Background: When a person suffers from organ failure, an organ transplantation can save life. Persons on the waiting list often have mixed feelings like uncertainty and hope for the future. Even the time after transplantation is described like a period of physical and mental challenges during the recovering. Aim: The aim of this study was to highlight persons´ experiences after an organ transplantation. Method: The method used was a literature-based study based on qualitative articles. A total of eight articles were analyzed with a Qualitative content analysis. Results: The results from the study showed that people experienced mixed feelings after transplantation and these were described in three main themes: A new reality, New strategies and Emotional roller coaster. Conclusion: People who have undergone an organ transplant experience both physical and mental stress during recovery. / Personer som drabbas av svikt i ett eller flera organ kan bli aktuella för en organtransplantation. Det är en medicinsk behandlingsmetod som kan rädda liv men samtidigt innebära många omställningar i personens liv. När personerna stod på väntelistan för organtransplantation hade de olika tankar inför sin kommande transplantation och förhoppningar inför livet som transplanterade. Studiens syfte var att belysa personers upplevelser av att ha genomgått en organtransplantation. Åtta artiklar valdes sammanlagt till studien. I resultatet framkom att personerna upplevde fysiska och psykiska påfrestningar efter operationen. Utifrån det formades tre teman En ny verklighet, Nya strategier och Känslomässig bergodalbana. Upplevelserna efter transplantationen hade både positiv och negativ karaktär. Personerna kände skuld, rädsla, tacksamhet och tillit över att ha mottagit ett organ från en avliden person. Chansen till ett nytt liv var något som många ville förvalta på bästa sätt. Personerna upplevde även förändrade roller i familjen och med vänner. De kunde återuppta sina intressen och sina roller som make/maka, förälder och vän. Personerna upplevde även begränsningar i sitt nya liv genom restriktioner i form av infektionskänslighet och medicinering. De flesta fick hjälp och stöttning från familj och upplevde att det och adekvat information från sjukvården gav dem trygghet i sitt tillfrisknande. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande roll i omhändertagandet av personer som genomgått en organtransplantation. Det framkom att många negativa upplevelser som personerna genomgick hade kunnat förhindras med hjälp av information. Genom ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt där varje person bemöts utefter deras förutsättningar och behov går det att förbättra omhändertagandet av personer som genomgått en transplantation och minska deras negativa upplevelser.

O transplante de fígado é considerado um dos procedimentos mais complexos da medicina moderna. O ensino do paciente é relevante no contexto da saúde e pode contribuir para o sucesso do tratamento. Dentre as atividades do enfermeiro, ressalta-se o papel de educador. No período pós-operatório de transplante de fígado, este profissional deve implementar intervenções educativas direcionadas para o preparo do paciente no enfrentamento das mudanças no estilo de vida, decorrentes de procedimento cirúrgico complexo. Para tal, o primeiro passo consiste no conhecimento das necessidades de informação indicadas pelos receptores de transplante de fígado. O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar as necessidades de informação de receptores de transplante de fígado em atendimento ambulatorial em hospital público. A amostra foi composta por 92 receptores de transplante de fígado atendidos em ambulatório de hospital público do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a junho de 2014, por meio da aplicação de instrumento adaptado. Os principais resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a maioria dos receptores de transplante de fígado era do sexo masculino (77,17%) e casada (76,09%). A idade média foi de 54,48 anos, a média de anos de estudo foi de 9,02 anos, sendo 70,65% dos receptores moradores na zona urbana. Dos 92 participantes, 46,74% estavam aposentados e 26,09%, afastados de suas atividades laborais e 36,96%, com renda familiar entre dois e três salários-mínimos. Em relação às características clínicas, observou-se que 47,83% dos receptores eram do grupo sanguíneo tipo O, 72,83% tinham escore MELD entre 20 e 29 pontos, 41,30% estavam com cirrose de etiologia viral (B ou C). Dos 92 pacientes, 45,65% tinham IMC entre 18,50 e 24,99 Kg/m2 (peso normal) e 33,70% estavam acima de 25 Kg/m2 (sobrepeso). A média de dias após o transplante foi de 1.508,85 dias, o tacrolimus era empregado como terapia medicamentosa de imunossupressão principal em 36,96% dos receptores e era associado ao micofenolato sódico em 38,04% dos pacientes. As necessidades de informação que obtiveram as médias maiores foram: sugestão de assunto no 3 (média 5,35) refere- se aos sinais e sintomas de complicações (rejeição, infecção, diabetes, hipertensão arterial, entre outras) agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações; sugestão no 2 (média 5,29) relativa aos efeitos colaterais e cuidados sobre medicamentos (categoria manejo dos medicamentos) e sugestão no 14, alimentação segura após o transplante (média 4,53), também agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações. Os resultados evidenciados oferecem subsídios sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de receptores de transplante de fígado na realidade nacional, bem como das necessidades de informação, as quais podem auxiliar o planejamento de intervenções educativas direcionadas para o processo de transplante de fígado, para principalmente melhorar a qualidade da assistência, a adesão ao tratamento e a prevenção de complicações após o transplante / Liver transplantation is considered one of the most complex procedures in modern medicine. The patient education is relevant in the context of health and may contribute to the success of treatment. Among the activities of nurses, the role of educator is highlighted. In the postoperative period of liver transplantation, this professional must implement educational interventions directed to the preparation of the patient in coping with changes in lifestyle resulting from complex surgical procedure. For this, the first step consists in the identification of information needs indicated by liver transplant recipients. This study aimed to assess the information needs of liver transplant recipients in outpatient treatment at a public hospital. The sample consisted of 92 liver transplant recipients assisted in outpatient clinic at a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. Data collection was performed from February to June 2014, through the application of the adapted instrument. The main results indicated that most liver transplant recipients were male (77.17%) and married (76.09%). The average age was 54.48 years, the average years of schooling was 9.02; and 70.65% of recipients lived in the urban area. Of the 92 participants, 46.74% were retired, 26.09% were on leave from work and 36.96% had incomes between two and three minimum wages. Regarding clinical characteristics, 47.83% of recipients were type O blood group, 72.83% had MELD scores between 20 and 29 score points, and 41.30% had cirrhosis of viral etiology (B or C). Of the 92 patients, 45.65% had a BMI between 18.50 to 24.99 Kg/m2 (normal weight) and 33.70% greater than 25 Kg/m2 (overweight). Average days after the transplantation was 1508.85 days, the tacrolimus was used as the primary immunosuppression drug therapy in 36.96% of the recipients, and associated with mycophenolate sodium in 38.04% of the patients. Information needs with the highest averages were: suggestion of topic no 3 (5.35) which refers to the signs and symptoms of complications (rejection, infection, diabetes, hypertension, etc.), grouped in the category management of potential complications; suggestion no 2 (5.29) related to the side effects and care of medicines (category management of medicines); and suggestion no 14, safe food after transplantation (4.53), also grouped in the category management of potential complications. The results show subsidies on the sociodemographic and clinical profile of liver transplant recipients in the national reality and the information needs which may assist the planning of educational interventions directed to the process of liver transplantation, mainly aiming to improve quality of care, adherence to treatment and prevention of complications after transplantation

O transplante de fígado é considerado um dos procedimentos mais complexos da medicina moderna. O ensino do paciente é relevante no contexto da saúde e pode contribuir para o sucesso do tratamento. Dentre as atividades do enfermeiro, ressalta-se o papel de educador. No período pós-operatório de transplante de fígado, este profissional deve implementar intervenções educativas direcionadas para o preparo do paciente no enfrentamento das mudanças no estilo de vida, decorrentes de procedimento cirúrgico complexo. Para tal, o primeiro passo consiste no conhecimento das necessidades de informação indicadas pelos receptores de transplante de fígado. O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar as necessidades de informação de receptores de transplante de fígado em atendimento ambulatorial em hospital público. A amostra foi composta por 92 receptores de transplante de fígado atendidos em ambulatório de hospital público do interior do Estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a junho de 2014, por meio da aplicação de instrumento adaptado. Os principais resultados da pesquisa indicaram que a maioria dos receptores de transplante de fígado era do sexo masculino (77,17%) e casada (76,09%). A idade média foi de 54,48 anos, a média de anos de estudo foi de 9,02 anos, sendo 70,65% dos receptores moradores na zona urbana. Dos 92 participantes, 46,74% estavam aposentados e 26,09%, afastados de suas atividades laborais e 36,96%, com renda familiar entre dois e três salários-mínimos. Em relação às características clínicas, observou-se que 47,83% dos receptores eram do grupo sanguíneo tipo O, 72,83% tinham escore MELD entre 20 e 29 pontos, 41,30% estavam com cirrose de etiologia viral (B ou C). Dos 92 pacientes, 45,65% tinham IMC entre 18,50 e 24,99 Kg/m2 (peso normal) e 33,70% estavam acima de 25 Kg/m2 (sobrepeso). A média de dias após o transplante foi de 1.508,85 dias, o tacrolimus era empregado como terapia medicamentosa de imunossupressão principal em 36,96% dos receptores e era associado ao micofenolato sódico em 38,04% dos pacientes. As necessidades de informação que obtiveram as médias maiores foram: sugestão de assunto no 3 (média 5,35) refere- se aos sinais e sintomas de complicações (rejeição, infecção, diabetes, hipertensão arterial, entre outras) agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações; sugestão no 2 (média 5,29) relativa aos efeitos colaterais e cuidados sobre medicamentos (categoria manejo dos medicamentos) e sugestão no 14, alimentação segura após o transplante (média 4,53), também agrupada na categoria manejo das potenciais complicações. Os resultados evidenciados oferecem subsídios sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de receptores de transplante de fígado na realidade nacional, bem como das necessidades de informação, as quais podem auxiliar o planejamento de intervenções educativas direcionadas para o processo de transplante de fígado, para principalmente melhorar a qualidade da assistência, a adesão ao tratamento e a prevenção de complicações após o transplante / Liver transplantation is considered one of the most complex procedures in modern medicine. The patient education is relevant in the context of health and may contribute to the success of treatment. Among the activities of nurses, the role of educator is highlighted. In the postoperative period of liver transplantation, this professional must implement educational interventions directed to the preparation of the patient in coping with changes in lifestyle resulting from complex surgical procedure. For this, the first step consists in the identification of information needs indicated by liver transplant recipients. This study aimed to assess the information needs of liver transplant recipients in outpatient treatment at a public hospital. The sample consisted of 92 liver transplant recipients assisted in outpatient clinic at a public hospital in the state of São Paulo. Data collection was performed from February to June 2014, through the application of the adapted instrument. The main results indicated that most liver transplant recipients were male (77.17%) and married (76.09%). The average age was 54.48 years, the average years of schooling was 9.02; and 70.65% of recipients lived in the urban area. Of the 92 participants, 46.74% were retired, 26.09% were on leave from work and 36.96% had incomes between two and three minimum wages. Regarding clinical characteristics, 47.83% of recipients were type O blood group, 72.83% had MELD scores between 20 and 29 score points, and 41.30% had cirrhosis of viral etiology (B or C). Of the 92 patients, 45.65% had a BMI between 18.50 to 24.99 Kg/m2 (normal weight) and 33.70% greater than 25 Kg/m2 (overweight). Average days after the transplantation was 1508.85 days, the tacrolimus was used as the primary immunosuppression drug therapy in 36.96% of the recipients, and associated with mycophenolate sodium in 38.04% of the patients. Information needs with the highest averages were: suggestion of topic no 3 (5.35) which refers to the signs and symptoms of complications (rejection, infection, diabetes, hypertension, etc.), grouped in the category management of potential complications; suggestion no 2 (5.29) related to the side effects and care of medicines (category management of medicines); and suggestion no 14, safe food after transplantation (4.53), also grouped in the category management of potential complications. The results show subsidies on the sociodemographic and clinical profile of liver transplant recipients in the national reality and the information needs which may assist the planning of educational interventions directed to the process of liver transplantation, mainly aiming to improve quality of care, adherence to treatment and prevention of complications after transplantation

Australian government Mutual Obligations welfare policies, key features of contemporary Australian welfare reforms are the focus of this study. The subjectivities of poor and working class young women and girls and the subject positions made available to them through Mutual Obligations policies are focal points. A key concern is, 'How do Mutual Obligations policies, their texts, discourses and implementation strategies construct the subjectivities of Australian poor and working class young women and girls?' This study asks what subject positions are made available by the policy, how policy discourses are taken up and enacted by policy subjects, and enquires after the lived effects of government policies. / thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2004.

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka attityder som finns bland recipienter och donatorer angående de riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för ägg- och spermiedonation. Syftet var även att undersöka om det finns skillnader i attityder inom grupperna recipienter kvinnor respektive män och donatorer till huruvida barnet har rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung.</p><p>Studien blev en del av ett stort nationellt projekt. Data samlades in med enkäter som berörde de tidigare beskrivna områdena. Enkäterna var utformade med påståenden att ta ställning till som ”instämmer” eller ”instämmer inte”. Antal deltagare var 333 stycken och data samlades in från april 2005 till och med våren 2008.</p><p>Huvudresultatet som framkom i studien var att för donatorernas attityder gällande barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung så visade det sig att kvinnorna var i flera påståenden i signifikant högre grad mer positiva än männen. I resultatet angående attityder till riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för könscellsdonation så hade recipienter och donatorer snarlika inställningar, om än inte fullt ut. Gällande för recipienter så var det endast kvinnorna som hade en signifikant skillnad i ett påstående, i övrigt fanns det inga skillnader för de båda grupperna i attityderna till barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung.</p> / <p>The purpose of the study was to describe what attitudes there were among recipients and donors about the guiding principles that should comply with oocyte- and sperm donation. The purpose was also to investigate if there were any differences within the groups of recipient women and men and the donor group considering disclosure to the child about their origin.</p><p>The study became a part of a national project. Data were collected with questionnaire that included earlier described aspects. It was formed with statements to take stands towards in form of “agree” or “disagree”. Number of participants were 333 and data were collected from April 2005 until spring 2008.</p><p>The main results found that among donors and the attitudes toward the child’s right to get knowledge about their origin showed that women was significantly more positive in several aspects then the men. The results also showed that considering the guiding principles that should comply with gametes donation the recipients and donors had just about similar attitudes. For the recipients there was only the women who had a significant difference in one of the statements, otherwise there was no difference in either of both groups for the attitudes about disclosure to the child.</p>

Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka attityder som finns bland recipienter och donatorer angående de riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för ägg- och spermiedonation. Syftet var även att undersöka om det finns skillnader i attityder inom grupperna recipienter kvinnor respektive män och donatorer till huruvida barnet har rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung. Studien blev en del av ett stort nationellt projekt. Data samlades in med enkäter som berörde de tidigare beskrivna områdena. Enkäterna var utformade med påståenden att ta ställning till som ”instämmer” eller ”instämmer inte”. Antal deltagare var 333 stycken och data samlades in från april 2005 till och med våren 2008. Huvudresultatet som framkom i studien var att för donatorernas attityder gällande barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung så visade det sig att kvinnorna var i flera påståenden i signifikant högre grad mer positiva än männen. I resultatet angående attityder till riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för könscellsdonation så hade recipienter och donatorer snarlika inställningar, om än inte fullt ut. Gällande för recipienter så var det endast kvinnorna som hade en signifikant skillnad i ett påstående, i övrigt fanns det inga skillnader för de båda grupperna i attityderna till barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung. / The purpose of the study was to describe what attitudes there were among recipients and donors about the guiding principles that should comply with oocyte- and sperm donation. The purpose was also to investigate if there were any differences within the groups of recipient women and men and the donor group considering disclosure to the child about their origin. The study became a part of a national project. Data were collected with questionnaire that included earlier described aspects. It was formed with statements to take stands towards in form of “agree” or “disagree”. Number of participants were 333 and data were collected from April 2005 until spring 2008. The main results found that among donors and the attitudes toward the child’s right to get knowledge about their origin showed that women was significantly more positive in several aspects then the men. The results also showed that considering the guiding principles that should comply with gametes donation the recipients and donors had just about similar attitudes. For the recipients there was only the women who had a significant difference in one of the statements, otherwise there was no difference in either of both groups for the attitudes about disclosure to the child.

The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research. / Graduation date: 1993

The purpose of this study was to understand what the care recipients considering as care quality in their long-term eldercare. Our intention has been to contribute a bit to the development of the care work. Previous studies show that user surveys are carried out regularly but there is very few studies that are based on care recipients own opinions and experiences. The main questions in the study have been to examine what is considered as good elder care from a user perspective. Even to understand the characteristics of a good meeting with the care staff and also examine how the elder care in Nybro municipality can improve. This study was based on a qualitative method in the form of seven interviews with recipient of elder care. The interviews were based on five themes which were; background, care, interaction, "special housing and social interaction" and also changes. The collected material is analyzed from a symbolic interactionism perspective. We view the symbolic interactionism as a useful perspective to gain an understanding of the interaction between care recipients and staff, and how it can develop care work The result revealed that the elder care in Nybro Municipality is generally of good quality and that it works well with home care. The care recipients appreciate when the care staffs are cheerful and friendly during visits, and they use the term "helpfulness" to describe what characterize a good treatment. What emerges as a negative aspect of the elder care is that the care staffs are extremely busy and always in a rush at each visit, which may partly affect the care a bit negative. The study shows a desire for change to improve care staff working environment. All respondents have different perceptions of the elderly and what is considered quality of care. Although there are common views on certain things, it is because of their differing views at who they interact with and in what context, the overall situation.

Sjuksköterskan bör ha kunskap om begreppet livskvalitet för att kunna bemöta patienter som genomgått en levertransplantation, då den upplevda livskvalitén är betydelsefull för patienterna. Syftet var att beskriva livskvalitet hos patienter som genomgått en levertransplantation. Studien är genomförd som en litteraturstudie där 12 vetenskapliga artiklar har granskats. Resultatet visar att den upplevda livskvalitén hos levertransplanterade patienter är relativt god men det finns delar av livskvalitén som påverkas negativt efter levertransplantationen. Livskvalitén påverkas av fysiska, psykiska och sociala aspekter. De delar som påverkade livskvalitén positivt var familjen, att kunna återvända till det yrkesverksamma livet och att få en chans till ett nytt liv. Negativa aspekter som framkom i resultatet var bland annat förlorad autonomi, fysisk inaktivitet och en känsla av utanförskap i samhället. Vidare omvårdnadsforskning inom området livskvalitet relaterat till levertransplantation bör utföras. Sjuksköterskor behöver utbildning i ämnet för att i omvårdnadsarbetet kunna främja och bevara patienters livskvalitet. / The nurse should have knowledge of the concept of quality of life to respond to patients who underwent a liver transplant, when the perceived quality of life is important for patients. The aim was to describe the quality of life in patients undergoing a liver transplant. The study was conducted as a literature review of 12 scientific papers that have been reviewed. The results show that the perceived quality of life in liver transplant patients is relatively good but there are elements of quality of life adversely affected by post-liver transplant. Quality of life is affected by physical, psychological and social aspects. The elements affecting the quality of life positively were the family, ability to return to the working life and to get a chance to start a new life. Negative aspects that emerged from the results included the loss of autonomy, physical inactivity and a sense of alienation in society. In addition, nursing research in the field of quality of life related to liver transplantation should be performed. Nurses need education on the topic of the nursing work to promote and preserve patients' quality of life.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet, 2002. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.