This diploma thesis discusses utilization of dynamic Input-Output models as a basis for decision-making for policy makers. The first part is focused on theoretical derivation of the basic dynamic models. This part is followed by a practical application of the presented models, which proposes a method of deriving the matrix of capital and it facilitates the construction of data sources. The results show that the dynamic models are usable, but it is necessary to take into consideration their structural constraints and data limits. Data applied for 2009 show that the economic crisis has led to a 6% decline in GVA growth rates.

Analyses accompanying creation of law on the example of regulation of new phenomena, the so-called shared economy Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce This thesis deals with analyzes preceeding the parliamentary phase of the legislative process on the example of the modern phenomenon, the shared economy. In the case of regulation of a shared economy, the legislator faces a difficult task of regulating yet unregulated, and in such cases, there is a risk that in the event of an incorrect analysis, the regulation may be unfunctional and thus unnecessary. The author chose two analyzes for his thesis, namely analysis of regulatory impact assessment and related explanatory report. The topic becomes more important when we consider that today's era is called the age of legislation. In some ways, it also offers an alternative view of improving the quality of regulation (usually laws), because although the legislator is trying in every way to improve the quality of the Czech legal system, it focuses entirely on the legislative process in the chambers of the Parliament, or adopts new adjustments for the greater transparency of the legislative process. The thesis consists of an introduction, 6 chapters and a conclusion. The chapters are subdivided into subchapters. In the first and second chapter, the author defines the...

Samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyser är ett område där människor har delade åsikter kring. Är det en effektiv eller ineffektiv metod att använda? Hur används den inom svensk politik och ställs det högre krav på dessa analyser inom miljöpolitik över andra politikområden? Vilket scenario gynnar miljö- och klimatarbetet? I undersökningen har fyra metoder använts, bland annat genomfördes en dokumentanalys där kommittédirektiv från regeringen granskades, det kartlades om det gick att se några systematiska skillnader mellan de olika departementen; Social, Miljö, Finans, Infrastruktur och Kultur. I kommittédirektiven noterades olika nyckelord som räknades för att sedan divideras med antalet undersökta direktiv. Resultatet presenteras i tabellform där slutsatsen blev att det inte går att se att det inom miljöpolitiken jämfört med andra områden skulle ställas vare sig högre eller lägre krav i kommittédirektiven på att utföra samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyser. Vidare utfördes sex intervjuer med personer som anses vara av relevans för ämnet. Till exempel personer som arbetar med dessa saker i sitt yrke, politiker eller personer som varit aktiva i relevanta intresseorganisationer. En enkätstudie genomfördes där målet var att få svar från så många personer som möjligt inom departementen som har varit delaktiga med arbetet kring kommittédirektiv. Totalt svarade 10 personer från Socialdepartementet, Kulturdepartementet, Infrastrukturdepartementet, Miljödepartementet och Finansdepartementet. Syftet med enkätstudien var att ta reda på grundläggande ställningstaganden hos departementen. Resultaten från enkätstudien visar att det är stora delade uppfattningar om de flesta saker, enkätundersökningen är dessutom för liten för att dra några statistiskt säkerställda ställningstaganden kopplade till varje departement. En litteraturstudie har också genomförts i form av en kritisk litteraturstudie där vi har analyserat rapporter och andra litterära verk som kan hävdas ha relevans för vårt arbete. Litteraturen har valts ut bland annat genom samråd med projektets handledare men också genom egen undersökning. Från alla undersökningar har speciellt vissa budskap varit en genomgående faktor. Dels att det finns naturliga förklaringar till varför det kan skilja sig i kraven i kommittédirektiven mellan olika departement. Den generella uppfattningen var även att samhällsekonomiska konsekvensanalyser är ett bra verktyg som hjälper till att leda fram till bättre beslut. Problem som nämndes bland flera var att terminologin är för svag och otydlig i Sverige, samma begrepp kan betyda olika saker mellan olika aktörer, kompetensen anses även vara för låg inom kommittéerna. / Regulatory impact analysis is a subject that divides people. Is it an effective or ineffective method to utilise? How is it used in Swedish politics and are higher demands placed on such analysis in environmental policy compared to other policy areas? Which scenario benefits the environment and climate work? There are many unanswered questions and this report aims to answer some of them. The methods that were used are mainly four, a document analysis where committee directives were examined from the swedish government and where we tried to map whether we can see any systematic differences between the various ministries of social, environment, finance, infrastructure and culture. A survey study was made with the aim of finding out basic positions on the subject. The survey was sent to all the ministries previously mentioned. The third method is interviews, the interviewees can all be considered relevant to the subject in one way or another. For example, people who work with this as their profession, politicians or people who have been active in relevant interest groups. A literature study has also been made in the form of a critical literature review where we have analyzed reports and other literary works that can be argued to have relevance to the work. The literature has been selected, among other things, through consultation with our supervisor, but also through our own research. The conclusion is that there is a relatively homogeneous picture of how regulatory impact analysis should be viewed. The general opinion is that it is a good tool that helps to produce decision material. The general criticism is that the terminology is too weak and that there is generally a lack of competence among the committees.

All regulatory activity from the administration has an impact on the market and on people’s actions. For this reason, it is necessary to have tools to predict and evaluate these impacts, so that the most efficient state measures are chosen, avoiding undesirable results.In this article, the authors emphasize the need for an ex post regulatory impact assessment to maintain the effectiveness of the regulatory instruments chosen. This, especially for new regulatory measures, such as the incentive scheme recently implemented by the OEFA. / Toda actividad regulatoria por parte de la administración tiene un impacto en el mercado y en el actuar de los administrados. Es por esa razón que se hace necesario contar con herramientas que permitan prever y evaluar dichos impactos, permitiendo optar por las medidas estatales más eficientes, evitando resultados no deseados.En el presente artículo, las autoras hacen énfasis en la necesidad de la evaluación de impacto regulatorio ex post para mantener la efectividad de los instrumentos regulatorios elegidos. Ello, especialmente, frente a medidas regulatorias novedosas, como el régimen de incentivos recientemente implementado por el OEFA.

No description available.

Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIA) are carried out in order to determine how a project or regulation affects the economy, society and environment. Traditionally, RIAs are carried out through cost benefit assessments and by monetizing different variables in order to assist policymakers with their decision. The main disadvantage of it, is that highly relevant social and environmental factors are difficult to quantify, thus providing weak or "incomplete" support to policy-makers in their final decision and enabling long-term consequences. An option to improving RIAs, is by taking into account such factors with the introduction of Sustainable Development (SD) concerns early in the decision making process. This is a trend that has been gaining more momentum and support, especially in OECD and EU members. The shift towards the inclusion of such concerns at a regulatory and legislative level nonetheless still presents itself to be a challenge and has wide room for improvements. On this research, four different countries and the European Union are analyzed and compared, presenting their current RIA practices and how much they take into account sustainability concerns with the intent on showing where can they be improved and better included.

É possível medir a eficiência do Estado? A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é apresentar a avaliação de impacto regulatório AIR como uma das ferramentas possíveis e existentes para atender a esse desafio exigido pela Constituição Federal a partir da Emenda Constitucional 19/98, tendo como referencial analítico as decisões regulatórias. A AIR é instrumento de controle da atividade regulatória do Estado por meio de procedimento administrativo voltado à análise das decisões regulatórias a serem adotadas ou já adotadas pelos agentes reguladores com base em evidências empíricas, resultando na introdução de mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador. Ela se baseia no uso sistemático de análises dos possíveis custos e benefícios das várias alternativas existentes para atender à(s) finalidade(s) desejada(s) e sinalizada(s) nas políticas públicas setoriais. Fala-se em mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador diante do seu potencial de reduzir o déficit democrático presente no modelo do Estado regulador, em que o agente administrativo não eleito, no exercício de seus poderes, toma decisões que podem gerar impacto significativo aos particulares. Sustenta-se que isso é possível por meio da transparência e da publicidade do processo de tomada de decisão a partir da utilização da AIR pelos agentes reguladores. Esse aspecto leva a outro: a AIR como instrumento de controle. Essa ferramenta também possibilita a redução do risco da agência presente na delegação de poder do principal (Poder Legislativo e o Chefe do Poder Executivo) para o agente (agentes reguladores). A AIR ganha especial importância com o Programa de Fortalecimento da Capacidade Institucional para Gestão em Regulação (instituído pelo Decreto 6.062 de 16 de março de 2007) que tem como objetivo idealizar e implementar essa ferramenta na administração pública federal. / Is it possible to measure State efficiency? This dissertation aims to introduce regulatory impact assessment RIA as an existing possible tool to tackle this challenge assigned by the Federal Constitution in the constitutional amendment 19/98. RIA is an instrument to control the State via an administrative procedure based on the analysis of empirical evidences of regulatory decisions either to be taken or already taken by regulators. As a result, it introduces democratic legitimacy mechanisms and accountability of regulators. Its methodology is based on the systematic use of cost-benefit analysis of proposed alternatives in order to apply a public policy in a regulated sector. The mechanisms for democratic legitimation and accountability of regulators are justified by its potential to reduce the democratic deficit within the regulatory State, in which the non-elected administrative agent, in the exercise of his/hers own powers, makes decisions that can impact individuals. This is due to the transparency and publicity of the decision-making process that derives from the adoption of RIA. Another aspect then arises: RIA as an instrument of control. This tool will enable the reduction of the agency risk characteristic of the power delegation from the principal (Legislative Power and chief of Executive Power) to the agent (regulators). RIA gets more attention with the creation of the governmental program for strengthening the institutional capacity for regulation (Presidential Decree 6.062, March, 16th of 2007), whose scope is to conceptualize and implement such a tool in the federal public administration.

É possível medir a eficiência do Estado? A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é apresentar a avaliação de impacto regulatório AIR como uma das ferramentas possíveis e existentes para atender a esse desafio exigido pela Constituição Federal a partir da Emenda Constitucional 19/98, tendo como referencial analítico as decisões regulatórias. A AIR é instrumento de controle da atividade regulatória do Estado por meio de procedimento administrativo voltado à análise das decisões regulatórias a serem adotadas ou já adotadas pelos agentes reguladores com base em evidências empíricas, resultando na introdução de mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador. Ela se baseia no uso sistemático de análises dos possíveis custos e benefícios das várias alternativas existentes para atender à(s) finalidade(s) desejada(s) e sinalizada(s) nas políticas públicas setoriais. Fala-se em mecanismos de legitimação democrática e de responsabilização do regulador diante do seu potencial de reduzir o déficit democrático presente no modelo do Estado regulador, em que o agente administrativo não eleito, no exercício de seus poderes, toma decisões que podem gerar impacto significativo aos particulares. Sustenta-se que isso é possível por meio da transparência e da publicidade do processo de tomada de decisão a partir da utilização da AIR pelos agentes reguladores. Esse aspecto leva a outro: a AIR como instrumento de controle. Essa ferramenta também possibilita a redução do risco da agência presente na delegação de poder do principal (Poder Legislativo e o Chefe do Poder Executivo) para o agente (agentes reguladores). A AIR ganha especial importância com o Programa de Fortalecimento da Capacidade Institucional para Gestão em Regulação (instituído pelo Decreto 6.062 de 16 de março de 2007) que tem como objetivo idealizar e implementar essa ferramenta na administração pública federal. / Is it possible to measure State efficiency? This dissertation aims to introduce regulatory impact assessment RIA as an existing possible tool to tackle this challenge assigned by the Federal Constitution in the constitutional amendment 19/98. RIA is an instrument to control the State via an administrative procedure based on the analysis of empirical evidences of regulatory decisions either to be taken or already taken by regulators. As a result, it introduces democratic legitimacy mechanisms and accountability of regulators. Its methodology is based on the systematic use of cost-benefit analysis of proposed alternatives in order to apply a public policy in a regulated sector. The mechanisms for democratic legitimation and accountability of regulators are justified by its potential to reduce the democratic deficit within the regulatory State, in which the non-elected administrative agent, in the exercise of his/hers own powers, makes decisions that can impact individuals. This is due to the transparency and publicity of the decision-making process that derives from the adoption of RIA. Another aspect then arises: RIA as an instrument of control. This tool will enable the reduction of the agency risk characteristic of the power delegation from the principal (Legislative Power and chief of Executive Power) to the agent (regulators). RIA gets more attention with the creation of the governmental program for strengthening the institutional capacity for regulation (Presidential Decree 6.062, March, 16th of 2007), whose scope is to conceptualize and implement such a tool in the federal public administration.

Expensive and excessive regulations may affect the number of firms by discouraging them to access and remain into the market. Despite of such a fact, worldwide there are few legal mechanisms within competition law able to control regulatory activity. This document describes briefly the Peruvian mechanism of regulatory oversight through the Indecopi´s Elimination of Bureaucratic Barriers Commission, which has reached in less than 3 years the voluntary elimination of more than 1000 regulatory and  administrative burdens affecting, inter alia, the market of the deployment of infrastructure on public utilities. This has been the result of a strategy that not relies on sanctioning administrative procedures but in a coordinative-oriented approach with the regulatees aiming to reach the effective accomplishment of the law. In turn, the development of such a strategy make possible to show a new style of enforcement in Peru, which has been studied and undertaken in other countries around the world, namely “Responsive Regulation”. / Una regulación costosa y excesiva puede afectar negativamente la cantidad de ofertantes en el mercado, al desincentivar su acceso y/o permanencia en él. No obstante ello, en el mundo existen pocos mecanismos de defensa de la competencia que controlen este tipo de actividad. El presente artículo describe brevemente el mecanismo de control regulatorio empleado en el Perú a través de la Comisión de Eliminación de Barreras Burocráticas del Indecopi, la cual ha logrado en menos de 3 años la eliminación voluntaria de más de 1000 regulaciones y trabas administrativas que afectaban, entre otros, el mercado de infraestructura en servicios públicos, a través de una estrategia que prescinde del uso exclusivo de procedimientos sancionadores y privilegia la coordinación con los agentes regulados para lograr el cumplimiento efectivo de la ley. El desarrollo de esta estrategia, a su vez, permite demostrar la posibilidad de aplicar un nuevo estilo de «enforcement» en el Perú, que ha sido estudiado y adoptado en otros países del mundo, como es la «Regulación Responsiva».

Les consultations publiques comptent. Elles permettent aux citoyens, aux groupes d’intérêt et aux entreprises de signaler leurs préférences aux administrateurs canadiens. Elles servent également d’espace où les différentes parties prenantes de la règlementation peuvent partager leur savoir et leurs connaissances. Contrairement aux courants théoriques et empiriques dominants, elles ne sont pas qu’un instrument symbolique. Les consultations ne se limitent pas non plus à être une avenue supplémentaire permettant aux intérêts économiques d’exercer une influence indue sur l’articulation des politiques publiques. Cette thèse démontre que l’étendue des consultations publiques a une incidence sur l’importance des changements règlementaires et que la diversité des participants prenant part à celles-ci est positivement corrélée à la sévérité des règlements. Elle argumente également que les administrateurs consultent systématiquement les organismes et individus s’identifiant comme Autochtones lors de l’écriture de leurs règlements. Néanmoins, les résultats des analyses présentées dans cette thèse supportent le fait que les entreprises sont le type de parties prenantes qui participent le plus largement et le plus fréquemment aux consultations publiques. De plus, ces résultats démontrent que les consultations règlementaires restent généralement limitées et que les administrateurs peuvent difficilement incorporer les savoirs autochtones à leurs analyses d’impact. Globalement, cette thèse présente par quel mécanisme les administrateurs peuvent intégrer à leur travail des informations (politiques et/ou techniques) qui leur sont normalement inaccessibles. Elle décrit quel est l’effet d’inclure des informations diversifiées sur la nature des règlements et quel type d’information est recherché et utilisé par l’administration publique canadienne. / Public consultations matter. They allow citizens, interest groups and businesses to express their preferences to Canadian administrators. They also serve as a space where different regulatory stakeholders can share their knowledge and insights. Contrary to prevailing theoretical and empirical views, they are not mostly symbolic tools of inclusion. Nor are consultations limited to being an additional venue for economic interests to exert undue influence on public policy. This thesis demonstrates that the scope of public consultation affects the extent of regulatory change and that the diversity of participants in public consultation is positively correlated with the severity of regulation. It also argues that administrators systematically consult with Indigenous-identifying organizations and individuals when writing regulations. Nevertheless, the results of the analyses presented in this thesis support the fact that businesses are the type of stakeholders that participate most extensively and frequently in public consultations. Furthermore, these results show that regulatory consultations are generally limited and that administrators can hardly incorporate Indigenous Knowledge into their impact assessments. Overall, this thesis presents the mechanism by which administrators can incorporate information (political and/or technical) that is normally inaccessible to them into their work. It describes the effect of including diverse information on the nature of regulations and what type of information is sought and used by the Canadian public administration.