L’évolution du contexte énergétique mondial et la lutte contre le changement climatique ont conduit à l’accroissement des capacités de production d’énergie renouvelable. Les énergies renouvelables sont caractérisées par une forte variabilité due à leur dépendance aux conditions météorologiques. La maîtrise de cette variabilité constitue un enjeu important pour les opérateurs du système électrique, mais aussi pour l’atteinte des objectifs européens de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et de l’augmentation de la part des énergies renouvelables. Dans le cas du photovoltaïque(PV), la maîtrise de la variabilité de la production passe par la mise en place d’outils qui permettent de prévoir la production future des centrales. Ces prévisions contribuent entre autres à l’augmentation du niveau de pénétration du PV,à l’intégration optimale dans le réseau électrique, à l’amélioration de la gestion des centrales PV et à la participation aux marchés de l’électricité. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration de la prédictibilité à court-terme (moins de 6 heures) de la production PV. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la production PV et proposons une méthode de réduction de la non-stationnarité des séries de production. Nous proposons ensuite un modèle spatio-temporel de prévision déterministe qui exploite les corrélations spatio-temporelles entre les centrales réparties sur une région. Les centrales sont utilisées comme un réseau de capteurs qui permettent d’anticiper les sources de variabilité. Nous proposons aussi une méthode automatique de sélection des variables qui permet de résoudre les problèmes de dimension et de parcimonie du modèle spatio-temporel. Un modèle spatio-temporel probabiliste a aussi été développé aux fins de produire des prévisions performantes non seulement du niveau moyen de la production future mais de toute sa distribution. Enfin nous proposons, un modèle qui exploite les observations d’images satellites pour améliorer la prévision court-terme de la production et une comparaison de l’apport de différentes sources de données sur les performances de prévision. / The evolution of the global energy context and the challenges of climate change have led to anincrease in the production capacity of renewable energy. Renewable energies are characterized byhigh variability due to their dependence on meteorological conditions. Controlling this variabilityis an important challenge for the operators of the electricity systems, but also for achieving the Europeanobjectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency and increasing the share of renewable energies in EU energy consumption. In the case of photovoltaics (PV), the control of the variability of the production requires to predict with minimum errors the future production of the power stations. These forecasts contribute to increasing the level of PV penetration and optimal integration in the power grid, improving PV plant management and participating in electricity markets. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of the short-term predictability (less than 6 hours) of PV production. First, we analyze the spatio-temporal variability of PV production and propose a method to reduce the nonstationarity of the production series. We then propose a deterministic prediction model that exploits the spatio-temporal correlations between the power plants of a spatial grid. The power stationsare used as a network of sensors to anticipate sources of variability. We also propose an automaticmethod for selecting variables to solve the dimensionality and sparsity problems of the space-time model. A probabilistic spatio-temporal model has also been developed to produce efficient forecasts not only of the average level of future production but of its entire distribution. Finally, we propose a model that exploits observations of satellite images to improve short-term forecasting of PV production.

Les politiques de développement durable ont fait émerger de nombreux outils qui visent à concilier les enjeux de développement économique et ceux de préservation des intérêts sociaux et environnementaux. Parmi eux, la compensation territoriale se matérialise par l’attribution, à un territoire subissant les impacts négatifs d’un aménagement déclaré d’utilité publique, d’un ensemble de mesures visant à maintenir à niveau acceptable le bien-être des individus et l’état écologique du milieu. Elle permet ainsi de rétablir un équilibre entre la dimension globale du projet, qui ne considère que ses effets positifs, et la dimension locale, dans laquelle les externalités positives et négatives du projet rentrent en jeu. Initié par un questionnement sur la mise en oeuvre d’un tel outil de politique publique au sein de territoires spécifiques, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de caractériser la demande de compensation par les acteurs du territoire au regard des impacts perçus dans un contexte de projet d’aménagement. Ce travail explore les perceptions des acteurs du territoire de la baie de Saint-Brieuc directement concernés par un projet de parc éolien en mer vis-à-vis de ce principe de compensation. Pour ce faire, des approches qualitatives et quantitatives ont été utilisées de manière complémentaire et font appel à des outils spécifiques tels que la cartographie cognitive floue et la méthode des choix expérimentaux. Cette démarche nous a permis de produire de nombreux éléments de compréhension quant à la manière dont ces acteurs perçoivent les impacts d’un tel projet d’aménagement, acceptent ou non le principe de compensation comme outil de réponse aux impacts négatifs du projet et envisagent la mise en oeuvre de la compensation à travers leurs préférences vis-à-vis de différentes types d’actions – indemnisations financières, investissements dans des biens communs, restauration écologique. Les résultats de ce travail montrent que les perceptions, très hétérogènes au sein des acteurs du territoire, s’expliquent en grande partie à travers le concept de Communautés de Pratiques. Finalement, lorsque le principe de compensation est accepté par les acteurs du territoire, la logique d’équivalence qui conditionne la demande de compensation peut s’expliquer de trois manières différentes : une équivalence territoriale dans laquelle les bénéfices issus de la compensation doivent profiter à l’ensemble de la population du territoire impacté ; une équivalence écologique dans laquelle le niveau de fonctions écologiques et de services écosystémiques est maintenu constant, une équivalence basée sur des valeurs économiques pour pallier le manque à gagner de certaines activités professionnelles. / In the context of a territory suffering from the negative impacts of an infrastructure declared of public utility, territorial compensation consists of a set of measure that aims to help maintaining the level of well-being of each and every individual as well as a desirable ecological state. This way, territorial compensation allows to balance between the global scale of the project, in which only the positive impacts are taken into account, and the local scale where both positive and negative externalities of the project are running. Initiated by a questioning on how such a public policy tool can be deployed at the heart of specific territories, the main objective of this PhD work is to characterize the expectation of local stakeholders towards the perceived impacts awaited from the instatement of a development project. More specifically, this work relies on an analytical approach centered on the study of the perception of the stakeholders of the Bay of St-Brieuc territory (Western Brittany, France), who are directly concerned by an offshore wind farm project. To reach suchaims, complementary qualitative and quantitative methods are used such as fuzzy cognitive mapping and choice experiment method. Using this kind of approaches allowed us to better define several keys for understanding how local stakeholders perceive the impacts of such a project and agree or not with compensation being an appropriate answer regarding the negative impacts of the project and consider the implementation of compensation in reference to their preferences towards different types of action – monetary incentives, public goods investments, ecological restoration. Our results show very heterogeneous perceptions in between the different stakeholders that can in a large part beexplained using the concept of Communities of Practice. Finally, when the principle of compensation is accepted by allthe stakeholders of a territory, the equivalency logical that determines the compensation expectations can be of three types: a territorial equivalency, in which the benefits of compensation must be shared by all inhabitants of the impacted territory; an ecological equivalency, in which the level of ecological functions or ecosystem services is maintained constant; and an equivalency based on economic values that must balance the loss of benefits underwent by some professional activities.

Cette thèse propose une étude de la transformation de l’État et de l’exercice du pouvoir à partir de l’observation des instruments politiques utilisés pour construire les grandes centrales solaires marocaines. Ce travail s’appuie sur deux longues observations participantes, consistant en une double ethnographie du développement dans l’institution publique bénéficiaire de l’aide ainsi que dans les institutions qui contrôlent cette aide. Je mobilise simultanément la sociologie de l’action publique et les études en sciences de gestion et en sociologie économique sur la finance et les Partenariats Public-Privé. La contractualisation des Partenariats Public-Privé semble devenir un nouveau mode d’action publique pour l’aide au développement. Or, le choix d’un type de contrat, d’un type de mode de financement, sont également des choix politiques. Les politiques euro-méditerranéennes pour les énergies renouvelables étudiées dans cette thèse illustrent un glissement des politiques publiques stato-centrées vers une action publique multiacteurs. L’analyse de la fabrication des outils et instruments du Plan Solaire Méditerranéen met en lumière un mode de gouvernance basé sur le consensus et sur l’expertification. La charpente de l’action publique pour les énergies renouvelables au Maroc est édifiée autant par les acteurs privés que publics et entraîne la diffusion des formalités issues des grandes entreprises et du marché financier. Sous l’impulsion de ces acteurs, le secteur de l’énergie solaire du Maroc s’institutionnalise à partir des années 2009 en s’inscrivant dans un processus de bureaucratisation néolibérale. Lors de cette institutionnalisation, les bailleurs de fonds et les consortiums privés véhiculent, à travers leurs expertises et leur participation à l’action publique, plusieurs instruments politiques. Cette instrumentation passe par les appels d’offres concurrentiels et internationaux, les prêts d’aide au développement économique ou issus des fonds de lutte contre le changement climatique, et enfin les solutions contractuelles comme le Partenariat Public-Privé. La synergie entre les instruments de l’aide au développement et les politiques pour les énergies renouvelables entraîne une transformation des modes de gouvernement et du rôle de l’État. L’utilisation de ces instruments de l’aide au développement et de l’expertise privée permet la régulation et le contrôle bureaucratique, au sens wébérien, du marché de l’énergie solaire. La politique de transition énergétique marocaine participe au renforcement des monopoles dans le secteur de l’énergie marocain et à sa centralisation. / This thesis proposes a study of State transformation and of the exercise of power from the observation of political instruments used to develop the big Moroccan solar power plants. This work is based on two long participative observations, which consist of a double ethnography of development in the public institution beneficiary of the aid as well as in the institutions that control this aid. I summon up both public policy sociology and studies in management and in economic sociology on finance and Public - Private Partnerships. The Public – Private Partnership contractualisation seems to become a new mode of public policy in favour of aid to development. Besides, the choice of a type of contract, of a type of mode of financing, are political choices as well. Euro-Mediterranean policies for the renewable energy studied in this thesis illustrate a shift of state-centered public policies towards a multilevel public policy. The analysis of the making of tools and instruments of the Mediterranean Solar Plan highlights a mode of governance based on consensus and expertification. The framing of the public policy for renewable energy in Morocco is erected by private and public actors and leads to the diffusion of the formalities coming from big companies and from the financial market.Compelled by these actors, the Moroccan solar energy market has been institutionalized since 2009, in keeping with a process of neoliberal bureaucratization. In this institutionnalisation, international financial institutions and private consortiums convey, through their expertise and their participation to public policy, many political instruments. This instrumentalization goes through competitive and international calls for tender, loans for economic development aids, or climate change funds, and at last contractual solutions such as Public-Private Partnership. The synergy between aid to development instruments and the policies in favour of renewable energylead to a transformation of the modes of government and of the role of State. The use of these aids to development and private expertise instruments allows bureaucratic regulation and control, as Weber says, of the solar energy market. The Moroccan energetic transition policy takes part to the strengthening of monopolies in Moroccan energy and to its centralization.

Mit dem Forschungsprojekt wurde das Ziel verfolgt, den Einfluss des Münchner Stromausfalls im Winter 2012 auf die Zahlungsbereitschaft für Versorgungssicherheit sowie auf die Akzeptanz für Erneuerbare Energien zu untersuchen. Das Ausfallereignis in München bot sich in besonderer Weise für eine Untersuchung an, da etwa die Hälfte des Stadtgebiets betroffen war, sodass eine Trennung nach beeinträchtigten und nicht-beeinträchtigen Haushalten aus einer nahezu homogenen Stichprobe ermöglicht wurde. Im Zentrum der Untersuchung steht eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsumfrage, die zwei Monate nach dem Ausfallereignis durchgeführt wurde. Dazu wurden über das Telefonlabor der Technischen Universität Dresden 526 Personen aus Münchner Privathaushalten befragt. Nach unseren Befunden beeinflusst eine kleine Versorgungsunterbrechung, wie in München, die Einstellung hinsichtlich der Erneuerbaren Energien nur unwesentlich. Allerdings können wir mit Hilfe der kontingenten Bewertungsmethode einen signifikanten Einfluss des Ausfalls auf die Zahlungsbereitschaft für eine sichere Versorgung nachweisen. Darüber ergeben sich aus unserer Studie Erkenntnisse für die Umsetzung der Energiewende: Beispielsweise wurde der Wert für die letzte gelieferte Kilowattstunde Strom (Value of Lost Load), das Last-Abschaltpotenzial von Haushalten sowie die Akzeptanz der Höhe der EEG-Umlage ermittelt.

This paper analyzes, from an auction design perspective, the results of the auction of renewable energy that the Peruvian State has initiated since 2008, allowing to show significant results such as the introduction of new technologies for power generation with low CO2 emissions, competitive prices and high levels of competition. Although they are also shown the outstanding issues as the lack of clear direction and heading for future of renewable energy, as well as the need to strengthen institutions to create areas of renewable energies to integrate synergies around the energy transition. / El presente artículo analiza, desde la perspectiva del diseño de subastas, los resultados obtenidos en las subastas de energías renovables que el Estado Peruano ha iniciado desde el año 2008, permitiendo mostrar importantes resultados como la introducción de nuevas tecnologías de generación de electricidad con bajas emisiones de CO2, precios competitivos y altos niveles de competencia. También se muestran los temas pendientes como la falta de dirección y rumbo claros para el futuro de las energías renovables, así como la necesidad de fortalecer las instituciones para crear áreas de energías renovables que integren las sinergiasexistentes en torno a la transición energética.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de dimensionner et régler un système hybride de production d’énergie pour un site isolé de type insulaire, basé sur des énergies renouvelables marines. De manière préliminaire divers systèmes de production d’énergie renouvelable marine ont d’abord été étudiés et comparés de manière qualitative à des systèmes de production d’énergie classiques. Plusieurs types de système de stockage d’énergie ont également été étudiés, comparés et évalués dans le cas du site considéré. Cette analyse préliminaire a été étendue aux différents types de transmissions d’énergie offshore et de méthodes de réglage des convertisseurs associés aux sources renouvelables. A partir de l’étude des caractéristiques du site et de l’analyse statistique des ressources renouvelables (vents, courants marins) une méthode de dimensionnement des éléments du système de production est présentée, dans l’objectif de minimiser les émissions de CO2 et le coût du système sur son cycle de vie. Pour cela, une solution de gestion de la puissance basée sur la logique floue est proposée pour le type de site considéré et comparée à une solution plus classique basée sur des règles logiques. Pour finir, une étude détaillée des différentes méthodes de réglage du système hybride côté réseau est présentée. Trois niveaux de réglage sont considérés : réglage d’une source unique, réglage d’une ferme de plusieurs sources et réglage global du système hybride. Plusieurs modes de réglage sont considérés pour chaque niveau. / This PhD thesis models a renewable-based hybrid power supply system applied in an islanded context and investigates sizing and regulation strategies of such a hybrid system. First, various marine energy production technologies were reviewed and compared to common renewable resources. As well, various energy storage technologies were reviewed, compared, and evaluated to fit the chosen site characteristics. A brief investigation on offshore energy transmission and inverter regulations methods is presented. Then, a study of the site characteristics, and the availability of the different renewable energy resources in the area are presented. This energy study constitutes the basis of the proposed system sizing method, where minimizing the cost and the CO2 emissions are considered as the main objectives. Furthermore, a fuzzy logic power management approach is proposed for the islanded microgrid. Finally, a detailed study of the system components grid-side inverter regulation is presented. Three regulation levels were investigated: the single inverter, the renewable farm, and the hybrid system. In this context, different regulation strategies are considered at each level.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

O interesse mundial e os investimentos em fontes renováveis de energia têm aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos. Estas tecnologias têm a vantagem de aproveitar os recursos disponíveis localmente, reduzindo a dependência de fontes externas. Entretanto, um dos principais problemas associados a muitas das tecnologias de energias renováveis é sua imprevisibilidade ou intermitência. O armazenamento de energia é a técnica mais utilizada para moderar estas intermitências. Para aproveitamento em grande escala, os reservatórios hidrelétricos (de usinas hidrelétricas convencionais com reservatório e usinas hidrelétricas reversíveis) representam a tecnologia mais madura e amplamente aproveitada para armazenamento de energia elétrica na forma de energia potencial no volume de água. Isto faz destes uma opção importante a ser incluída no projeto de um sistema autônomo híbrido de geração de energia. Segundo diferentes autores consultados, o software HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) é a ferramenta mais amplamente utilizada em pesquisas relacionadas à simulação e configuração ótima deste tipo de sistemas. Esta tese apresenta um conjunto de procedimentos para determinar, em nível de pré-viabilidade, a configuração ótima (em termos do custo presente líquido) e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis de um sistema autônomo de geração de energia incluindo fontes renováveis intermitentes e reservatórios hidrelétricos. O software HOMER é aplicado na simulação e avaliação dos sistemas híbridos dos estudos de caso hipotéticos do presente trabalho, utilizados para validar os métodos propostos. Estes exemplos foram criados a partir de dados reais relacionados ao Estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Os procedimentos descritos são aplicáveis a qualquer região do mundo onde exista um local com potencial para reservatórios hidrelétricos, assim como dados de disponibilidade e custos relacionados a fontes renováveis intermitentes. Além de determinar a configuração ótima e o conjunto de arranjos viáveis, os resultados obtidos indicam que os procedimentos descritos podem ajudar na definição da melhor utilização de um local com potencial hidrelétrico. Igualmente, permitem estimar a quantidade de eletricidade excedente que poderia ser recuperada através de usinas reversíveis. Os resultados mostram que configuração ótima depende de muitos fatores, tais como restrições hidrológicas, a carga a ser atendida e o custo de geração de cada fonte. / Global interest and investments in renewable energy sources has increased considerably in recent years. These technologies have the advantage of using locally available resources, reducing dependence on external energy sources. However, most renewable energy technologies suffer from an intermittent characteristic due to the diurnal and seasonal patterns of the natural resources needed for power generation. Energy Storage is the most used technique to buffer this intermittency. For large-scale applications, hydropower reservoirs (of conventional and pumped storage plants) are the most mature and the most widely employed technology for electricity storage in the form of potential energy. For this reason, a hydropower reservoir is a suitable option to consider including in an autonomous hybrid power system. According to many authors, the HOMER model (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) is the most widely used tool in research studies related to simulation and optimal design of this type of systems. This thesis presents some procedures to define, as a pre-feasibility assessment, the optimal configuration (in terms of Net Present Cost) and set of feasible designs of an autonomous hybrid power system that includes intermittent renewable energy sources and hydropower reservoirs. The HOMER software is used for simulating and evaluating the hybrid power systems of the hypothetical case studies, used to validate the proposed methods. These examples were created based on real data related to the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The procedures described can be adapted to any other region of the world where exists a site suitable for the construction of hydropower reservoirs, along with available data regarding intermittent renewable sources and generation costs. Besides defining the optimal configuration and the set of feasible designs, the results indicate that the procedures explained could help in the definition of the best use of a site with hydropower potential. Likewise, these methods can also be used to estimate how much excess electricity can be recovered by means of pumped storage hydropower. The results show that the optimal system design depends on many factors such as hydrological constraints, average load to serve and energy cost of each source.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-04T10:45:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrodamottaborges.pdf: 2242416 bytes, checksum: 10ac80b836250ec857dfe2dc8f819119 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T01:49:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrodamottaborges.pdf: 2242416 bytes, checksum: 10ac80b836250ec857dfe2dc8f819119 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T01:49:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leandrodamottaborges.pdf: 2242416 bytes, checksum: 10ac80b836250ec857dfe2dc8f819119 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Este trabalho apresenta o estudo, dimensionamento e gestão de um sistema solar fotovoltaico isolado da rede elétrica para alimentar cargas de equipamentos de automação industrial. Um exemplo de aplicação são unidades de comando e sinalização ferroviária que, em alguns casos, são comandadas por relés e, mais atualmente, sendo substituídas por Controladores Lógico Programáveis. No sistema solar fotovoltaico isolado, o excedente de energia elétrica produzida nos painéis solares fotovoltaicos é armazenado em baterias eletroquímicas estacionárias de chumbo-ácido para posterior aproveitamento durante o período noturno e de baixa produção de eletricidade. Esse tipo de bateria apresenta efeito de memória, não pode sofrer descarga profunda ou ser submetida a tensões elevadas. Assim, este trabalho visa especificar e dimensionar um sistema solar fotovoltaico para aplicações em cargas de automação industrial isolados da rede elétrica, bem como assegurar elevada vida útil da bateria eletroquímica de chumbo-ácido sem prejudicar o rastreamento de máxima potência dos painéis solares fotovoltaicos. Para isso, uma estratégia de gestão de energia possibilita alterar o controle do conversor CC-CC que realiza a interconexão entre os painéis solares fotovoltaicos e a bateria eletroquímica. Resultados de simulação computacional apontam para o bom desempenho conceitual do sistema e seu potencial para a aplicação pretendida. / This work presents the study, design and management of a stand-alone photovoltaic system to feed industrial automation load. E examples of application are railway signaling unit controls, which in some cases are controlled by electromechanical relays and more currently being replaced by programmable logical controllers. In a stand-alone photovoltaic system, the excess of electricity produced in the photovoltaic panels is stored in lead-acid stationary electrochemical batteries for later use during the night and low electricity production periods. This kind of battery presents memory effect, cannot have deep discharge or be subjected to high voltages. Thus, this work aims to specify and size a solar photovoltaic system for applications in industrial automation loads isolated from the grid, as well as ensuring longer lifetime to electrochemical battery of lead-acid without harming the maximum power tracker of photovoltaic panels. For this, a strategy for changing power management enables the control of DC-DC converter that performs the interconnection of photovoltaic panels and electrochemical battery. Results of computer simulation indicate the good conceptual performance of the system and its potential for the intended application.