Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da permeabilidade da madeira, com ênfase nas espécies de florestas plantadas do gênero de Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora. Com a sua determinação, avalia-se o quanto uma dada espécie de madeira é permeável a preservativos (tratamentos químicos) e o quanto ela é permeável a aplicação de adesivos estruturais (confecção de peças estruturais em Madeira Laminada Colada MLC). A avaliação da permeabilidade é um fator fundamental para definição do tratamento preservativo da madeira. Para isto foi projetado e construído um equipamento alternativo, para uso laboratorial, visando determinar a permeabilidade e analisar qual espécie dentre as estudadas seriam mais permeáveis a fluidos líquidos e gasosos em madeiras brasileiras de florestas plantadas. O equipamento construído permite a determinação do escoamento de fluidos em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de madeira, em todas as suas direções ortogonais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o equipamento é adequado para a determinação da permeabilidade a líquido ou gás em madeiras, onde na direção longitudinal, o alburno E. grandis é a parte do lenho mais permeável a líquido e gás, seguido do alburno do E. citriodora, Pinus elliottii e cerne do E. grandis. Com exceção do Pinus elliottii na direção transversal, as demais espécies não apresentaram vazão nesta direção. / This work aims to study permeability of wood especially in reforestation species like Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora in order to evaluate how much a given wood species is permeable to preservatives (chemical treatments) and how much it is permeable to application of structural adhesives (making of structural pieces in Glued Laminated - MLC). Evaluation of permeability is a fundamental factor when defining the preservative treatment to able applied in the wood, so an alternative equipment has been especially designed and built aiming to determine its permeability and analyze which one of the studied Brazilian reforestation species would be more permeable to liquid and gaseous fluids. This laboratorial equipment has allowed determination of fluid drainage in cylindrical samples of wood in all of its orthogonal directions. Obtained results have shows that it is appropriate for determining liquid or air permeability of wood where, in longitudinal direction, E. grandis sapwood has been the most permeable part, followed by E. citriodora sapwood, Pinus elliottii and E. grandis heartwood. None of the species has presented any flow in traverse direction, except Pinus elliottii.

Conventional Appalachian surface-mine reclamation techniques repress natural forest regeneration, and tree plantings are often necessary for reforestation. Reclaimed Appalachian surface mines harbor a suite of mammal herbivores that forage on recently planted seedlings. Anecdotal reports across Appalachia have implicated herbivory in the hindrance and failure of reforestation efforts, yet empirical evaluation of herbivory impacts on planted seedling vitality in this region remains relatively uninitiated. First growing-season survival, height growth, and mammal herbivory damage of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and white oak (Quercus alba L.) are presented in response to varying intensities of herbivore exclusion. Seedling survival was generally high, and height growth was positive for all species. The highest herbivory incidence of all tree species was observed in treatments offering no herbivore exclusion. While seedling protectors lowered herbivory incidence compared with no exclusion, full exclusion treatments resulted in the greatest reduction of herbivore damage. Although herbivory from rabbits, small mammals, and domestic animals was observed, cervids (deer and elk) were responsible for 95.8% of all damaged seedlings. This study indicates that cervids forage heavily on planted seedlings during the first growing-season, but exclusion and tree species selection is effective at reducing herbivory.

Based on the author's ethnographic research at the Karakuwa fishing community in Japan, this thesis explains a cultural process of the local people's synthesis of the values they place on nature and their everyday behavior in a modern industrial world. Explicated by ethnographic narrative, this study focuses on a revitalization movement similar to others attempted by fishermen in other parts of Japan. These revitalization movements embody values, held by fishermen for centuries, that nature should be respected. These movements also serve as symbolic activities to resurrect natural resource users' visions of nature, that emphasize the connectedness of all parts of nature including humans. In the specific revitalization movement studied here, the activists insist on the fishermen's knowledge of the connection between reforestation upstream on a coastal river and the coastal fishing ground. This study also demonstrates how significant it is to know the insiders' points of view and their cultural values when we try to understand the relationship between humans and nature. By studying what kind of traditional knowledge the Karakuwa fishermen have utilized to support the fishermen's reforestation activities and what has been dismissed, we can gain insight into the process of value transformation that takes place side by side with the actual environmental degradation and economic changes experienced by the local fishermen. In this study, the conclusion is that local people manage with those contradictions by categorizing events along a continuum between "reality" and "ideal." This study contributes to the local people in the Karakuwa fishing community as a source of cultural information extending their knowledge about their indigenous identity and furthering their understanding of how they revitalize their local traditions yet modernize in this era of globalization. / Graduation date: 2003

農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 92 p. : ill., maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-62).

Baigiamajame darbe analizuojami miško želdinių ir žėlinių ekologiniai ir ekonominiai panašumai, bei skirtumai. Darbo objektas – Radviliškio miškų urėdijos, Aukštelkų girininkijos žėliniai ir želdiniai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti miško želdinimo ir žėlimo ekologinius ir ekonominius privalumus, bei trūkumus. Darbo metodai – Tyrimo bareliuose gautų faktinių duomenų ekologinė ir ekonominė analizė. Naudojami miško atkūrimo ir įveisimo nuostatai (7,8,9 priedai). Statistiniai skaičiavimai, urėdijos duomenų analizė. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimus, pasirinktuose tyrimo bareliuose Radviliškio miškų urėdijoje, Aukštelkų girininkijos teritorijoje buvo nustatyta: Lf, Ud, Uf augavietėse ekologiniais aspektais tinkamiausias, mišrus atkūrimo būdas, išlaikantis biologinę įvairovę, tikslines medžių rūšis. Ekonominiu požiūriu mišrus atkūrimo būdas vidutiniškai reikalauja 4129 Lt/ha. lėšų, atkuriant želdiniais - 4615 Lt/ha. Mažiausiai reikalaujantis sąnaudų, tai paliekant kirtavietes savaiminiam žėlimui. Jų sąnaudos paruošiant dirvą, pašalinant žolinę augaliją chemiškai ar mechaniškai, bei pagal poreikį po kelių metų pašalinant nepageidaujamą augaliją mechaninių būdų yra - 2103 Lt/ha. Tai mažiausiai reikalaujantis atkūrimo sąnaudų ateities medynai, bet nėra tinkamiausi ekologiniu ir ekonominių (produktyvumo) atžvilgiu. / The final thesis compares and contrasts forest planting and natural vegetation from an ecological and economic point of view. Object – Radviliskis forestry enterprise, Aukstelkai forestry district`s plantings and natural vegetation. Aim – to determine ecological and economic advantages and disadvantages of afforestation and natural vegetation. Methods applied – ecological and economic analysis of actual data obtained from the selected sample plots. Afforestation and reforestation regulations used (Appendixes 7, 8, and 9). Statistical calculations and analysis of the forestry enterprise’s data. Results. Results of investigations in the selected sample plots at Radviliskis forestry enterprise, Auksteliai forestry district territory were as follows: the mixed reforestation method appears to be the most suitable method in Lf, Ud, Uf habitats from an ecological point of view as it helps maintaining biological diversity and target tree species. From an economic point of view, the mixed reforestation method requires approximately 4,129 Lt/ha while reforestation with planting requires 4,615 Lt/ha. The method that requires the modest expenditure is to leave the cleared space for natural regeneration. The expenditure for soil preparation, removal of grass vegetation with chemicals or mechanically, and mechanical removal of vegetation according to need after some years is 2,103 Lt/ha. Such kind of reforestation is the most cost-effective, yet it is not suitable from an ecological and... [to full text]

Societies frequently implement land use policies to regulate resource extraction or to regulate development. However, two important policy questions remain unresolved. First, how effective are land use regulations? Second, how do land use regulations affect socioeconomic conditions? Three issues complicate the evaluation of land use policies: (1) overt bias may lead to incorrect estimates of policy effects if implementation is nonrandom; (2) the policy may affect outcomes in neighboring unregulated lands; and (3) unobservable differences between regulated and unregulated lands may lead to biased assessments. Previous evaluations of land use policies fail to address these sources of bias simultaneously. In this dissertation, I develop an approach, using matching methods, which jointly accounts for these complications. I apply the approach to evaluate the effects of Costa Rica s protected areas on land use and socioeconomic outcomes between 1960 and 2000. I find that: (1) protection prevented the deforestation of only 10 percent or less of protected forests; (2) protection resulted in reforestation of only 20 percent of non-forest areas that were protected; (3) protection had little effect on land use outside protected areas, most likely because, as noted above, protected areas had only small effects on land use inside protected areas; and (4) there is little evidence that protected areas had harmful impacts on the livelihoods of local communities: on the contrary, I find that protection had small positive effects on socioeconomic outcomes. Furthermore, the methods traditionally used to conduct such evaluations are biased. In contrast to the findings above, those conventional methods overestimated the amount of avoided deforestation and erroneously implied that protection had negative impacts on the livelihoods of local communities. This dissertation contributes to policymaking by providing empirical measures of protected area effectiveness. Although annual global expenditures on protected areas are about $6.5 billion, little is known to date about the returns on these investments. This study also indicates that policymakers should give careful consideration to current proposals to compensate communities living in or around protected areas: contrary to widely held assumptions, the findings suggest that protection may not have harmful effects on socioeconomic outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:37Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_al_dr_rcla.pdf: 945914 bytes, checksum: fce356cecae2c1fe9d88e10c5964e809 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana (AA) de extratos hidroalcoólicos, obtidos de diferentes órgãos de 43 espécies de árvores medicinais nativas do Brasil, frente a 10 microrganismos isolados de focos de infecções clínicas (IFI) e 4 microrganismos de referência catalogados na American Type Culture Collection-EUA (ATCC), analisando-se assim, além do potencial antimicrobiano destas plantas, as futuras perspectivas que estas árvores nativas oferecem ao serem utilizadas em projetos de extrativismo auto-sustentável (conservação) e projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas (reflorestamento) em florestas tropicais. Para os ensaios de antibiose, foi utilizado o método da difusão em ágar, utilizando discos (BAUER et al., 1966). Dos 602 (100%) testes realizados, 31 (5,2%) mostraram halo de inibição Intermediário (I) e 84 (14%) dos testes, mostraram AA, com halo de inibição Sensível (S), destacando-se os extratos de: Bixa orellana e Mimosa tenuiflora frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)]; Vernonia polyanthes frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp coagulase negativa (IFI) e Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Psidium guajava frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), e Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Anacardium occidentale frente à [Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Stryphnodendron adstringens frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp coagulase negativa (IFI), e Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC)]. Foi observado maior destaque da AA, com o extrato hidroalcoólico de Eugenia uniflora frente a... / This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities (AA) of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from different parts of 43 species of native Brazilian medicinal trees, against 10 different microorganisms isolated from clinically infected spots (IFI) and 4 microorganisms from American Type Culture Collection-EUA (ATCC), analysing in a manner, beyond of antimicrobial potency of this plants, the future perspectives which this native trees offerer, when will be utilized in a projects of auto-sustainable extrative (conservation) and in a projects of recuperation in degraded areas (reforestation) in tropical forest. The agar diffusion method was used, utilizing discs for antibiosis assay purposes (BAUER et al., 1966). Of the 602 (100%) tested carried out, 31 (5,2%) exhibited Intermediary inhibition halo (I); and 84 (14%) exhibited Sensitive inhibition halo (S) showing the most outstanding extracts qualities: Bixa orellana and Mimosa tenuiflora against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)]; Vernonia polyanthes against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI) and Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Psidium guajava against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Stryphnodendron adstringens against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI), and Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC)]. Prominence of AA was observed with the extract of Eugenia uniflora against [Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI), and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis

Orientador: José Antônio Matthiesen / Banca: Renato Bertolino Junior / Banca: Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr / Resumo: O Brasil é um país de forte vocação agrícola, que necessita lugares adequados para armazenagem de matérias subsidiárias, como por exemplo, óleos, detergentes, tintas, fertilizantes entre outros; de armazenagem de ferramentas, instrumentos, dispositivos, madeiras. As maiorias dos galpões são feitos de concreto, aço, madeira, porém existem aqueles chamados mistos. Com isso o projeto busca atender as necessidades de empresas que buscam poder armazenar seus fertilizantes em galpões feitos com madeira de reflorestamento, que é o Eucalipto Citriodora. A técnica construtiva aplicada pretende ter mais rapidez para que a estrutura fique pronta para o uso, além de economizar em mão-de-obra, materiais mais baratos e por fim, contribuindo para o uso sustentável da madeira no Brasil e procurando inspirar que não só aqui no Brasil e como vários lugares do mundo que é necessário que todos se conscientizem e preservem o "verde" do planeta. Será feito todo o estudo necessário para que este tipo de modelo, cujas dimensões para analise são de 5, 6 e 7,5 metros de comprimento, por 30 metros de largura e 15 metros de altura esteja de acordo com as normas. A estrutura terá uma série de pórticos, utilizando-se duas peças de madeira roliças para cada um deles e travadas em sua parte mais delgada através de uma ligação em forma de capuz metálico, formando um ângulo de 90o entre as peças. Para travar os 2 pórticos é utilizada uma peça roliça de madeira que usará conectores metálicos para fazer a ligação e estará posicionado a três quartos da altura do pórtico. Na base do poste há um tensionamento diminuindo o vão do pórtico de 31,5m para 30,0 m utilizando-se um cabo de aço e retirando-o quando colocado na base da fundação. Os cálculos teóricos da estrutura foram realizados seguindo as NBR 7190:1997 e NBR 6123:1988; e através de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazil is a country of strong agricultural vocation, which requires adequate sites for storage of subsidiary materials such as oils, detergents, paints, fertilizers, among others, storage of tools, instruments, appliances, wood. The majority of houses are made of concrete, steel, wood, however there are those called mixed. Thus the project aims to meet the needs of companies seeking to be able to store their fertilizers in sheds made of wood from reforestation, which is lemon eucalyptus. The construction technique used aims to have more speed for the structure to be ready for use, and saves on manpower, materials cheaper and ultimately contributing to the sustainable use of wood in Brazil and looking to inspire not only here in Brazil and how many places around the world that all must be aware and preserve the "green" the planet. It will be done all the studies required for this type of model to analyze the dimensions are 5, 6 and 7.5 meters long by 30 meters wide and 15 meters in height is consistent with the standards. The structure will have a series of frames, using two pieces of wood for each of them plump and locked in its thinnest part through a link-shaped metal hood, forming an angle of 90 ° between the parts. To lock the two frames is used a plump piece of wood that will use metal connectors to connect and be positioned at three-quarters of the height of the portico. At the base of the pole there is a tension reducing the span of the portico of 31.5 m to 30.0 m using a rope and pulling it while stationed at the foundation. Theoretical calculations of the structure were carried out using the NBR NBR 7190:1997 and 6123:1988, and by a numerical model developed in SAP2000 software, you can examine its behavior when subjected to proper weight and due to wind action. Concluding that it is not feasible to apply the tension and inclination of 30 ° is more appropriate, since the maximum span between frames is 6 feet. / Mestre