the perception of pain is understood and translated in such a way as to cause the sufferer to question the validity of their experience while accepting blame for the persistence of their pain and the need to have it stop. It was postulated that resistance to this process provides the mechanism through which persistent pain sufferers are able to surrender previously held notions of self to alternate identities, which encapsulate the embodied experience of pain. The sufferer can then move to a position where their persistent pain experience is validated. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av artiklar som berör smittade av covid-19 i Kina och Sverige undersöks det om distanserat lidande kan väcka medlidande hos mottagaren på samma sätt som när det sker nära mottagaren själv. Urvalet är artiklar publicerade i Aftonbladet mellan februari till juni 2020 då viruset spred sig globalt och blev en pandemi. Uppsatsen använder sig av Lilie Chouliaraki’s teori om medlidande och Simon Cottle’s teori om mediers kommunikation i kriser. Den tidigare forskningen som belyses i denna undersökning är studier om hur medias rapportering kan påverka mottagaren. Resultatet av analysen visar att informationen inte är lika detaljerat i den distanserade rapporteringen av covid-19, därmed uppstår inte medlidande i samma utsträckning som i rapporteringen geografiskt nära mottagaren. / This essay examines through a quantitative content analysis of articles whether distant suffering can cause the recipient of the news to feel pity for the sufferers in the same way as when it occurs near the recipient. The selection of articles is published in the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet related to sufferers of covid-19, between February through June 2020 when the virus spread globally and became a pandemic. The essay uses Lilie Chouliaraki's theory of politics of pity and Simon Cottle's theory of media communication in crises. The previous research highlighted in this essay consists of studies on how media reporting in crises can affect the recipient of the news. The results of the study show that the information about the sufferer is not as detailed in the distant reporting of covid-19, therefore pity does not arise to the same extent as in the reporting geographically near the recipient of the news.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how international development organizations are working to communicate campaigns and photographs from one cultural context to another. Additionally, will challenges in making campaigns which are both ethical appropriate and engaging be highlighted and discussed in relation to today’s impatient media landscape where globalization and development are dominated by economic interests. This research follows the international development cooperation We Effect and explore their whole media production process while making external communication from the work in Kenya to the target group in Sweden. The researcher has done interviews with decision makers at the head office in Stockholm, regional communicators in Nairobi, independent photographers and farmers in the fields of Kenya, visible in We Effect’s campaigns in Sweden. Additionally, ethnographical observations and diary notes contribute to answer the question how international organizations are planning, creating and distributing ethical and engaging media about development organizations long-term development work. In theoretical discussions, anchored in concepts about global culture, cosmopolitanism and how to mediate distant others, together with previous literature by Lilie Chouliaraki, Roger Silverstone and Stuart Hall, will this research state that there are several challenges in communicating messages from one cultural context to another. The distance, both geographical and mental, makes it challenging for the media producers and spectators to understand the same message; this research states that both the media producers and spectators’ interpretations of photographs and messages are dependent on their cultural background.

Famílias de portadores da síndrome de Down geralmente têm dificuldades para enfrentar a deficiência do filho e vivenciam um processo de luto que pode ser longo. Objetivos. Identificar as razões pelas quais os pais, em geral, não conseguem vencer o luto inicial após o nascimento da criança com síndrome, conhecer dados relativos aos portadores e suas famílias e verificar suas concepções sobre os portadores. Métodos. Para o levantamento de dados utilizaram-se formulários distintos e os resultados apresentados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados. Foram identificadas as principais características de 60 portadores e entrevistadas individualmente 127 pessoas de suas famílias, grande parte das quais vivia em situação de miséria. A maioria das mães/cuidadoras não possuía grandes conhecimentos sobre a síndrome de Down e nem sobre as necessidades dos portadores; tinha medo de morrer e deixar seus filhos desamparados. Os pais/cuidadores apresentaram baixa expectativa em relação à conquista de autonomia do filho e da melhoria da sua qualidade de vida. Conclusões. As famílias com concepções negativas em relação ao portador mantinham o luto inicial porque não elaboraram a “morte" do filho “perfeito", sentimento agravado pela maneira desastrosa com que receberam o diagnóstico, confirmando que grande parte dos profissionais da saúde estavam despreparados naquele momento para o enfrentamento desta problemática. Tudo isto indica a absoluta necessidade da capacitação dos profissionais para darem o diagnóstico e informações adequadas para que a família inicie precocemente os cuidados específicos que seus filhos necessitam / Families of Down’s syndrome sufferers generally have difficulties in facing the deficiency of the child and they experience a process of struggle which can be lengthy. Objectives. To identify the reasons for which the parents, in general, are unable to win the initial fight after the birth of a child with the syndrome, to find out data relative to the sufferers and their families and to check their concept of sufferers. Methods. For the gathering of data several forms were used and the results presented in accordance with Bardin’s contents analysis technique. Results. The principal characteristics of 60 sufferers were identified and 127 people from their families were interviewed individually, a large section of whom was living in a miserable situation. The majority of mothers/carers did not have much knowledge of Down’s syndrome or the needs of sufferers; they were afraid of dying and leaving their children abandoned. Fathers/carers presented low expectations with regard to achieving the child’s autonomy and improving their quality of life. Conclusions. Families with negative perceptions regarding the sufferer continued the initial struggle because they did not prepare the “death" of the “perfect" child, a sentiment aggravated by the disastrous way they had received the diagnosis, confirming that a significant sector of health professionals were unprepared at that time to confront this set of problems. All this indicates the absolute need to train professionals to give a diagnosis and appropriate information for the family to begin early the specific care that their children need.

Famílias de portadores da síndrome de Down geralmente têm dificuldades para enfrentar a deficiência do filho e vivenciam um processo de luto que pode ser longo. Objetivos. Identificar as razões pelas quais os pais, em geral, não conseguem vencer o luto inicial após o nascimento da criança com síndrome, conhecer dados relativos aos portadores e suas famílias e verificar suas concepções sobre os portadores. Métodos. Para o levantamento de dados utilizaram-se formulários distintos e os resultados apresentados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados. Foram identificadas as principais características de 60 portadores e entrevistadas individualmente 127 pessoas de suas famílias, grande parte das quais vivia em situação de miséria. A maioria das mães/cuidadoras não possuía grandes conhecimentos sobre a síndrome de Down e nem sobre as necessidades dos portadores; tinha medo de morrer e deixar seus filhos desamparados. Os pais/cuidadores apresentaram baixa expectativa em relação à conquista de autonomia do filho e da melhoria da sua qualidade de vida. Conclusões. As famílias com concepções negativas em relação ao portador mantinham o luto inicial porque não elaboraram a “morte” do filho “perfeito”, sentimento agravado pela maneira desastrosa com que receberam o diagnóstico, confirmando que grande parte dos profissionais da saúde estavam despreparados naquele momento para o enfrentamento desta problemática. Tudo isto indica a absoluta necessidade da capacitação dos profissionais para darem o diagnóstico e informações adequadas para que a família inicie precocemente os cuidados específicos que seus filhos necessitam / Families of Down’s syndrome sufferers generally have difficulties in facing the deficiency of the child and they experience a process of struggle which can be lengthy. Objectives. To identify the reasons for which the parents, in general, are unable to win the initial fight after the birth of a child with the syndrome, to find out data relative to the sufferers and their families and to check their concept of sufferers. Methods. For the gathering of data several forms were used and the results presented in accordance with Bardin’s contents analysis technique. Results. The principal characteristics of 60 sufferers were identified and 127 people from their families were interviewed individually, a large section of whom was living in a miserable situation. The majority of mothers/carers did not have much knowledge of Down’s syndrome or the needs of sufferers; they were afraid of dying and leaving their children abandoned. Fathers/carers presented low expectations with regard to achieving the child’s autonomy and improving their quality of life. Conclusions. Families with negative perceptions regarding the sufferer continued the initial struggle because they did not prepare the “death” of the “perfect” child, a sentiment aggravated by the disastrous way they had received the diagnosis, confirming that a significant sector of health professionals were unprepared at that time to confront this set of problems. All this indicates the absolute need to train professionals to give a diagnosis and appropriate information for the family to begin early the specific care that their children need.

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