After the reformation and opening, China moves from planned economy towards market economy. Active development of merchandise market and affection of loose household register system promotes the enormous population flow between town and country. However, the research found out that there are deep problems existed in population movement that need to be solved. These problems included the shifting of labor force from farming industry, the employments, managements and services of floating population in urban areas, as well as the reforms and innovations on the duality household registration system in the urban and rural areas. Particularly, it would be a good proposal to solve the ¡§Tri-Agricultural Problem¡¨ and city development at this particular period. This research probed into the increasing factors and development features of the floating population and emphasized mainly on the analysis of positive and negative influences to economic and society development. How to properly plan the population movement towards the modernized development aim of China is what this research about to discuss. The research is to discuss theories related to population flow. However, push and pull theory is commonly used in the world. In accordance with the idea of ¡§Equal emphasis on agriculture and industry, equal development of town and country¡¨ of developed economy M. Todaro Model, lifting agricultural productivity, improving rural life conditions, and shortening difference between town and country will ultimately make duality disappear and is practicable to the economic development with Chinese characteristics.

We provide an analysis of the main sources of data used to estimate fertility schedules in developing countries, giving special attention to Brazil. In addition to the brief history of various data sources, we present several indirect demographic methods, commonly used to estimate fertility and assess the quality of data. From the methods used, the Synthetic Relational Gompertz model gives the most robust estimates of fertility, independent of the data source considered. We conclude that different demographic data sources and methods generate differing estimates of fertility and that the country should invest in quality of birth statistics.

The research accomplished in this dissertation is focused on the design of effective solutions to the problem that error codes occur in the ZigBee-based meeting attendance registration system. In this work, several different check algorithms are compared, and the powerful error-detecting Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) algorithm is studied. In view of the features of the meeting attendance registration system, we implement the check module of CRC-8. This work also considers the data reliability. We assume use retransmission mechanism to ensure the validity and completeness of transmission data. Finally, the potential technical improvement and future work are presented.

Šiame darbe sukurta mainų programų studentų studijų registravimo sistema, kuri studentams leidžia efektyviai užpildyti reikiamas anketas, o administruojančiam asmeniui jas administruoti. Darbo metu buvo atlikta šios sistemos reikalavimų ir registracijos anketų analizė ir pagal tai suprojektuota duomenų bazė bei pati sistema. Pagal projektą buvo realizuota duomenų bazė ir sistema, kuri leidžia studentams pildyti „Erasmus“ mainų programos ir nuolatinių studijų registracijos anketas bei administratoriui jas peržiūrėti ir priklausomai nuo sprendimo jas patvirtinti arba atmesti. Ši sistema pritaikyta Šiaulių universiteto tarptautinių ryšių skyriuje, Šiaulių universiteto mainų programų registracijai. / The purpose of this work is to create exchange programmes student studies registration system, which allow to fill neccessary application forms for students more efficiently and to review filled applications for administration personnel. In the flow of this work, analysis of system requirements and application forms were made. Based on analysis results, system and its database were designed. Based on design, dabatase and system, which allow to fill applications for „Erasmus“ exchange programme and degree studies were realized. System allow to review and approve or disapprove filled applications for administrator. This system is planning to adapt for registration to echange programmes in Siauliai university.

The distinctive household registration (hukou or huji) system of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) divides the population into two groups whose political rights and legal status are unequal. This thesis focuses on Shanghai to examine the establishment of the hukou system in the 1950s in the course of the rural and urban reforms led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Although the system has been explained as a result of the CCP’s industrialization strategy, my investigation has led me to conclude that the hukou system was an indirect rather than direct consequence of industrialization. My examination also shows that “rural” and “urban” in the PRC are essentially neither residential nor occupational categories; rather they are closely connected with political privileges. The first part of this study focuses on the consequences of the CCP’s land reform and collectivization campaigns after 1949. During this period, a large number of people who had moved freely between urban and rural areas, playing active roles in both, were uprooted from the countryside. At the same time, the CCP carried out a series of expulsions from Shanghai and other cities. Hundreds of thousands of urban residents, particularly those lacking secure employment, were removed after being labeled as “undesirable.” Thus CCP policies turned the cities and the countryside into two separate worlds. Next the dissertation outlines how the PRC state evolved after 1949, focusing on those directly maintained on the government’s payroll in Shanghai. This group was small in the beginning but soon began to expand. During the 1950s, after taking over almost all public-service institutions, the state took steps to absorb private enterprises through the policy of “public-private joint operation.” A large cohort of workers was thus added to the state payroll. Following these changes, the cities had become home mainly to employees of the party-state, together with their dependents. The state provided various benefits to its insiders. At the same time, it reduced most of the rural population to a kind of serfdom, while putting in place a set of mechanisms to secure the boundary between insiders and outsiders. / Thesis (Ph.D, History) -- Queen's University, 2012-06-27 09:01:49.88

Improvements in technology and the Internet have seen a rapid rise in the use of technology in various sectors such as medicine, the courts and banking. The conveyancing sector is also experiencing a similar revolution, with technology touted as able to improve the effectiveness of the land registration process. In some jurisdictions, such as New Zealand and Canada, the paper-based land registration system has been replaced with one in which creation, preparation, and lodgement of land title instruments are managed in a wholly electronic environment. In Australia, proposals for an electronic registration system are under way. The research question addressed by this thesis is what would be the impact on fraud of automating the registration process. This is pertinent because of the adverse impact of fraud on the underlying principles of the Torrens system, particularly security of title. This thesis first charts the importance of security of title, examining how security of title is achieved within the Torrens system and the effects that fraud has on this. Case examples are used to analyse perpetration of fraud under the paper registration system. Analysis of functional electronic registration systems in comparison with the paper-based registration system is then undertaken to reveal what changes might be made to conveyancing practices were an electronic registration system implemented. Whether, and if so, how, these changes might impact upon paper based frauds and whether they might open up new opportunities for fraud in an electronic registration system forms the next step in the analysis. The final step is to use these findings to propose measures that might be used to minimise fraud opportunities in an electronic registration system, so that as far as possible the Torrens system might be kept free from fraud, and the philosophical objectives of the system, as initially envisaged by Sir Robert Torrens, might be met.

在資源有限，欲望無窮的情況下，分工合作與交易是人類為求生存必然採取的經濟活動。Buchanan(1975)認為若要達到交換的利益，即須有財產權(property right)的保障。新制度經濟學者認為，財產權的本質是一種排他性的權利，而政府基於其暴力潛能，在保護財產權方面，具有相對優勢，而成了保護財產權的組織。我國憲法第十五條規定：「人民之生存權、工作權及財產權，應予保障。」，明白指出保障人民財產權是政府的必要任務之一。 我國土地登記制度依民法第七百五十八條及第七百五十九條規定，正是政府界定財產權之後，於土地市場自行運作下，為執行保障財產權之輔助制度或正式規則。基於財產權保障之重要性，究竟土地登記制度如何保障不動產財產權？發揮什麼樣的功能？在什麼情況下，財產權會受到侵害？土地登記制度應如何有效保障財產權？值得進一步研究。 本研究以檢討現行土地登記制度保障財產權之功能，促使其能更有效保障財產權為研究目標，首先探討土地登記制度對財產權保障之基本理念，及該制度於財產權保障之執行機制及所發揮之功能，再藉由過去土地登記制度於財產權保障上之變遷，發掘財產權保障之課題，並輔以實務上所發生危害財產權之具體個案，分析危害財產權之原因，最後得到以下結論：登記要件主義、總登記、土地權利變更登記及土地登記絕對效力等機制具有確定產權、維護及保障交易安全，減少耗租行為、提供投資誘因、降低交易成本(transaction cost)，促成交易達成，進而提高經濟效益之積極功能。此外，限制登記、實質審查、異議案件列管、權利書狀之設置、更正登記、塗銷登記及損害賠償等機制能防免侵害財產權事件之發生或彌補因執行不力對權利人所造成之侵害，具有保障財產權之消極功能。 土地登記制度雖具有上述保障財產權之功能，但仍有未臻完善之空間，例如在正式規則方面，規定不明確或缺乏規定、缺乏協商機制及忽略解決問題所採用手段之交互性質(reciprocal nature)及未考量對整體經濟效益之影響，是對財產權保障不完全之主要因素。而在執行機制方面，登記審查人員自身效用函數、衡量及監督成本、其他制度之執行及與土地登記制度聯繫之緊密程度，則為影響執行機制對財產權保障之重要因素。故本研究建議在正式規則方面，應建立協商機制並注意交互性質問題及規定之明確性；在執行機制方面，建議運用代理理論(Principal-Agent Theory)之誘因機制及採用電腦科技及網路聯結，以提升土地登記制度保障財產權之功能。以上建議，期能提供政府未來改進土地登記制度，增進其對不動產財產權保障功能之參考。

In Taiwan area, it has become a rule that the national identity cards of all population are changed every 10 years. The fifth comprehensive change of national identity cards was implemented from Dec. 21, 2005 to Dec. 31, 2006. The government institutions of different cities and counties (municipal) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior positively conducted national propaganda of the important news through the strong promotion of the change of identity cards by various means of mass media. First of all, the study investigates promotion strategies and procedures of the change of national identity cards in Taiwan, and then studies the promotion situation of the services for people, and further investigates how to strengthen the use of marketing ideas to achieve the goal of offering services for people. In view of this, the study reviews the related literature about the development procedures of the household registration system of Taiwan. Through the understanding of the situation and problems of the current use of new national identity cards, as well as the necessity of the change of national identity cards, the study focuses on marketing strategies to adopt SWOT analysis of trend and use questionnaire survey to make proof analysis and review. The study examines the effects and improvement measures of the government for execution of public domains, and provides the following research conclusions and suggestions for the Ministry of Interior and other government institutions as a reference for innovative promotion of public policies: 1. It is not easy to promote relationship marketing of the first line household registration institutions. 2. Important project work relatively needs the increase of reasonable and proper budget for promotion. 3. Strengthen the innovative development culture of household registration organization, and cultivate the overall marketing team. 4. A sound evaluation mechanism should be established for the marketing of public policies 5. Although the promotion of comprehensive change of national identity cards used different marketing channels, measures should still be strengthened on how to integrate different communication tools effectively. 6. Strengthen the public¡¦s rights of their awareness of the use of identity cards. The government has the responsibility and obligation to teach the public use of identity cards. The conclusions made by the study are that national identity card system is not a system that has to be existed in all countries. Each country can determine the necessary of offering identity cards to the citizens according to the country¡¦s idea of system. Under the national identity card system constructed in Taiwan, the nature of national identity card is to ¡§prove¡¨ that a citizen possesses the archive of his/her nationality. It also refers that national identity card is a document that cites the nationality relationship between a citizen of his/her country. Under this system, all the citizens of Taiwan are obliged to collect their national identity cards, and have the rights to ask for offering them. Therefore, the people of Taiwan should be cautious about the importance, safekeeping and use of national identity cards. The government should more positively bear the responsibility of strengthening the concept of ruling by laws because the maintenance of social stability depends on the people¡¦s practices and compliance with laws. Keywords: national identity card, household registration system, SWOT analysis of trend, relationship marketing, development culture, public policy marketing, national identity card system, concept of ruling by laws

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T18:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 csoares.pdf: 727521 bytes, checksum: bc6ee933e50b6ff0ddd2d84322bc1ded (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Public administration has been labeled as inefficient for decades, with society seen it as a great waste of public money with a low generation of results. Its services are notably classified as sluggish, bureaucratic, with a low productivity level and a high incidence of mistakes. In periods of crisis, public administration must be the first to give good examples of balance and parsimony in its expenditures, or it could lead to the failure of the government, in general, causing damages to the population. To reach this goal, some corrective measures must be done, in different directions, by selecting the expenditures and fostering the maximum economy for the exchequer. This is only possible through the application of correct planning techniques, a still far way reality from the culture of our public organisms. One way to this change is the adoption of the Price Registration System, that in the Federal scope was already adopted by the Decree nº 3.931/01, and in the scope of the municipality of Manaus was ordered by the Decree nº 8.270/06. The present study verifies the influence of the use of the Price Registration System in purchases and contracts undertaken by the Local Secretariat of Construction, Basic Services and Housing, in the city of Manaus concerning the economy obtained when compared to other methods of tenders. / Há décadas a administração pública vem sendo rotulada de ineficiente, com grande desperdício de dinheiro público e baixa geração de resultados percebidos pela sociedade. Seus serviços são notoriamente classificados como morosos, burocráticos, com baixo grau de produtividade e alta incidência de erros. Nos momentos de crise, a administração pública deve ser a primeira a dar exemplos de equilíbrio e parcimônia nos seus gastos, sob pena de fracassar o governo, como um todo, causando prejuízo à população. Para atingir esse objetivo, há que se tomarem medidas saneadoras, em diversificadas direções, selecionando as despesas e procurando o máximo de economia para o erário. Isso só é possível mediante a aplicação das corretas técnicas de planejamento, uma realidade ainda distante da cultura de nossos órgãos públicos. Um dos caminhos para essa mudança é a adoção do Sistema de Registro de Preços que, no âmbito federal, já foi adotado pelo Decreto nº 3.931/01, e no âmbito do município de Manaus pelo Decreto nº 8.270/06. Esse estudo verifica a influência da utilização do Sistema de Registro de Preços nas compras e contratações realizadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Obras, Serviços Básicos e Habitação, na cidade de Manaus, no tocante relacionado à economia gerada em comparação às demais modalidades de licitação.

nÃo hà / A busca por eficiÃncia à destaque na gestÃo pÃblica. Otimizar os recursos passou a ser seu alvo, desde a implantaÃÃo da AdministraÃÃo Gerencial no setor pÃblico, nos anos 80. Nesta pesquisa, o Sistema de Registro de PreÃos â SRP à tratado como ferramenta de otimizaÃÃo para as compras pÃblicas, apresentando a seguinte problematizaÃÃo: como as Universidades Federais brasileiras tÃm conduzido suas compras com o uso do SRP? Propondo-se, como objetivo, analisar e apresentar a eficiÃncia relativa das Universidades Federais brasileiras quanto ao uso do SRP nas compras pÃblicas. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, associada a estudo bibliogrÃfico e documental, com abordagem quantitativa. Foram utilizados dados primÃrios, obtidos por meio de questionÃrio, e dados secundÃrios coletados do sistema Painel de Compras Governamentais. Na obtenÃÃo da eficiÃncia relativa foi utilizado o mÃtodo Data Envelopment Analysis â DEA com o modelo Slacks-Based Measure â SBM, orientado a outputs. Foram investigadas 60 (sessenta) universidades federais, denominadas Decision Making Units (DMUâs). Nos resultados, identificou-se que o nÃmero de processos de compras por SRP à baixo. O maior percentual, por regiÃo, ficou em 47,64%. Hà DMUâs que usam a dispensa de licitaÃÃo como regra, e constatou-se que, a licitaÃÃo pode reduzir os valores das aquisiÃÃes em atà 74,20%, a depender da regiÃo. Quanto à disponibilidade de pessoal, 50% das DMUâs possuem 100% dos servidores do setor de licitaÃÃes aptos a trabalharem com o SRP. Quanto ao nÃmero de treinamentos sobre SRP, entre 2014 a 2017, hà DMUâs que: nÃo ofertaram - 18,33%; ofertaram 1 (um) - 26,66%; ofertaram 2 (dois) â 20%; e ofertaram 3 (trÃs) â 35%. As 60 (sessenta) DMUâs, quanto à eficiÃncia relativa, dividiram-se em: alta - 45%; mÃdia - 3%; baixa - 27%; e muito baixa - 25%. 26 (vinte seis) atingiram a fronteira da eficiÃncia, com o resultado de 100% e 56,66% foram consideradas ineficientes. O maior percentual de eficientes (53,84%) està concentrado nas capitais, ou seja, em grandes centros urbanos; e quando o nÃmero total de eficientes à dividido entre capitais e municÃpios de menor porte, estes conseguiram ter eficiÃncia de 44,44%, que à superior a das universidades das capitais (42,42%). Por fim, a mÃdia geral das DMUâs foi de 75,58%, um indicador baixo de eficiÃncia relativa, nÃo alcanÃada por 50% (30 universidades) da amostra, concluindo-se pela baixa eficiÃncia no uso do SRP. Todo este cenÃrio de ineficiÃncia pode ser modificado com o uso das benchmarks e de ajustes nos fatores de entrada e saÃda, indicados pelo DEA