Why did a gradualist transition approach achieve different performances among socialist economies in the 1980s? Why did some socialist economies never try a gradualist approach to economic liberalization? This paper develops a model to show that the liberalization of a socialist economy has two opposite effects on the rent captured by government. The initial economic condition determines the relative strength of the two effects, and consequently the transition path and performance. In addition, a gradualist reform strategy adopted by a rent-seeking government cannot finish the transition toward a complete market economy. To achieve that goal, a new constitutional order and the rule of law are necessary.

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The purpose of the thesis is to evaluate the regulation and manner of deregulation in the Czech Republic. The first part describes regulation in general and interest groups approach to the deregulation of rents. In society there are many myths about rent control that are overturned at work. The rent control in the Czech Republic, the legal framework of regulation and regulation impacts are discussed in next part of the work. Then are described the impacts and possible ways of solving problems associated with deregulation. Ways of rent deregulation in selected foreign countries are compared with the way deregulation in the Czech Republic. In the practical part are analysed revenues and expenditures of owner of real estate property during the regulated years and modelled an example of fair rents made with regard to the cost of tenant and lessor.

Mot bakgrund av den rådande bostadsbristen infördes 2006 presumtionshyra, ettkostnadsbaserat hyressystemet för nyproduktion. Systemet har utvecklats och diskuteratslivligt de kommande åren och 31 maj 2021 ska även en ny utredning offentliggöra gällandefri hyressättning och då även eventuell utfasning av presumtionssystemet. Syftet med studien är att genom en kartläggning av litteraturen undersöka hur inställningarnatill presumtionssystemet har förändrats sedan införandet av presumtionshyra 2006, vad detfinns för åsikter kring övergångsfasen från presumtionshyra till bruksvärdeshyra och varförman väljer en hyresreglering över en annat vid nyproduktion. Uppsatsen har genomförts som en kvalitativ litteraturstudie där tidigare arbeten, lagtexter ochutredningar används för att bygga en databas med material från samtliga källor. Resultat ochanalyser bygger på uttalanden från regering, Hyresgästföreningen och fastighetsföretagen. Uppsatsen finner att regeringen och fastighetsföretagen inställning till presumtionshyra blivitallt sämre då fri hyressättning ses som ett bättre alternativ. Hyresgästföreningen harfortfarande en positiv syn på systemet. Aktörerna är överen om att det förstapresumtionshyror som infasas till bruksvärdeshyra kommer genomförs utan större problemdock ser man risk för senare övergångar. Fastighetsföretag väljer hyressystem främst eftervilket system som ger högst hyra men andra faktorer som säkerheten med en förhandladhyran spelar även in. / In light of the current housing shortage, a presumptive rent was introduced in 2006, acost-based rental system for new production. The system has since been developed anddiscussed intensely in the following years, and on 31 May 2021, a new investigation will bepublished regarding market rent and the possible end of the presumption system. The purpose of this study is to examine through a literature review how approaches to thepresumption system have changed since its introduction in 2006, what opinions there areabout the transition phase from presumption rent to utility value rent and why one chooses arent regulation over another during new production. The thesis was carried out as a qualitative literature study where previous thesis, legal textsand investigations were used to build a database with material from all sources. Results andanalyzes are based on statements from the government, the Tenant union and the real estatecompanies. This thesis finds that the government and the real estate companies' approach to presumptiverent has become worse and worse as market rent is seen as a better alternative. The Tenantunion still has a positive view of the presumption system. The participant on the marketagrees that the first presumptive rents that will be phased in to utility value rent will beimplemented without major problems, however, there is a risk for later agreements. Realestate companies choose rental systems primarily according to which system provides thehighest rent, but other factors such as the security of a negotiated rent also play a role.

Syftet med studien är att utreda hur modellen för Stockholmshyra är uppbyggd och jämföra den mot befintliga modeller med systematisk hyressättning på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. Studien ämnar även undersöka olika former av hyressättningsmodeller för att lyfta fram alternativ till dagens bruksvärdessystem. Metoderna som denna studie har använt sig av är semistrukturerade intervjuer tillsammans med en grundlig litteraturgenomgång och desktop undersökning. Bruksvärdessystemets huvudprincip är att likvärdiga lägenheter ska ha likvärdiga hyror. Det som bestämmer en lägenhets bruksvärde är faktorer så som boyta, våningsplan och planlösning. Även faktorer som tillgång till hiss, balkong och så vidare, kan påverka bruksvärdet. Hyresgästföreningens riksförbund har haft som målsättning sedan 2003 att alla föreningens regioner ska arbeta för att införa en systematisk hyressättningsmodell. Hyresgästföreningen menar att Stockholmshyra kommer att underlätta hyresförhandlingarna och minska antalet ärenden som det tvistas om i Hyresnämnden. Denna rapport ska undersöka hur Bolagen resonerar kring poängsättning av standarden på lägenheterna inom modellen Stockholmshyra. För att få en övergripande förståelse för betydelsen av olika inre underhållsmodeller följer en beskrivning av begreppen underhåll, investering och de olika typer av underhållsmodeller som finns på marknaden idag. Sveriges hyressättningsmodell är unik i jämförelse med de närmaste grannländerna. Sverige har ett hyressättningssystem som till största del grundas på bruksvärdet av lägenheten. Vissa bostäder omfattas av presumtionshyra och vissa omfattas av en egenförhandlad hyra som ligger utanför förhandlingsordningen. Stockholmshyra är ett verktyg för en annan form av hyressättning på Stockholmsmarknaden. Verktyget är en vidareutveckling av dagens bruksvärdessystem. Det är format som ett samarbetsprojekt mellan de allmännyttiga bolagen och Hyresgästföreningen. Verktyget är ett initiativ från hyresvärdarna tillsammans med hyresgästerna för att hyressättningen på Stockholmsmarknaden idag upplevs som svårförståelig. Hyresgästföreningens representant anser att man som hyresgäst bör kunna veta vad det är man betalar för och vilken leverans man kan förvänta sig. Stockholmshyra-modellen har inget undertecknat avtal än men ramverket och vad man önskar uppnå är likväl på plats. Målet med Stockholmshyra är att utjämna för skillnader i attraktivitet mellan olika lägen och att det ska återspeglas i hyran. / The aim of the study is to investigate how the model Stockholm rent is built and compare it to existing models with systematic rent on the Swedish housing market. The study also aims to investigate different rent models to highlight alternatives to today’s utility value system. The methods this study used were semi-structured interviews together with a thorough literature review and a desktop research. The main principle of the utility value system is that equal apartments shall have equal rent. What determines an apartment’s utility value are factors such as living space, floor and floor plan. Also factors such as access to elevator, balcony and so on, can affect the utility value. The tenant organization has had the goal that all of the organizations regions should work to implement a systematic rent model since 2003. The tenant organization is of the meaning that Stockholm rent will ease the rent negotiations and reduce the number of errands that are in a dispute at the rent tribunal. This report will investigate how the companies reason about the scoring of the standard on the apartments within the model Stockholm rent. To get an overall understanding of the meaning of different maintenance models a description of the terms maintenance, investment and the different types of maintenance models that are available on the market today follows. Sweden’s rent model is unique in comparison to the closest neighboring countries. Sweden has a rent model that to the largest extent is based on the utility value of the apartment. Some apartments are covered by presumption rent and some have a self-negotiated rent that lays outside of the negotiating procedure. Stockholm rent is a tool for a different form of rent setting on the Stockholm market. The tool is a development of today’s utility value system. It is formed as a collaboration project between the non-profit companies and the tenant organization. The tool is an initiative from the property owners together with the tenants because the rent on the Stockholm market today is considered difficult to understand. The representative from the tenant organization is of the opinion that a tenant should be able to know what they pay for and what they can expect to be delivered. There is no signed deal within the Stockholm model yet but the framework and what is desirable to achieve is in place. The goal with Stockholm rent is to equalize for differentials in attractiveness between different locations and that it should be reflected in the rent.

Work on the topic of Critical analysis of the housing in the Czech Republic, I chose to its timeliness and problematičnost. I wanted to cover all the pitfalls in the work of housing – legislation that was adopted and the resulting situation of housing on troubleshooting regulated "privileged" rents and rental market. Nastiňuji, how the State takes care of the socially weaker populations (housing) from 2009 it rose sharply citizens. Work to characterize housing in Prague, Brno and Ostrava. The objective of housing is the regulation of the hiring of total liberalisation of the real estate market for tackling I have drawn up a questionnaire, which tracks the housing facilities regions. The biggest problem I've had little social housing solutions, both financially and time consuming.

A problem South-Africa is facing is that the wealth created by mines (also called economic rent) may not yet get distributed satisfactorily evenly between the nation and investors. In an attempt to find a solution to the abovementioned dilemma, government initiated a feasibility study for the nationalisation of mines. This proposal was however waived for two reasons: firstly that it would be unaffordable for government to buy out private companies and secondly, that it would create discontent amongst foreign investors, which would result in them withdrawing access to financing. Consequently, the ANC, during 2012 in the SIMS report proposed a possible implementation of a resource rent tax (RRT), akin to Australia’s, to ensure that the State receives a greater/more equitable share of the wealth. Developments in the mining industry since 2012, have drawn attention to two serious issues: labour related concerns and continued strikes as well as a reduction in foreign direct investment as a result of negative investor sentiment towards South Africa. These issues are directly related to the perception that the community (including mine workers) do not benefit fairly from the wealth created by mines, which results in ongoing labour unrests and subsequently in investment withdrawal. It would seem that even though no further consideration has been given to the implementation of a RRT since 2012, it may be regarded as a possible and sensible solution. This study focuses on the possible impact on the taxation payable by the South African mining industry, if a RRT were to be introduced. Research has been conducted in order to obtain an understanding of the working of a RRT, to analyse South Africa’s current tax regime, to develop a simple hypothetical case study to evaluate both the quantitative and qualitative impact of the introduction of a RRT system on South African mining tax (for both the investor and the state). The study concludes that the introduction of a RRT can potentially result in a more fair distribution of resource rents between the investor and the state (community - rightful owners of the natural resources). Research however proved that this is likely to influence the investor’s investment decisions which in turn may result in a general downturn in mining operations and profits. Based on the qualitative results of a case study, a RRT was proven to be inefficient due to the fact that it will only tax mining companies with a higher rate of return and in effect higher risk companies. As investors are prepared to take on high risk projects for the purpose of generating higher returns, the introduction of an RRT reducing this return might influence an investor’s decision. The potential impact on investors’ decisions may be counteracted through further research with regard to variables used in the RRT model namely the percentage of tax charged and the required rate of return. A RRT is therefore proven to have some benefits, even though some aspects will require further evaluation. / MCom (South African and International Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

A problem South-Africa is facing is that the wealth created by mines (also called economic rent) may not yet get distributed satisfactorily evenly between the nation and investors. In an attempt to find a solution to the abovementioned dilemma, government initiated a feasibility study for the nationalisation of mines. This proposal was however waived for two reasons: firstly that it would be unaffordable for government to buy out private companies and secondly, that it would create discontent amongst foreign investors, which would result in them withdrawing access to financing. Consequently, the ANC, during 2012 in the SIMS report proposed a possible implementation of a resource rent tax (RRT), akin to Australia’s, to ensure that the State receives a greater/more equitable share of the wealth. Developments in the mining industry since 2012, have drawn attention to two serious issues: labour related concerns and continued strikes as well as a reduction in foreign direct investment as a result of negative investor sentiment towards South Africa. These issues are directly related to the perception that the community (including mine workers) do not benefit fairly from the wealth created by mines, which results in ongoing labour unrests and subsequently in investment withdrawal. It would seem that even though no further consideration has been given to the implementation of a RRT since 2012, it may be regarded as a possible and sensible solution. This study focuses on the possible impact on the taxation payable by the South African mining industry, if a RRT were to be introduced. Research has been conducted in order to obtain an understanding of the working of a RRT, to analyse South Africa’s current tax regime, to develop a simple hypothetical case study to evaluate both the quantitative and qualitative impact of the introduction of a RRT system on South African mining tax (for both the investor and the state). The study concludes that the introduction of a RRT can potentially result in a more fair distribution of resource rents between the investor and the state (community - rightful owners of the natural resources). Research however proved that this is likely to influence the investor’s investment decisions which in turn may result in a general downturn in mining operations and profits. Based on the qualitative results of a case study, a RRT was proven to be inefficient due to the fact that it will only tax mining companies with a higher rate of return and in effect higher risk companies. As investors are prepared to take on high risk projects for the purpose of generating higher returns, the introduction of an RRT reducing this return might influence an investor’s decision. The potential impact on investors’ decisions may be counteracted through further research with regard to variables used in the RRT model namely the percentage of tax charged and the required rate of return. A RRT is therefore proven to have some benefits, even though some aspects will require further evaluation. / MCom (South African and International Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Den här studien utreder om en successiv marknadsanpassning har påbörjats efter reformeringen av hyressättningen på bostadshyresmarknaden 2011. Med hjälp av data från Hyresgästföreningen testas två hypoteser med hjälp av regressionsmetoden difference-in-difference. För det första om det har skett en inflationsjusterad ökning av hyrorna efter reformen som är större än i perioden före. För det andra om hyrorna har ökat mer i attraktiva kommuner än i mindre attraktiva kommuner. Slutligen undersöks om hyresmarknadens parter har ändrat sina attityder efter reformen. Resultaten visar att den årliga genomsnittliga inflationsjusterade hyresförändringen är 0,27 % högre efter reformen. Vidare går det inte att bekräfta att större höjningar har skett i attraktiva kommuner. Hyresmarknadens parter har inte ändrat sina attityder generellt sett men de privata hyresaktörerna har efter reformen tagit en mer aktiv roll i hyresförhandlingarna. / This study investigates if a gradual market adjustment has begun after the reform of the rent levels on the residential rental market 2011. Using data from the Swedish Tenants Association, Hyresgästföreningen, two hypotheses are tested with the regression method difference-in-difference. Firstly, if there has been an inflation-adjusted increase in rents after the reform in comparison to the period before. Secondly, if the rents have increased more in attractive communities than in the less attractive ones. Finally, the key players of the rental market are studied in order to examine If the parties have changed their attitudes after the reform. The results show that the average annual inflation-adjusted rent change is 0.27% higher after the reform. Furthermore, we cannot confirm that larger increases occurred in attractive communities. Rental Market parties have not changed their attitudes in general, but the private landlords have, post reform, taken a more active role in the rent negotiations.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management