Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The basic principles of the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) include “an integrated and sustainable programme” and “a people-driven process”. Section 2.3 of the RDP identifies the National Public Works Programme (NPWP) as a key implementation strategy of the RDP, with the primary purpose of creating jobs and providing community infrastructure, in a manner that impacts on the socio-economic conditions of the poor (ANC, 1994:1-18). The NPWP was operationalised in late 1995 as a Community Based Public Works Project (CBPWP) to carry out this broad mandate. Government was faced by numerous challenges in the form of poverty, joblessness, a shrinking economy and lack of job-related skills. The expectations were also high that after long years of struggle and suffering, an ANC-led Government would deliver a better life soon. Wittingly or unwittingly, in the face of these challenges and mounting expectations, Government rushed to deliver a better life through school feeding schemes, free health care to children under the age of six and to pregnant women and allocated about R250m to the Department of Public Works to deliver a job creation and poverty relief programme. It was this rush that saw the Government losing sight of important conditions for sustainable delivery of goods and services. The purpose of the study is to show that the Community Based Public Works Programme of the Department of Public Works, which was implemented in Groutville in 1996, failed to bring about visible change. The starting point is to create a contextual framework for the research problem and the suggested answer (Bless & Higson - Smith, 1995:37), which is established through various means in the sections that follow. The first part, the literature review, offers both conceptual and operational definitions (Bless & Higson - Smith, 1995:35-37) of key concepts or variables that form elements of the research problem and the proposed hypothesis. Methodology and research design outlines the process, procedure and instruments used to test the hypothesis. The section on data analysis gives an overview on how data on the general field of interest (Brynard & Hanekom, 1997:48-50), community development (De Beer & Swanepoel, 1998:17-28), is filtered to focus on the National Public Works Programme (NPWP) and the Community Based Public Works Programme (CBPWP) as strategies for community development , using Groutville as a case study. As part of data analysis, using the model of Brynard & Hanekom (1997:54-55) viewpoints of authors on community development are integrated in the context of the results and data obtained. Finally, the study outlines and discusses the results and recommendations. The reliability and generalizability of the findings is based on consistence between the findings of this particular study and the CASE/ILO Report, on the one hand, and the empirical evidence as provided by grassroots structures and as observed by the researcher. The study finds that while the project succeeded in targeting women and youth, employment opportunities could not be sustained. In addition there is no evidence of training and the ability of employees to use skills gained during the life of the project to earn a decent living. Finally, the study also finds that one of the major failures of the CBPWP, in addition to a lack of sustainability, was that it was not co-ordinated and integrated with other local development initiatives such as the Masakhane Campaign, the Clean and Green Campaign and the Local Economic Development Plan. The study concludes by suggesting recommendations, which include: - • The need to redefine sustainability in a way that does not emphasize the quality and life span of infrastructure but prioritizes the beneficiaries’ ability to use the infrastructure and skills gained to engage in productive economic activities; • Recognize local leadership and built capacity before a project is introduced; • Focus, as part of capacity building, on institutional development and organizational development for local communities; • Communicate and seek consensus on the goals and intended objectives of the programme; • Link national programmes with local economic development plans and initiatives and education and training for life-long employment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die basiese beginsels van die Heropbou en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) sluit ‘n geïntegreerde volhoubare program en ‘n gemeenskapsgeïnspireerde proses in. Die Nasionale Openbare Werke Program (NOWP) is as ‘n sleutel implementeringstrategie geïdentifiseer in klousule 2.3 van die HOP met die primêre doel om werkverskaffing en die voorsiening van infrastruktuur aan die gemeenskap te lewer. Die primêre doel is om ‘n impak te lewer op die sosio-ekonomiese toestand van die hulpbehoewende persoon. (ANC, 1994:1-18). Die NOWP is in 1995 as ‘n Gemeenskapsgebaseerde Openbare Werke Program in werking gestel om hierdie breë mandaat uit te voer. Die Staat was gekonfronteer met verskeie uitdagings wat onder andere armoede, werkloosheid, ‘n krimpende ekonomie en die gebrek aan toepaslike werksgeoriënteerde vaardighede ingesluit het. Hoë verwagtinge is van die ANC regering gekoester om na die lang jare van stryd en lyding ‘n beter lewe vir almal te verseker. Wetende of onwetende, in die aangesig van al hierdie uitdagings en verwagtinge, het die Staat beleid bepaal wat daarop gemik was om dienstelewering te versnel ten einde ‘n beter lewe te waarborg. Hierdie beleid het voedingskemas by skole en gratis gesondheidsorg aan kinders onder die ouderdom van ses jaar en verwagtende vroue verskaf. Daar is ook ‘n bedrag van R250 miljoen bewillig aan die Departement van Openbare Werke om ‘n armoedeverligting en werkverskaffingsprogram daar te stel. Dit was as gevolg van hierdie druk waaronder die Staat verkeer het, dat die belangrike vereistes vir volhoubare lewering van goedere en dienste uit die oog verloor is. Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bewys dat die Gemeenskapsgebaseerde Openbare Werke Program, soos onder andere geïmplementeer in Groutville in 1996, nie daarin geslaag het om enige merkbare veranderinge teweeg te bring nie. Die aanvangspunt vir hierdie studie is om ‘n kontekstuele raamwerk vir die navorsingsprobleem daar te stel, met toepaslike moontlike oplossings, (Bless & Higson - Smith, 1995:37), wat geskep is deur verskeie middele te ondersoek in die gedeeltes wat volg. Die eerste gedeelte, naamlik die literatuurstudie, verskaf konseptuele en algemene gebruiksdefinisies (Bless & Higson - Smith, 1995:35-37) van sleutelkonsepte of veranderlikes wat die kritiese elemente van die navorsingsprobleem en die voorgestelde hipotese vorm. Die metodiek en navorsingsontwerp-raamwerk omskryf die proses, prosedure en instrumente wat gebruik is om die hipotese te toets. Die gedeelte oor data-analise gee ‘n oorsig oor hoe die data wat betrekking het op die algemene veld van belangstelling (Brynard & Hanekom, 1997:48- 50), naamlik gemeenskapsontwikkeling (De Beer & Swanepoel, 1998:17-28) gefiltreer is om te fokus op die Nasionale Openbare Werke Program en die Gemeenskapsgebaseerde Openbare Werke Program wat as strategieë vir gemeenskapsontwikkeling in die Groutville gevallestudie gebruik is. As deel van die data-analise is die Bryard & Hanekom (1997:54- 55) model gebruik om verskillende standpunte van verskeie skrywers aangaande gemeenskapsontwikkeling te integreer met die resultate en die inligting wat ingesamel is. Die laaste afdeling bespreek die bevindinge en maak aanbevelings. Bevindinge in hierdie studie gemaak kan as algemeen betroubaar beskou word. Die stelling word gebaseer op die feit dat ‘n konsekwente ooreenstemming telkemale verkry is tussen die bevindinge van die spesifieke studie soos vervat in die CASE/ILO - verslag, en die empiriese bewyslewering, soos voorsien deur voetsoolvlak gemeenskapstrukture en soos waargeneem deur die navorser. Bevindinge van die studie sluit die volgende in; die Groutville projek het daarin geslaag om vroue en die jeug te betrek, maar dit kon nie daarin slaag om volhoubare werkverskaffing te verskaf nie. Daar kon ook geen bewys gevind word dat opleiding plaasgevind het nie, en die werknemers wat vaardighede aangeleer het gedurende die verloop van die projek, kon nie hul vermoë bewys om hierdie vaardighede sodanig aan te wend om ‘n ordentlike bestaan te voer nie. Ten slotte het die studie bevind dat een van die hoof tekortkominge van die GBOWP was, tesame met die gebrek aan volhoubaarheid van die program, die gebrek aan ko-ordinasie en integrering met ander plaaslike ontwikkelingsinisiatiewe, soos onder andere die Masakhane projek, die “Clean and Green” projek en die plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkelingsplan. Die laaste gedeelte van die studie stel die volgende aanbevelings voor: • Om volhoubaarheid op plaaslike vlak so te definieër dat die klem nie geplaas word op die lewensverwagting van infrastruktuur nie, maar dat voorkeur eerder verleen word aan die vermoë van die gemeenskap om hierdie infrastruktuur te gebruik, en die vaardighede wat aangeleer is in die proses, om betrokke te raak in produktiewe volhoubare ekonomiese aktiwiteite; • Om plaaslike leierskap te erken, en om toepaslike bekwaamhede op te bou, voordat ‘n projek aangebied en geïmplementeer word; • As deel van die opbou van bekwaamhede, moet klem geplaas word op institusionele en organisatoriese ontwikkeling van plaaslike gemeenskappe; • Eenstemmigheid moet verkry word rakende die doelwitte van die program; • Skakel nasionale programme in by plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkelingsplanne en inisiatiewe, en verseker opvoeding en opleiding vir lewenslange indiensneming.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When the African National Congress (ANC) took control of govemment in 1994, it was forced to find an economic strategy that would strike a balance between an improved level of service and maximum economic growth. The privatisation process, which had already been initiated by the previous apartheid government, was continued in order to depoliticise utilities that were contentious in terms of their allocation of scarce resources or competing resources. Privatisation is an economic transformation strategy used worldwide to provide solutions to countries' economic problems. However, within the South African context, it focuses mainly on the restructuring of state-owned assets, with the following objectives: • To reduce the state debt and to stimulate economic growth and development through the sale of state-owned assets • To re-orient and enhance the public sector's ability to meet challenges identified by the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) • To restructure the state-owned enterprises to be more efficient in their operations, while at the same time maximising their contribution to the country's economic growth. The objective of this study is to explore issues that surround privatisation - which governments should understand when planning and implementing privatisation - by studying the process of privatisation adopted in the case of the state-owned electricity monopoly, ESKOM. In a quest for detailed information, this study includes: • An analysis of the economic strategies adopted by the government • The political background to the establishment of these strategies • An analysis of ESKOM and its strategy for privatisation The following problem areas in the privatisation and restructuring of state assets have been identified in the South African economy and need more attention when embarking on privatisation of state-owned enterprises: • Effects of privatisation on the delivery of services to the poor • Conflicts in ideology between the trade unions, particularly the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) • Lessons experienced with other parastatals that have been privatised. This study has identified concerns and challenges that surround the privatisation of ESKOM, and also privatisation as a whole in South Africa. It shows that the government falls short of achieving its pre-determined objectives in the economic transformation of the country as laid down in the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) and the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macroeconomic strategy. This alone indicates a need to revisit these strategies and align them with the economic realities facing the South African population. Differences in ideology and views between labour and the government indicate a need for an open consultative process and a clear policy that guides the restructuring of state assets so that the poor are not affected by the adverse effects of privatisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toe die African National Congress (ANC) in 1994 beheer oorgeneem het van die regering, was dié organisasie gedwing om 'n ekonomiese strategie te vind wat 'n balans sou handhaaf tussen 'n verbeterde diensvlak en maksimum ekonomiese groei. Die proses van privatisering, wat deur die vorige apartheid-regering geïnisieer is, was voortgesit met die doel om fasiliteite wat omstrede was in terme van die toedeling van skaars bronne of kompeterende bronne, te depolitiseer. Privatisering is 'n ekonomiese transformasie-strategie wat wêreldwyd gebruik word om oplossings vir lande se ekonomiese probleme te verskaf. Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks fokus dit egter op die rekonstruksie van staatsbates, met die volgende doelstellings: • Om staatskuld te verminder en om ekonomiese groei en ontwikkeling te stimuleer deur die verkope van bates wat in besit van die staat is. • Om die openbare sektor se vermoë opnuut in te stel en te bevorder om sodoende die uitdagings wat deur die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) geïdentifiseer is, aan te pak. • Om staatsbates te herstruktureer sodat hulle meer doeltreffend bedryf kan word en om terselfdertyd hul bydrae tot die land se ekonomiese groei te maksimeer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die kwessies rondom privatisering (wat regerings behoort te begryp wanneer hulle privatisering beplan en implementeer) te ondersoek deur die privatiseringsproses van ESKOM, die elektrisiteitsmonopolie in staatsbesit, te bestudeer. In die soeke na uitvoerige inligting, sluit hierdie studie die volgende in: • 'n Analise van ESKOM en sy strategie ten opsigte van privatisering • 'n Analise van die ekonomiese strategieë van die regering • Die politiese agtergrond tot die opstel van hierdie strategieë. Die volgende probleem areas rondom privatisering en herstrukturering van staatsbates in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie is geïdentifiseer en het meer aandag nodig wanneer staatsbates privatiseer word: • Gevolge van privatisering op lewering van dienste aan die armes • Teenstrydige ideologieë van die vakbond federasies, veral die Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) • Lesse geleer van ander semi-staatsinstellings wat geprivatiseer is. Hierdie studie het kwellinge en uitdagings rondom die privatisering van ESKOM, asook rondom privatisering in Suid-Afrika in die geheel, geïdentifiseer. Die studie wys dat die regering nie sy doelstellings bereik het nie ten opsigte van die ekonomiese transformasie van die land soos uiteengesit in die Heropbou- en Ontwikkelingsprogram (HOP) en die Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)- makro-ekonomiese strategie. Dit alleen dui op die noodsaaklikheid om hierdie strategieë te heroorweeg en om dit in lyn te bring met die ekonomiese realiteite wat die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in die gesig staar. Verskille in ideologie en sienings tussen arbeid en die regering wys op die nodigheid vir 'n oop konsulterende proses en 'n duidelike beleid wat rekonstruksie van staatsbates op so 'n manier rig dat die negatiewe gevolge van privatisering van staatsbates nie daarop impakteer nie.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The non-availability of funding for low-cost housing is a major stumbling block in the provision of housing for the poor in South Africa (Moss, 2001). Banks and other commercial institutions are generally reluctant to fund construction companies in this industry in view of the high level of risk involved. The Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa is a development finance institution that is involved in the financing of construction companies. This study looked at the effectiveness of IDC in financing construction companies that are involved in low cost housing development. The study also looked at whether the IDC's strategiC objectives of promoting job creation had been achieved by providing funding to the construction companies. Only those companies involved in low-cost housing as the only or part of their business activities have been chosen for the study. A qualitative method of research analysiS has been selected as the best way of analysing the research findings in this paper. The empirical analysis indicated that generally the respondents are satisfied with the funding provided by the Industrial Development Corporation, but have serious concerns regarding the turnaround times for credit approvals, completion of legal agreements, disbursement of funds and the fees charged.

Objectives. First, the study aims to explore demographic and socio-economic characteristics of residents who moved into Indlovu village. Second, the study will explore if the housing development attracted the intended beneficiaries as outlined in the policy document of the RDP and the targeted households as specified by the local authority. Third, the study will examine whether there is differential selection of people at places of origin into new housing developments. Background. Since 1994 when South Africa attained independence, the major thrust of the new government was to improve the welfare of the people who were previously underprivileged, especially the Black population. Affirmative policies aimed at the black population were formulated. The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) was formulated in 1994 and was aimed at addressing housing, health, education and economical problems for people who could not afford. South African citizens with low socio-economic status, without proper shelter and previously disadvantaged were provided with subsidised houses. These RDP houses induced an influx towards urban areas in informal settlement, further swelling the waiting-list for RDP houses. Methods. This study utilises data from the Africa Centre Demographic Information System (ACDIS). The Demographic Surveillance Area (DSA) is located in rural KwaZulu Natal. The surveillance area includes a new RDP housing development called Indlovu village. The analysis examines the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of people who moved into Indlovu village between 2003 and October 2006. In bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, the determinants of movement into RDP houses were estimated. The dependent variable ‘moved’ was defined as a binary, where 1 was assigned to those who moved from elsewhere within the DSA to the RDP development scheme and 0 to those who never moved. However, some of the people who have moved into Indlovu Village could have moved from other places outside the DSA and these were analysed separately. Results. There are equal numbers of male and female headed households in Indlovu. Bivariate analyses suggest that there is a statistically significant difference between individuals who moved to Indlovu and those who did not move from the DSA with a p-value <0.001. When controlling for age, sex, marital status, education, employment, household socio-economic status and place of origin, multivariate analysis suggests that people from the rural part of the DSA are more likely than those from urban and peri-urban areas to move into the RDP housing area. Looking at age, more elderly individuals were more likely to be allocated the houses relative to the younger age groups, however, this was not statistically significant. Individuals in the middle age were less likely to move relative to the younger age groups. Equal proportions of females and males benefited from the development and these findings agree with the requirements of the policy. Those in a relatively high socio-economic status were more likely to move than those in the relatively low socio-economic status. Multivariate analysis suggests that the currently married people were more likely to move to Indlovu village. However these findings were not statistically significant but they were significant in the bivariate analysis. Also those from households with dependents were more likely to move relative to those who stayed alone. These findings were not significant after adjusting for other variables. Again this is consistent with the requirements of the policy which stipulates that married people and individuals with dependants have to benefit from these housing developments. The Indlovu housing scheme target people living in and around the DSA, but the development mostly benefited those originating from far away places. Almost 60% of the residents in Indlovu came from places outside the DSA while only 36% originated from within the DSA. Conclusions. This analysis aimed to determine the socio-demographic determinants of individuals who move into RDP houses, using the case study of movement from the Africa Centre DSA into Indlovu village. The findings revealed that the housing development was able to attract individuals from household with average socio-economic status and those from high and very high socio-economic status relative to the very poor households. The RDP policy required that poor individuals with low socio-economic status should be the ones who benefit, however this is contrary to the current study’s findings. However, though by demographic characteristics (gender, age and marital status) most of the beneficiaries met the criteria for eligibility for RDP housing, most came from places further than communities surrounding these housing schemes, disadvantaging the intended beneficiaries. These findings suggest the importance of evaluating the recipients of RDP housing developments around the country, to ensure that the deserving individuals receive the houses. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

The Environmental Justice Networking Forum’s first national conference had three major objectives: to constitute the organisation on a national basis; to make policy recommendations regarding the implementation of the RDP both for submission to government and as a guide to action by EJNFparticipants; to build and disseminate the workof thelDRC/ANC/ COSATU/ SACP/ SANCO International Mission on Environmental Policy (referred to here as the Mission). EJNF was in itiated at the Earthlife Africa International Environment Conference in 1992 at Pietermaritzburg. That conference mandated an interim national steering committee to guide a process of establishing an organised voice within civil society for environmental justice. It stipulated that the organisation should be formed on a regional basis leading up to the national constitution of EJNF at a national conference. The EJNF conference is thus the culmination of a two year process. During that time, meetings were held to establish EJNF in six regions: Gauteng, Northern Transvaal, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu- Natal and OFS. Participating organisations include women’s, rural, youth, religious and environmental organisations, unions, civics and service NGOs. Each region sent delegations to the national conference. Two other regions, Eastern Transvaal and Northern Cape, also sent delegations which will form the focus groups for establishing EJNF in those regions. Regional EJNF participant organisations also elected members to the national steering committee. They took office at the constitutive conference. The minutes of the constitutive session of the conference are not included here but are available from the EJNF national office. The EJNF delegates were joined by a number of guest delegates for the conference on Greening the RDP. They included members of national organisations which represent or work with the constitutuencies which EJNF is developing and researchers working in the sectors covered by the conference. Government was represented by Ministers Kader Asmal (Water Affairs) and Derek Hanekom (Land Affairs), by provincial MECs, by members of standing committees in parliament and provincial legislatures andby ministry or department officials.

M.A. / The prospective and observed changes in South-Africa, with respect to the mobilisation of human skills, bring unique challenges to the fore where the career development of the individual is concerned. Scheepers (1996) and Quinn (1994) state that psycho-educational programmes can be implemented to foster the successful transfer of career development skills. A number of career development programmes were therefore designed and developed. However, the necessity of further development and extension of such programmes are crucial and in accordance with the experienced rapid changes of the target group's needs. In the light of the above mentioned statements, a study was conducted to evaluate the impact of an existing career development programme, by using standard programme development requirements. A further objective of the study was to make an existing programme more goal orientated and user friendly, by ensuring a more effective transfer of the skills contained in the programme. The method used was the developmental research model as introduced by Rothman and Thomas (1994). The choice of this model presents various advantages to the researcher, through the generation of both qualitative and quantitative results. The quantitative measure instruments that were used in this study are the Career Development Questionnaire of Langley and the Career information Questionnaire of Heidema. The qualitative evaluation made by direct observation and also the feedback of the tests. It was endeavoured to establish a theoretical foundation for the identified problem by using the theories of important career development researchers. The structural-interactive model of Holland was mainly focused upon in this regard. A career workbook, namely the SNUG was presented at various intervals to a group RAUCALL students during this research. Three groups were chosen at random and this ensured the progressive development of the programme. The first group was introduced to the original SNUG and owing to observation certain useful amendments were made to the presentation. This tentative improvements were presented to the second group whereafter further amendments were brought forth. The third and last group were exposed to the resultant improved SNUG. The focus of the improvements that were implemented fell on the visual changes and was not based on the contents. Statistical significant differences between the three groups in terms of the five sub tests of the Career Development Questionnaire were reported and no significant differences with reference to the results of the Career Information Questionnaire were noted. However the scores still refer to inefficient career development skills when a realistic career decision is to be made. A correlation between the third sub test of the Career Development Questionnaire namely Career Information and the Career Information Questionnaire of Heidema was noted.

M.Inf. / The Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) is an integrated, coherent socioeconomic policy framework that seeks to mobilise all people and resources towards the final eradication of apartheid and the building of a democratic, non-racial and non-sexist future. It is clearly indicated in this policy document that the government is serious about the delivery of services to all people in South Africa. However, mention of library services is made only casually in the document, with libraries and information never being referred to in the same context. Information workers generally are nevertheless convinced that there are many areas in which library and information services can make a significant contribution to the success of the RDP. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the public library, with specific reference to the Randfontein Public Library, can make a contribution to the success of the RDP of South Africa. Data collection methods used included a study of literature and personal interviews with role players. During the analysis phase a brief overview was given of the South African history. The influence of this on the development of public libraries was researched, with special emphasis on the impact of the historical policy of separate development on libraries. It was found that, in the pre democratic era (before the 1994 elections), the Randfontein Public Library had indeed been influenced by apartheid laws, which resulted in inferior library services being provided to the previously disadvantaged groups in Randfontein. A chronological description of the transformation process within the library and information profession, including the guidelines of the national policy document, was given. It was found that information workers generally were aware of their responsibility towards the development of the previously disadvantaged groups, but that they lacked implementation guidelines. A demographic analysis of the Randfontein Magisterial District and a situation analysis of current Randfontein Public Library services were made to determine whether it was possible to make a contribution to the RDP. To determine the services that should be rendered by the Randfontein Public Library typical public library objectives in relation to RDP objectives were investigated. Both sets of objectives place high priority on development and therefore it was concluded that specific functions were to be performed to reach the identified development objectives. A distinction was made between primary and secondary functions. For the purpose of this study primary functions were defined as those performed to contribute towards RDP objectives, while secondary functions were deemed as those complementing the afore mentioned. In conclusion it was found that the Randfontein Public Library can make a contribution towards the actualisation of the RDP through prioritising primary functions and establishing links with organisations and individuals in the Randfontein community.

M.Cur. / The entire country is currently in a process of reconstruction that inevitably lead to reconstruction within the health care system. The ANC (African National Congress) formulated a National Health Plan based on primary health care that is a practical expression of providing an effective and equitable health care to all inhabitants of the country. Recognising the need for transformation, a process was initiated by the African National Congress (ANC) to develop an overall National Health Plan based on the Primary Health Care approach (ANC, 1994: 7) . In the light of these present needs, the vision is to develop a strategy to empower our professional nurses that can effectively implement primary health care whilst operating within the limitations of the existing resources (Human Resource Committee for Health, 1994:5). The context of the study is applicable to the Northern Region of the North West Province. There are various courses available to empower professional nurses to primary health care, but for the purpose of the study is the Diploma Course in Clinical Nursing Science, Health Assessment, Treatment and Care described

M.A. / The objective of this study is to examine the economic growth and job creation in relation to macro economic policies in South Africa since 1994 to date. Economic growth theories help to explain the economic growth problem as well as the possibility to create jobs. Since 1994, the government has introduced three economic policy programmes namely the RDP, GEAR and MTEF. However, the unemployment rate is increasing and the economic growth is still low. The aim of this study is to: demonstrate that economic growth is the driving force to job creation; analyse the human resource development; examine the international experience in relation to South Africa; critically analyse labour market development and macro economic policies; provide recommendations to employment creation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This research project, in which social welfare constitutes the central focus of study, is undertaken within the broad field of development studies. The basic concern of the study is to determine the role and the place of social welfare in a post-apartheid South Africa. The study therefore seeks to produce some of the policy-making knowledge and a framework for formulating alternative social policies. With the emergence of the post-apartheid South Africa, social welfare as a system, and social policy in particular, finds itself at a water-shed. For many years social welfare has been practised on a racially-differentiated basis. Social policies were firmly rooted in the prevailing political ideology of apartheid. During its formal inception in the 193Q's, the primary objective of social welfare was to solve the Poor White problem. Currently we have reached a critical turning point in the history of our country. The establishment of an inclusive democracy should have a direct impact on the welfare of all citizens. In this new context we have to deal with mass poverty - the basic human needs of many South Africans not being met - and extreme inequalities. Meanwhile we are saddled with different models of welfare based on the fragmented social policies of the past. Various themes pertaining to social welfare are examined with the view to proposing some solutions to the dilemma. Theories of development constitute the frame of reference for the analysis and development of alternative social policies. Applying these theoretical foundations, a special study is made of the emergence and structuring of social welfare in South Africa. In an empirical study the views of stakeholders in the field are gathered using qualitative methodology. Theories of development, the Reconstruction and Development Programme, the idea of social welfare as a system to meet human needs, and the views of stakeholders, form the basis for the development of alternative social policies in the post-apartheid South Africa. Using this conceptual framework and analysis of contemporary realities, certain policy proposals are examined for their appropriateness to address post-apartheid challenges. The study demonstrates that a paradigm shift is absolutely necessary in order to deal with emerging realities in South Africa. This paradigm shift entails that social welfare adopt a developmental approach within an integrated policy framework.