Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-20T13:22:28Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T13:22:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-02-20T13:22:28Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T13:22:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Filmes finos de óxido de nióbio têm sido usados em muitas aplicações tecnológicas. Existem pelo menos três óxidos estáveis de nióbio: NbO, NbO2 e Nb2O5 e cada um deles tem propriedades específicas. O Nb2O5 é a forma termodinamicamente mais estável e apresenta propriedades físicas e químicas únicas, como alto índice de refração, band gap largo, excelente estabilidade química e resistência à corrosão, baixa absorção óptica no campo da luz visível até regiões próximas ao infra-vermelho, sendo amplamente utilizados como filtros de interferência óptica de alta qualidade. Neste trabalho foram depositados filmes de óxido de nióbio por meio da técnica de sputtering reativo sobre substratos de silício e borossilicato. Os filmes finos foram obtidos com vazão de oxigênio variando entre 15 e zero sccm. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a caracterização das propriedades ópticas dos filmes. Foram avaliados o índice de refração e a espessura pela técnica de elipsometria, o band gap pelo método de Tauc e a razão atômica e a densidade superficial por meio de Espectrometria de Retroespalhamento Rutherford (RBS). Foram obtidos espectros de transmitância e refletância por Espectrofotometria UV/Vis/NIR e o coeficiente de extinção foi calculado pelo método de Hong. Todos estes parâmetros são importantes para aplicação em dispositivos ópticos. Nos filmes depositados com vazão de oxigênio de 15 sccm foi observado que o índice de refração aumenta com o aumento da espessura dos filmes e que o composto formado foi Nb2O5. Para uma vazão de 2,0 sccm foi encontrado o composto NbO2 e o filme apresentou alta absorção ótica. Os resultados sugerem que outros óxidos de nióbio ou nióbio metálico foram incorporados nos filmes conforme o fluxo de oxigênio foi diminuído. Foi observada uma relação direta entre a diminuição da vazão de oxigênio durante a deposição e um aumento da quantidade de nióbio nos filmes, acompanhados de um aumento do índice de refração e da densidade superficial. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Edison Bittencourt / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T10:14:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trochmann_JoseLuizLino_M.pdf: 3861994 bytes, checksum: 5b3f668441856f2e55953e941160192b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: Existem fortes demandas por novos materiais poliméricos para lentes oftálmicas, com melhores propriedades físicas e menores custos. As resinas de policarbonatos são de longe as mais utilizadas comercialmente, porém apresentam baixo índice de refração, resistência ao calor e ao impacto. Alternativas aos policarbonatos são necessárias. A compatibílização das especificações de resistência ao calor e de resistência ao impacto é um dos maiores desafios na obtenção destas resinas. Neste trabalho investigou-se o uso de modelos de predição de propriedades físicas, como ferramenta no desenvolvimento de resinas ópticas. Foram estudadas as copolimerizações altemada e em bloco do estireno com di - metacrilatos do etileno glicol. Fazendo uso de modelos e com as especificações de: massa específica P I índice de refração n20o, temperatura de transição vítrea Tg, módulo de cisalhamento G, resistência ao calor e ao impacto foram selecionados os agentes de reticulação, que atendiam a todas especificações ao mesmo tempo. Foram estimadas as frações de alimentação dos agentes de reticulação da mistura reacional. O processo de cura escolhido foi o fotoquímico, por ser mais rápido e de menor custo que os processos de cura termoquímica convencionais. Diversos tipos e concentrações de fotoiniciadores foram testados. Os índices de refração foram medidos em refratômetro de Abbe e comparados com os valores previstos pelo modelo de Lorentz Lorenz. As temperaturas de transição vítrea foram medidas por análise termo e foto calorimétrica, DPC / Abstract: There is a large demand form new polymeric material for use in ophthalmic lens with improved physical properties and lower costs. The polycarbonates resins are by far the most used in the industry. To meet the heat and strength resistance specífications at the same time is one of the most challenges in the development of those resins. There is a large demand form new polymeric material for use in ophthalmic lens with improved physical properties and lower costs. The polycarbonates resins are by far the most used in the industry. To meet the heat and strength resistance specífications at the same time is one of the most challenges in the development of those resins. The photochemical process was elected due to the simplicity and general lower costs compared with the conventional thermochemical processo Several different photoinitiators and concentrations were tested. The refractive index of comonomers separately, cured and uncured resins were measured in an Abbe's refratometer and compared with the data trom the Lorentz - Lorenz prediction model. The glass transition temperature of cured resins were measured using the thermo - calorimetric techniques analyses, DSC-DPC, and compared with data from the van Krevelen's prediction model, for addictive contribution groups. The shear moduli of cured resins were measured with DMA and compared with data trom Treloar - Smith's prediction model, for the respective crosslinking density and length. The formulations selected by using the models, were casting and UV - irradiated with several different UV-light and dark period ratios at constant temperature. Samples were take at predefined curing times for analysis of: conversion, Shore "D" hardness, refractive index, glass transition temperature, shear modulus, softening temperature, strength resistance, heat resistance and visual inspection for defects. The deviation between lhe predicted density data and measured values was about + 1.5%. lhat can be considered a good approximation; for the refractive indexdeviation was about +0,4% Ihat is an excellent approximation; . the glass transition temperature deviations were around +5%. Ihat is also excellent approximation considering the nature of Ihis physical property and finally for lhe shear modulus deviation were between + 1 O a 20% for the less rich in di- melhaaylates, 0.33 til! 0.5. Above those values the model showed a much larger deviation due to lhe entropy elasticity associated to the thennal movements of the bridged segments of the crosslinking agents in the network / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The development and transition of optical fiber sensors from experimental stage to practical applications largely depends on manufacturing cost and simplicity. To date, in-fiber grating sensors are largely manufactured by ultraviolet lasers despite higher fabrication cost and complexity. Besides, ultraviolet radiation can only write gratings in doped fibers. Therefore, reaping the benefits of existing fibers such as pure silica fiber, photonics crystal fibers etc. cannot be achieved using this technique. In contrast, uses of ultra-fast lasers have the potential to eliminate or minimize those drawbacks. However, extensive fabrication and packaging research is required for ultrafast laser technology to mature and offer grating based sensors fabrication in industrial scale. This dissertation presents design and fabrication of fiber optic sensors using femtosecond laser for measurement of ambient refractive index and temperature. The femtosecond laser operating at 780 nm with pulse duration of 172 fs and pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz is used to study bulk index modification and fabricate fiber long period and short period gratings. Effective and reliable fabrication of in-fiber gratings requires spatial control of refractive index written in optical fiber. With an aim to better control spatial index modulation in direct ultrafast writing, primary focus of this work is given to write single-shot submicron periodic voids in bulk glass. Femtosecond pulse filamentation in glass is studied to understand the morphology of bulk index change written by ultrashort pulses. Laser writing parameters (such as beam diameter, pulse energy, scanning speed, depth of focus, etc.) are then further tuned to write pulse filamentation induced refractive index change in optical fibers suitable for fiber grating fabrication. In order to design and tailor grating’s spectrum, measurement of in-fiber index is introduced in this work. We propose fiber Bragg grating based Fabry-Perot cavity structure (cavity length, L= 10 mm) to characterize femtosecond pulse filamentation induced refractive index change in the core of standard SMF. In addition, Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is proposed as an alternative yet effective and low cost tool to measure in-fiber index change. Comsol simulation is used to validate the quantification of index change. Measured index change is used in Optiwave simulation to design fiber long period gratings in standard telecommunication and pure silica core fibers. To increase fabrication reliability, we introduce inscription of helical long period gratings using a custom made rotary stage. Tapered photonic crystal and microfiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer is also investigated for ambient refractive index measurement. Miniature fiber Bragg grating written in microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used in this work for multi-parameter sensing as well as temperature compensated refractive index sensing. Microfiber Bragg gratings buried in materials of higher thermal expansion coefficient is also proposed to significantly enhance temperature sensitivity. / Graduate / 0548, 0794, 0775 / fariduvic@gmail.com

This thesis addresses particular topics in the field of the length metrology for nanometrology. Nanometrology deals with dimensional measurements of micro- and nanostructures with a high spatial resolution. It typically combines a microscope imaging with a precise coordinate measurement, usually capable of nanometre resolution using the state-of-art laser interferometry techniques. The development in this field is driven, among others, by emerging advanced nanotechnologies that demand to push further the capabilities and limits of the interferometric techniques to make the nanometre-level dimensional measurement of nanostructures possible. The principal limitations of current systems are the environmental conditions and especially the fluctuations in the refractive index of air. The theoretical part of this thesis aim at analysis of individual parts of laser interferometer. I oriented myself on the study of their advantages/disadvantages and further also the possibilities of their industrial applications. The second part of the thesis presents my work that focused on the influence of the refractive index of air (RIA) on the measurement uncertainty. I experimentally demonstrated an interferometric system with a self-cancellation RIA fluctuations: a transparent photodetector is used for the measurement of the standing wave along the axis of a passive resonator, where the resonator also serves as a reference for the laser wavelength stabilisation. Another optical arrangement, based on a setup of several Michelson interferometers, represents a combination of an interferometer and a refractometer into a single system. This setup was used to study the behaviour of the ambient airflow with respect to the optical path difference and physical separation of the interferometer’s and refractometer’s path. Based on the experimental results I proposed new arrangements for shape measuring interferometers, which combine length interferometry and a tracking refractometer for the direct compensation of RIA fluctuations with geometrically adjacent optical beams. The results indicate an improvement in RIA fluctuation induced uncertainty by a factor of 100. Third part describes the design and implementation of interferometric systems for specific applications. For the industrial environment I developed a compact interferometric displacement gauge which is designed to allow nanometre level measurement using a simplified interferometer construction. For coordinate measurement of the position of the sample up to six degrees of freedom, I realised a compact modular interferometric system, which represents a unique setup together with a stabilised laser source. To measure the position of the sample in an electron beam writer chamber, I designed and implemented a differential interferometer that works in the near infrared domain and uses a new detection method developed for this system. In the fourth part I describe the realisation of a high-speed interferometer with a differential arrangement, which allows evaluation of high-cycle fatigue in material engineering. This method of studying high-cycle fatigue should be beneficial for both the basic research and the engineering practice.

The aim of this master´s thesis was the measurement of electrical conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the electrolytes. Based on these measurements to verify Walden theorem between measured variables. Electrolytes were used on sulfolane base in combination with propylene carbonate and salt. The thesis also deals with the measuring method of dielectric properties of electrical and optical method with a refractometer. The freezing point of combination of sulfolan and propylene carbonate were determined by cryoscopy.

Analyzing the structure of a single cell based on its refractive index (RI) distribution is a common and valued approach, because it does not require any artificial markers. The RI is an inherent structural marker that can be quantified in three dimensions with optical diffraction tomography (ODT), an inverse scattering technique. This work reviews the theory of ODT and its implementation with an emphasis on single-cell analysis, identifying the Rytov approximation as the most efficient descriptor for light propagation. The accuracy of the reconstruction method is verified with in silico data and imaging artifacts associated with the inverse scattering approach are addressed. Furthermore, an experimental ODT setup is presented that consists of a bright-field microscope, a phase-imaging camera, and an optical trap combined with a microfluidic chip. A novel image analysis pipeline is proposed that addresses image corrections and frame alignment of the recorded data prior to the RI reconstruction. In addition, for a rotational axis that is tilted with respect to the image plane, an improved reconstruction algorithm is introduced and applied to single, suspended cells in vitro, achieving sub-cellular resolution.

The purpose of this work is to test the feasibility of using particle image velocimetry(PIV) for measurements of flow through a porous medium, more specifically in this casea rotating bed reactor S3. The results from experiments preformed can then be usedto validate and improve computational fluid dynamics models. The report presentsdifferent possible combinations of solids and fluids for refractive index matchingand tests some velocity limits of the optical equipment used. PIV appears to be apromising method for measuring flow through a porous medium. The theoreticallimit due to motion blur is an angular velocity of around 3800 RPM, and the actualtested lower bound for this limit is 453 RPM.

Optical properties of bismuth borate are measured for the composition range x Bi2O3 (1-x) B2O3, 0.25 < x < 0.65. The refractive indices increase as the bismuth content is increasing. Also the ultraviolet absorption edge was shown to shift to longer wavelengths. From these measurements a generalized Sellmeier formula was derived. Applying heat treatments to the prepared bismuth borate glasses in order to obtain glass ceramics leads in most cases to surface nucleation. It was proved that dopants increase the number of nucleating sites on the surfaces. On erbium-doped samples absorption and luminescence measurements were made. The Judd-Ofelt analysis revealed comparably high Judd-Ofelt coefficients. All coefficients were shown to decrease as the Bi2O3 content increases. The luminescence at 1550 nm reveals a broad and flat band which is narrowing with the increase in Bi2O3 content. The green upconversion was observed and the temporal behavior of the emission at 550 nm was investigated. The absorption and emission spectra of chromium-doped bismuth borate glasses were measured. On surface crystallized glasses, for x = 0.5 Bi2O3 and high chromium content, luminescence of chromate (CrO2-4) ion doped BiBO3 microcrystals was observed. Strontium barium niobate microcrystals embedded in strontium barium borate matrix were obtained by spontaneous nucleation in the melt and rapid quenching. Optical properties of Pb2B5O9Br based glass were also investigated. The heat treatment applied leads to the formation of small nanocrystals inside the glass.

The master´s thesis deals with the study of optical properties of thin transparent layers on the organic materials (PPV, P3HT, TiO2, DPP) and especially with the determination of dispersion dependences of refractive index of prepared thin layers. In the theoretical part there are described principles of deposition thin layers of the analyzed materials and their properties. In addition, there are also described methods of optical properties measurements (optical and interference microscopy and ellipsometry). The combination of interference microscope with digital camera was used for determination of refractive index. The image analysis was used for the determination of parameters (with help of the software HarFA). The images of thin layers surfaces were analyzed from the side of the metal contact as well as from the side of glass. In conclusion, there are presented results of the refractive index of the thin layers obtained from the measured values.