The objectives of this study were to investigate stability related basic wood properties and to determine stability performance of New Zealand grown Douglas-fir and those of radiata pine wood. In this study, nine 60-year old Douglas-fir trees and thirteen 26-year old radiata pine trees were selected from forests in Canterbury region. From these trees, 36 discs of 200 mm thick (13 for Douglas-fir and 23 for radiata pine) and 388 boards with dimensions of 100mm x 50mm x 4.8m (210 fro Douglas-fir and 178 fr radiata pine) were prepared. From the prepared discs, 515 specimens (204 for Douglas-fi and 211 for radiata pine) were prepared for green moisture content (MC) and basic density measurements, The same total number of 515 specimens (205 for Douglas-fir and 210 for radiata pine) were also prepared for shrinkage measurements. From the green MC specimens, green weight, volume and oven-dry weight were measured while for the shrinkage specimens, dimensions and weights were measured at equilibrium for nine humidity conditions. These data were used to analyse basic wood properties and moisture uptake characteristics for both Douglas-fir and radiata pine. Variation of shrinkage within a tree and between trees was also studied for both species. After this, selected specimens (36 for Doulas-fir and 36 for radiata pine) were further tested in water immersion for water repellence examination. The 388 full size boards (100mmx50mmx4.8m) were used for studies on distortion and acoustic properties at a sawmill (Southland Timber Ltd.). Dimensions, weights and acoustic velocity were measured from each board before and after drying. These data were used to analyse distortion and strength characteristics for both Douglas-fir and radiata pine. Comparison of the relative stability of full sized Douglas-fir and radiata pine structural timber was investigated in this study. The results from small sample study confirmed that Douglas-fir is much stronger, has lower longitudinal shrinkage and lower gradient in corewood which can be used to explain the better dimensional stability of Douglas-fir than radiate pine although there is significant variability in the shrinkage for both Douglas-fir and radiate pine. In water immersion tests, Douglas-fir has better water repellency property than radiata pine over 2000 hours period during water immersion. Under the same commercial practice in sawing and kiln drying, it is clearly shown that Douglas-fir timbers were straighter with lower levels of distortion than radiata pine at similar final moisture content. It is also interesting to note that the final moisture content in a range of 13-18% for Douglas-fir did not have significant impact on timber distortion but a negative trend was observed for radiata pine with MC in a range of 9 -14%. Tree heights showed clear influence on twist for radiata pine timbers, but it was not clearly observed from Douglas-fir timbers. Corewood proportion is found to have negative impact on the timber distortion for both Douglas-fir and radiata pine. Douglas-fir timbers showed much higher average acoustic MOE value than radiata pine timbers at similar final moisture content. Because of the various proportion of corewood, the shrinkage varied greatly along the stem height and along the disc radius direction for the two species. This variation caused the difference of distortion between corewood, outerwood and transition wood, but the difference between butt log, middle log and top log is inconsistent. Therefore, it is recommended that the corewood proportion to be a criterion for the timber pre-sorting. Variation of stability performance between trees was also found to be significant for the two species, and methods need to be developed for log sorting as well to reduce the timber distortion degradation. Non-destructive testing method such as acoustic tool may be offered to be a new approach for sorting logs, but it is also necessary to be aware of the significant difference between species. The outcome from this project includes better understanding of Douglas-fir for structural applications. The conclusion can be drawn that Douglas-fir has superior quality for its strength, durability and moisture resistance. Douglas-fir is also claimed to have uniform properties and thus to be more stable compared to radiata pine. Douglas-fir timbers showed much higher acoustic MOE value than radiate pine timbers as similar final moisture content.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV09MA072.pdf: 1182724 bytes, checksum: 98774337c1a49db66822b19bbc3de3b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-20 / The cultivation of beans in Brazil is typical of small properties, where part of the production is directed for the commercialization, and part is stored for the family consumption or used as seed. During the storage, the bean grains are subject to losses due to the attack of the bean weevil Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), which may cause great damages, endangering its quality, direct and indirectly. Experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of homeopathic and phytoterapic preparations in the management of A. obtectus. Such experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the treatments on the mortality and repellency of adults, and its effect on the emerged progeny. Bioassay with extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens and Artemisia absinthium, and the homeopathic preparations Taraxacum, Chenopodium anthelminticum, macerated bioteraphic and triturated bioteraphic of A. obtectus were conducted in the Laboratory of Homeopathy and Vegetable Health. 3 mL of the treatment for 100 g of bean were used, while for the bioassay with whole green leaves, milled green, whole dry and milled dry leaves of R. officinalis, R. graveolens and A. absinthium, 0,3 g for 10 g of bean were used. The mortality bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized design, with the phytoterapic treatments, for which 20 g of treated bean were placed in a plate of Petri, where 20 adults of A. obtectus were introduced with up to 24 hours. The evaluations consisted of the counting and retreat of the dead insects for 10 days. The analyzed plates were closed and stored until they completed 45 days, the date when the number of emerged insects was counted. The treatments with the leaves of R. graveolens and A. absinthium presented effect on the mortality of adults, while the treatments with the alcoholic extracts of the three species and the leaves of R. officinalis did not cause mortality of adults, and none of the treatments affected the emerged progeny significantly. The repellency bioassay was conducted in a completely randomized blocks design, in boxes of multiple choice, in which portions were distributed with treated bean in circular form, in which 200 adults of A. obtectus were liberated with age up to 24 hours. The counting of the present insects in each treatment began after 12 hours of the assembly, extending for 10 consecutive days. After this period, the insects were removed, and the plates were closed and stored for 35 days, to accomplish the counting of the emerged progeny. The mill leaves of R. officinalis and green leaves of A. absinthium repelled the adults of the bean weevil and they caused reduction of the number of emerged insects. The homeopathic preparations, as well as the alcoholic extracts did not repel the adults of the bean weevil, even so they reduced the progeny of this insect. The leaves of R. graveolens did not repel the bean weevil nor affected the progeny. Depending on the way of preparing and using, the homeopathic and phytoterapic preparations, when mixed to the bean grains, are capable of affecting the behavior of A. obtectus / O cultivo do feijoeiro no Brasil é típico de pequena propriedade, onde parte da produção é destinada à comercialização,e parte é armazenada para o consumo familiar ou utilização como semente. Durante o armazenamento, os grãos de feijão estão sujeitos a perdas devido ao ataque do caruncho Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), que pode causar grandes prejuízos, comprometendo a sua qualidade, direta e indiretamente. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de preparados homeopáticos e fitoterápicos no manejo de A. obtectus, foram conduzidos experimentos nos quais se observou a efetividade dos tratamentos sobre a mortalidade e repelência de adultos, e seu efeito sobre a progênie emergida. Bioensaios com extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis, Ruta graveolens e Artemisia absinthium e os preparados homeopáticos Taraxacum, Chenopodium anthelminticum, nosódio macerado e nosódio triturado de A. obtectus foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Homeopatia e Saúde Vegetal. Utilizaram-se 3 mL do tratamento para 100 g de feijão, enquanto que para os bioensaios com folhas verdes inteiras, verdes moídas, secas inteiras e secas moídas de R. officinalis, R. graveolens e A. absinthium, foram utilizados 0,3 g para 10 g de feijão. O bioensaio de mortalidade foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos fitoterápicos, para os quais foram colocados 20 g de feijão tratado em uma placa de Petri, onde foram introduzidos 20 adultos de A. obtectus com até 24 horas. As avaliações constaram da contagem e retirada dos insetos mortos durante 10 dias. As placas avaliadas foram vedadas e armazenadas até completarem 45 dias, data na qual foi contado o número de insetos emergidos. Apresentaram efeito sobre a mortalidade de adultos os tratamentos com as folhas de R. graveolens e A. absinthium, enquanto que os tratamentos com os extratos alcoólicos das três espécies e as folhas de R. officinalis não causaram mortalidade de adultos, sendo que nenhum dos tratamentos afetou significativamente a progênie emergida. O bioensaio de repelência foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, em caixas de múltipla escolha, nas quais foram distribuídas parcelas com feijão tratado em forma circular, na qual foram liberados 200 adultos de A. obtectus com idade até 24 horas. A contagem dos insetos presentes em cada tratamento se iniciou após 12 horas da montagem, estendendo-se por 10 dias consecutivos. Após este período, os insetos foram retirados, e as placas foram vedadas e armazenadas por 35 dias para realizar a contagem da progênie emergida. As folhas moídas de R. officinalis e verdes de A. absinthium repeliram os adultos do caruncho e causaram redução do número de insetos emergidos. Os preparados homeopáticos, bem como os extratos alcoólicos não repeliram os adultos do caruncho, porém reduziram a progênie deste inseto. As folhas de R. graveolens não repeliram o caruncho nem afetaram a progênie. Dependente da forma de preparo e utilização, os tratamentos homeopáticos e fitoterápicos, quando misturados aos grãos de feijão, são capazes de afetar o comportamento de A. obtectus

Orientador: Nelson Arno Wulff / Coorientador: Leandro Antonio Peña Garcia / Banca: Maria Celia Bertolini / Banca: Douglas Silva Domingues / Banca: Andrea Soares da Costa Fuentes / Banca: Rodrigo Facchini Magnani / Resumo: As citriculturas brasileira e mundial têm sido assolada pelo huanglongbing (HLB), doença associada às bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter spp., transmitidas pelo psilídeo Diaphorina citri. Não há cura para a doença e o manejo do HLB é feito com plantio de mudas sadias, erradicação de plantas sintomáticas e controle do inseto vetor. Pomares de citros intercalados com goiabeiras no Vietnã, tiveram menor ocorrência de psilídeos e de plantas com HLB. O composto volátil β-cariofileno, emitido por goiabeiras foi caracterizado como repelente ao psilídeo. Laranjeiras das variedades Pera e Valência foram geneticamente modificadas (GM) com genes da terpeno sintase (TPS) e da farnesil difosfato sintase (FPPS) de Arabidopsis thaliana, com a expectativa de aumentar a produção e emissão de β-cariofileno, tornando estas plantas repelentes. Em testes biológicos e químicos foram selecionadas plantas transgênicas que apresentaram incremento no acúmulo e emissão de β-cariofileno, fazendo com que o efeito repelente deste sesquiterpeno, superasse a atração que laranjeiras exercem sobre D. citri. De maneira similar, foram geradas Arabidopsis thaliana GM para superexpressar TPS de laranjeira doce. As plantas GM foram caracterizadas quanto à expressão do transgene e dos genes da via biossintética dos terpenos com 1-deoxixilulose 5-fosfato sintase (DXS), geranil difosfato sintase (GDPS) e farnesil difosfato sintase (FPPS) e quanto ao acúmulo e emissão de β-cariofileno. Foi demonstrada a viabilidade da ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Citrus in Brazil and around the world has been devastated by Huanglongbing (HLB), a disease which is associated to Candidatus Liberibacter spp. bacteria and transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. There is no cure to such disease and the HLB management is done by planting healthy seedlings, eradicating symptomatic plants and controlling the insect vector. Citrus orchards interspersed with guava trees in Vietnam had less occurrence of psyllids and fewer plants with HLB. The volatile compound β-caryophyllene, emitted by guava trees, has been considered a repellent to the psyllid. Pera and Valencia sweet oranges varieties were genetically modified (GM) with Arabidopsis thaliana's terpene synthase and with farnesyl dyphosphate synthase (FPPS) genes, expecting to raise the production and emission of β- caryophyllene, turning such plants into repellents. In biological and chemical trials, transgenic plants with incremental β- caryophyllene accumulation and emission were selected, leading to a sesquiterpene repellent effect stronger than the attraction that citrus trees exert over D. citri. Similarly, genetically modified Arabidopsis thaliana were generated to overexpress sweet orange TPS. Such genetically modified plants were characterized regarding the transgene expression and to the genes of terpene biosynthesis pathway with 1-deoxyxyllulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), geranyl diphosphate synthase (GDPS) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) and to the accumulation and em... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The Lockheed Fire burned 31 km2 (7,660 acres) of the Scotts Creek watershed in August 2009. 4.5 km2 (1,100 acres) of California Polytechnic State University’s educational and research facility at Swanton Pacific Ranch. The burned region presented an opportunity for studying the hydrologic response of burned soils in the Santa Cruz Mountains where there is insufficient post-fire studies regarding fire-effects on watershed processes such as infiltration and near-surface runoff. Soil infiltration and soil water repellency were evaluated with rainfall simulations, Mini-disk Infiltrometer (MDI) and water drop penetration time tests (WDPT) at sites represented by variations in burn severity, soils, and vegetation types throughout the Scotts Creek watershed each year for 5 years following the burn. Mixed-effects modeling was utilized on the 3 datasets to evaluate if changes could be detected in infiltration rates and water repellency following the fire. Rainfall simulations and WDPT tests showed that the fire did not have a statistically-significant impact on infiltration rates or soil water repellency, whereas the MDI tests detected a statistically-significant impact on post-fire infiltration. While the MDI results showed that fire had a significant impact on the hydrologic response over time, questions arose regarding challenges associated with sampling suggesting the method may not be pursued on steep slopes with high surface rock fragments or in the presence of large soil macropores. It is recognized that additional understanding would be gained from having multiple replications at each site every year and tests could be conducted on a subwatershed scale to account for the naturally occurring variability of larger watersheds.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Stadler Rosa Lucca.pdf: 1596078 bytes, checksum: 26545cacc279bf8104c7bd2edea4d008 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-10 / The use of natural substances for pest management in agriculture is, economically, a viable option and has benefits for both human-beings and environment, due to its low persistence and toxicity. Thus, this trial aimed at determining the insecticidal potential of extracts and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), sweet herb (Pimpinella anisum), clove (Caryophillus aromaticus) and of homeopathic preparations from CH 05 and CH 06 aphid on the control of Brevicoryne brassicae in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The treatments were: fennel extracts, sweet herb and cloves at 10%; fennel oils, sweet herb and cloves at 1%; homeopathic preparations with CH 05 and CH 06 aphid; control with distilled water. The mortality tests were done concerning nymphs and adults of aphids in laboratory, with three replications, each one consisting of a cabbage leaf kept inside a Petri dish containing moistened cotton. On each plate, ten nymphs were released added with a 1 mL spray of the respective solutions. The plates were covered with a perforated plastic film and incubated with a 12 hour photoperiod at 25 ° C. Evaluations were performed after 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. After analysis in the laboratory, some tests were done with the culture, in pots, only with the Indian cloves extracts at 10% and fennel oil at 1% treatments, since they were significant. There was, moreover, the sensorial analysis of cabbage, treated with clove extract at 10% and fennel oil at 1%. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance and averages comparison by Tukey, at 5% of significance. In lab tests, it was found out that fennel oil at 1% showed the best rate of mortality on aphid nymphs, which means 70%, at 72 h, followed by clove extract at 10% with 37% of mortality. It was registered for survival of adults aphids that the fennel oil at 1%, fennel extract at 10% and clove extract at 10% had the lowest survival rates, as: 46%, 53% and 53 %, respectively. A mortality test was carried out in the culture and it was registered the effectiveness of clove extract at 10% and fennel oil at 1%, and they had 6% and 8% of survival in adults aphids, respectively. The sensorial analysis of cabbage did not indicate any significant difference among them, at 5% significance. / O uso de substâncias naturais para manejo de pragas da agricultura é uma opção economicamente viável e traz benefícios tanto ao homem como ao ambiente, devido a sua baixa persistência e toxicidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho em questão foi verificar o potencial inseticida de extratos e óleos essenciais de funcho (Foeniculum vulgare), erva doce (Pimpinella anisum), cravo-da-Índia (Caryophillus aromaticus) e dos preparados homeopáticos para o controle de Brevicoryne brassicae em couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Os tratamentos utilizados foram os extratos de funcho, erva-doce e cravo-da-Índia a 10%; óleos de funcho, erva-doce e cravo-daÍndia a 1%; preparados homeopáticos de pulgão CH 05 e CH 06 e controle com água destilada. Realizaram-se testes de mortalidade sobre ninfas e adultos de pulgão em condições de laboratório, com três repetições, cada uma constituída por uma folha de couve mantida no interior de uma placa de Petri contendo algodão umedecido. Em cada placa, foram liberadas dez ninfas e pulverizado 1 mL das respectivas caldas. As placas foram cobertas com filme plástico perfurado e incubadas com fotoperíodo de 12 horas a 25 °C. Avaliações foram realizadas após 1, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h. Após análise em condições de laboratório, realizaram-se testes na cultura, em vasos, somente com os tratamentos extrato de cravo-da-Índia a 10% e óleo de funcho a 1%, pois os mesmos apresentaram-se significativos. Realizou-se, ainda, análise sensorial das couves tratadas com o extrato de cravo a 10% e óleo de funcho a 1%. A análise dos dados ocorreu por análise de variância e comparação de médias por Tukey, a 5% de significância. Nos testes realizados em laboratório, verificou-se que, o óleo de funcho a 1% apresentou a melhor mortalidade sobre as ninfas de pulgão, ou seja, 70%, às 72 h, seguido do extrato de cravo a 10%, com 37% de mortalidade. Quanto à sobrevivência de adultos de pulgão, verificou-se que o óleo de funcho a 1%, extrato de funcho a 10% e o extrato de cravo a 10% apresentaram os menores índices de sobrevivência, ou seja, 46%, 53% e 53%, respectivamente. No teste de mortalidade realizado na cultura, observou-se a efetividade do extrato de cravo a 10% e do óleo de funcho a 1%, em que os mesmos obtiveram 6% e 8% de sobrevivência de adultos de pulgões, respectivamente. A análise sensorial das couves não indicou diferença significativa entre as mesmas, a 5% de significância.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia Stadler Rosa Lucca.pdf: 1596078 bytes, checksum: 26545cacc279bf8104c7bd2edea4d008 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-10 / The use of natural substances for pest management in agriculture is, economically, a viable option and has benefits for both human-beings and environment, due to its low persistence and toxicity. Thus, this trial aimed at determining the insecticidal potential of extracts and essential oils of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), sweet herb (Pimpinella anisum), clove (Caryophillus aromaticus) and of homeopathic preparations from CH 05 and CH 06 aphid on the control of Brevicoryne brassicae in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). The treatments were: fennel extracts, sweet herb and cloves at 10%; fennel oils, sweet herb and cloves at 1%; homeopathic preparations with CH 05 and CH 06 aphid; control with distilled water. The mortality tests were done concerning nymphs and adults of aphids in laboratory, with three replications, each one consisting of a cabbage leaf kept inside a Petri dish containing moistened cotton. On each plate, ten nymphs were released added with a 1 mL spray of the respective solutions. The plates were covered with a perforated plastic film and incubated with a 12 hour photoperiod at 25 ° C. Evaluations were performed after 1, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. After analysis in the laboratory, some tests were done with the culture, in pots, only with the Indian cloves extracts at 10% and fennel oil at 1% treatments, since they were significant. There was, moreover, the sensorial analysis of cabbage, treated with clove extract at 10% and fennel oil at 1%. Data analysis was performed by analysis of variance and averages comparison by Tukey, at 5% of significance. In lab tests, it was found out that fennel oil at 1% showed the best rate of mortality on aphid nymphs, which means 70%, at 72 h, followed by clove extract at 10% with 37% of mortality. It was registered for survival of adults aphids that the fennel oil at 1%, fennel extract at 10% and clove extract at 10% had the lowest survival rates, as: 46%, 53% and 53 %, respectively. A mortality test was carried out in the culture and it was registered the effectiveness of clove extract at 10% and fennel oil at 1%, and they had 6% and 8% of survival in adults aphids, respectively. The sensorial analysis of cabbage did not indicate any significant difference among them, at 5% significance. / O uso de substâncias naturais para manejo de pragas da agricultura é uma opção economicamente viável e traz benefícios tanto ao homem como ao ambiente, devido a sua baixa persistência e toxicidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho em questão foi verificar o potencial inseticida de extratos e óleos essenciais de funcho (Foeniculum vulgare), erva doce (Pimpinella anisum), cravo-da-Índia (Caryophillus aromaticus) e dos preparados homeopáticos para o controle de Brevicoryne brassicae em couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Os tratamentos utilizados foram os extratos de funcho, erva-doce e cravo-da-Índia a 10%; óleos de funcho, erva-doce e cravo-daÍndia a 1%; preparados homeopáticos de pulgão CH 05 e CH 06 e controle com água destilada. Realizaram-se testes de mortalidade sobre ninfas e adultos de pulgão em condições de laboratório, com três repetições, cada uma constituída por uma folha de couve mantida no interior de uma placa de Petri contendo algodão umedecido. Em cada placa, foram liberadas dez ninfas e pulverizado 1 mL das respectivas caldas. As placas foram cobertas com filme plástico perfurado e incubadas com fotoperíodo de 12 horas a 25 °C. Avaliações foram realizadas após 1, 12, 24, 48 e 72 h. Após análise em condições de laboratório, realizaram-se testes na cultura, em vasos, somente com os tratamentos extrato de cravo-da-Índia a 10% e óleo de funcho a 1%, pois os mesmos apresentaram-se significativos. Realizou-se, ainda, análise sensorial das couves tratadas com o extrato de cravo a 10% e óleo de funcho a 1%. A análise dos dados ocorreu por análise de variância e comparação de médias por Tukey, a 5% de significância. Nos testes realizados em laboratório, verificou-se que, o óleo de funcho a 1% apresentou a melhor mortalidade sobre as ninfas de pulgão, ou seja, 70%, às 72 h, seguido do extrato de cravo a 10%, com 37% de mortalidade. Quanto à sobrevivência de adultos de pulgão, verificou-se que o óleo de funcho a 1%, extrato de funcho a 10% e o extrato de cravo a 10% apresentaram os menores índices de sobrevivência, ou seja, 46%, 53% e 53%, respectivamente. No teste de mortalidade realizado na cultura, observou-se a efetividade do extrato de cravo a 10% e do óleo de funcho a 1%, em que os mesmos obtiveram 6% e 8% de sobrevivência de adultos de pulgões, respectivamente. A análise sensorial das couves não indicou diferença significativa entre as mesmas, a 5% de significância.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1307951 bytes, checksum: a9d2e7710b0423035200284b202f8283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of corn in Brazil. Its control is mainly performed by insecticides. Due to the high cost of insecticides and its polluter effect on the environment, the use of biological control might be more a management tool with the chemical control. Among the natural enemies, the earwigs, D. luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), has been presented as potential biological control agent of S. frugiperda. As a biological agent little is known about selectivity of chemical insecticides used in corn. Thus, this study evaluated the selectivity of insecticides to D. luteipes and the effect on their behavior when exposed to insecticides methomyl, chlorfenapyr, etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, λ- cyhalothrin, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole. S. frugiperda and D. luteipes were submitted to the bioassays of concentration-mortality to determine the LC50 and LT50, respectively. Adults of D. luteipes underwent two bioassays with surface arena fully treated and arena partially treated with insecticide, to observe the effects of pesticides on their behavior. In the results of the concentrationmortality bioassays showed that the insecticide spinosad was more toxic to S. frugiperda. In the bioassays with adults of D. luteipes showed that the chlorantraniliprole was less toxic and more selective for adults of D. luteipes, and the insecticide chlorpyrifos showed higher toxicity and lower selectivity. In the mortality time bioassays for S. frugiperda with insecticides etofenprox, chlorpyrifos, λ-cyhalothrin and methomyl, these insecticides had higher value for times-lethal. Bioassay of time mortality for adults of D. luteipes observed that the insecticides chlorpyrifos and λ-cyhalothrin showed less lethal time. In behavioral bioassays in arena fully treated for the adults of D. luteipes, they showed a reduction in walking distance and average speed in the treatments, when exposed to the insecticide spinosad. The methomyl and chlorantraniliprole insecticides hadn't effect on the behavior of the predator movement. In the behavioral bioassays in arena partially treated showed that deltamethrin, spinosad and λ-cyhalothrin had effect of attractiveness to adults of D. luteipes. Already chlorpyrifos, chlorfenapyr and etofenprox showed effect repellency to adults of D. luteipes. Thus, one can conclude that assessments of the effects of insecticides on the behavior of natural enemies are important tool to obtain information about the selectivity and toxicity of these insecticides. Thus, the insecticide chlorantraniliprole was highly selective for D. luteipes. Moreover, no effect of irritability or preference in behavioral bioassays was observed. Thus, this insecticide could be used on the integrated management program for control of S. frugiperda in corn. / Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) é considerada a principal praga do milho no Brasil. O seu controle é realizado principalmente por inseticidas. Devido ao alto custo dos inseticidas e ao seu efeito poluidor no meio ambiente, a utilização do controle biológico pode vir a ser mais uma ferramenta de manejo junto ao controle químico. Dentre os inimigos naturais, a tesourinha, D. luteipes (Scudder) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), tem-se apresentado como potencial agente de controle biológico da S. frugiperda. Quanto a esse agente biológico pouco se sabe sobre seletividade dos inseticidas químicos utilizados na cultura do milho. Dessa forma, neste trabalho foi avaliada a seletividade dos inseticidas para D. luteipes e o efeito em seu comportamento de movimentação quando exposto aos inseticidas metomil, clorfenapir, etofemproxi, clorpirifós, deltametrina, λ-cialotrina, espinosade e clorantraniliprole. A S. frugiperda e a D. luteipes foram submetidas a bioensaios de concentração-mortalidade e tempo mortalidade para determinar a CL50 e TL50, respectivamente. Os adultos de D. luteipes foram submetidos a dois ensaios de movimentação em superfície com arena totalmente tratada e arena parcialmente tratada com resíduo seco de inseticida, para observar os efeitos dos inseticidas em seu comportamento. Nos resultados dos bioensaios o espinosade foi o inseticida mais tóxico para S. frugiperda. Nos bioensaios com adultos de D. luteipes verificou-se que o clorantraniliprole foi o menos tóxico e o mais seletivo; e o inseticida clorpirifós apresentou maior toxicidade e menor viii seletividade. Nos bioensaios de tempo mortalidade com a S. frugiperda os inseticidas etofemproxi, clorpirifós, λ-cialotrina e metomil apresentaram maiores razões entre os tempos letais. No bioensaio de tempo mortalidade para adultos de D. luteipes observou-se que os inseticidas clorpirifós e λ-cialotrina apresentaram menor tempo letal. Nos bioensaios de comportamento em arena totalmente tratada para os adultos de D. luteipes, estes apresentaram redução na distância caminhada e na velocidade média nos tratamentos em que foram expostos ao inseticida espinosade. Os inseticidas metomil e clorantraniliprole não apresentaram efeito sobre o comportamento de movimentação do predador. Nos bioensaios de comportamento em arena parcialmente tratada observou-se que os inseticidas deltametrina, espinosade e λ-cialotrina mostraram efeito de atratividade aos adultos de D. luteipes. Já o clorpirifós, clorfenapir e etofemproxi mostraram efeito de repelência aos adultos de D. luteipes. Desse modo, pode-se concluir que avaliações dos efeitos dos inseticidas no comportamento dos inimigos naturais é uma importante ferramenta para obter informações sobre a seletividade e toxicidade destes inseticidas. Desta forma, o inseticida clorantraniliprole foi altamente seletivo para D. luteipes. Além disso, não foi observado efeito de irritabilidade ou preferência nos bioensaios comportamentais. Assim, este inseticida pode vir a ser utilizado junto ao programa de manejo integrado para o controle de S. frugiperda na cultura de milho.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil hydrophobicity can be conceptually defined as soil repellency to water and is associated with the covering of soil particles by hydrophobic organic substances which interact with mineral particles and pores in a complex way, making soil wetting difficult. The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the biochemical composition of vegetation, physical and chemical properties of soil organic matter fractions and their relationships to the occurrence and degree of soil hydrophobicity; (ii) analyze the effects of hydrophobic compounds at different intensities on sorptivity and water retention curve; (iii) measure and monitor the effects of variation of soil temperature and water content on the variability of the degree of soil hydrophobicity during a drying cycle. Soil samples were collected from different soil classes in the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina States, southern Brazil. From the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil layers, undisturbed samples (in blocks) were collected for the determination of sorptivity while preserved samples were collected using core samplers (volume of 47 cm³) for the evaluation of water retention curve, soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity. From these layers, deformed samples were also collected for soil chemical and physical characterization. However, part of the samples used for the determination of water retention curves were previously subjected to sequential chemical extraction with acetone and a solution of isopropanol:ammonia to remove hydrophobic compounds. Soil carbon analysis consisted of determination of total organic carbon, physical (> 53μm and <53μm), and chemical (fulvic and humic acids and humin) fractions. Water and ethanol sorptivity was determined using tension micro-infiltrometer. Hydrophobicity was evaluated by comparing water and ethanol sorptivity values and soil-water contact angle was calculated from the hydrophobicity index. The effect of temperature was measured using PVC cylinder (785 cm³) constructed with disturbed samples from different soils, wetted and dried under different temperatures (20, 45 and 70 °C) and the hydrophobicity was determined using the water droplet penetration time method. Hydrophobicity had an intimate relationship with soil organic carbon content, mainly organic compounds accumulated in physical fractions <53 μm and chemical fraction humin, indicating that hydrophobic compounds are highly recalcitrant and are strongly associated with silt and clay fractions, forming stable organo-mineral complexes, and at the same time, covering all or part of surfaces of mineral particles or aggregates. The existence of these hydrophobic compounds caused changes in sorptivity and soil-water contact angle, directly affecting capillary and soil water retention curve, and reduced the volume of water retained at lower potentials. The heating of the soil at temperatures at or below 45 °C did not alter the intensity of hydrophobicity but there were changes when soil temperature exceeded 70 °C or when the soil moisture was drastically reduced. / A hidrofobicidade do solo pode ser conceitualmente definida como a repelência do solo à água e está associada ao recobrimento das partículas do solo por substâncias orgânicas hidrofóbicas, que interagem de forma complexa com os poros e partículas minerais, dificultando o molhamento do solo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) determinar a composição bioquímica da vegetação, das frações físicas e químicas da matéria orgânica e suas relações com a ocorrência e grau de hidrofobicidade; (ii) analisar os efeitos dos compostos hidrofóbicos em diferentes intensidades na sortividade e na curva de retenção de água; (iii) avaliar e monitorar os efeitos da variação da temperatura e do conteúdo de água na variação do grau de hidrofobicidade do solo ao longo de um ciclo de secagem. Foram coletadas amostras de solo de diferentes classes de solos existentes no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Nas camadas de 0 5, 5 10 e 10 15 cm foram coletadas amostras indeformadas (blocos), para a avaliação da sortividade e amostras com estrutura preservada, com cilindros metálicos (47 cm³), para a determinação da curva de retenção de água, densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade e microporosidade. Nessas camadas também foram coletadas amostras deformadas para a caracterização química e física dos solos. No entanto, parte das amostras utilizadas na determinação da curva de retenção de água foram previamente submetidas a uma extração química sequencial com acetona e uma solução de isopropanol:amônia para remoção dos compostos hidrofóbicos. A análise do carbono constou da determinação do carbono orgânico total e da determinação das frações físicas (>53μm e <53μm) e químicas (Ácidos Fúlvicos, Ácidos Húmicos e Humina). A sortividade da água e do etanol foram determinadas com um micro-infiltrômetro de tensão. A hidrofobicidade foi avaliada comparando valores de sortividade da água e do etanol. O ângulo de contato água-solo foi calculado a partir do índice de hidrofobicidade. O efeito da temperatura foi mensurado em cilindros de PVC (785 cm³) construídos com amostras desagregadas dos diferentes solos. As amostras foram umedecidas e secas sob diferentes temperaturas (20, 45 e 70°C), sendo a hidrofobicidade determinada simultaneamente pelo método do tempo de penetração da gota de água. A hidrofobicidade apresentou uma íntima relação com o teor de carbono orgânico do solo, principalmente com os compostos orgânicos acumulados na fração física <53 μm e na fração química da Humina, indicando que os compostos hidrofóbicos provavelmente apresentam elevada recalcitrância e estão fortemente associados às frações silte e argila, formando complexos organo-minerais estáveis, ao mesmo tempo em que recobrem total ou parcialmente a superfície de agregados ou partículas minerais. A existência desses compostos hidrófobos causa alterações na sortividade e no ângulo de contato água-solo, afetando diretamente a capilaridade e a curva de retenção do solo, reduzindo o volume de água retido nos menores potenciais. O aquecimento do solo à temperaturas inferiores a 45 °C não causa modificações na intensidade da hidrofobicidade, que é alterada somente quando a temperatura do solo excede a 70 °C ou quando a umidade do solo é acintosamente reduzida.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T12:15:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Lenadro Braga Coitinho.pdf: 431687 bytes, checksum: 3510e17dbd6224b39b136428e9bf81c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:15:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Lenadro Braga Coitinho.pdf: 431687 bytes, checksum: 3510e17dbd6224b39b136428e9bf81c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-02 / The essential oils are promising alternative for the management of Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize. In this investigation, toxicity, repellency and persistence of essential oils in stored maize were evaluated using S. zeamais. The oil’s LC50s from leaves of Piper hispidinervum, Eugenia uniflora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, eugenol compound, Piper marginatum, Schinus terebinthifolius and Melaleuca leucadendron and green fruits of S terebinthifolius, in the tests of contact and ingestion were estimated at 1.0; 11.6; 14.2; 14.8; 21.1; 57.7, 75.8 and 98.8 μL/40g maize, respectively. In fumigation tests for adults, the LC50s ranged from 94.7 to 0.53 μL/L of air and the toxicity ratios ranged from 178.7 to 2.0. In the fumigation for larvae with 7 to 14 days of age, only eugenol did not differ from control concerning number of adults emerged. In larvae with 7 to 21 days, the oils of green fruits from S. terebinthifolius and P. hispidinervum showed the best performance in relation to the control. Percentages of repellency varied between 97.4 (P. marginatum and C. zeylanicum) to 81% (P. hispidinervum). In the initial storage period (after impregnation), mortality of S. zeamais ranged between 93.8 (P. hispidinervum, Melaleucaleucadendron and eugenol) to 100% (E. uniflora, green fruits of S. terebinthifolius and P. marginatum). From 30 days, mortality generally decreased, except for P. marginatum (92.2%). According to the regression equations adjusted for the number of S. zeamais emerged throughoutthe storage period, there was no statistical significance for the oils of S. terebinthifolius and P. marginatum and control. For the average, the oil from P. marginatum was the most persistent, providing emergency of only 0.30 insects differing from the other oils and the control. / Os óleos essenciais constituem alternativa promissora para o manejo de Sitophilus zeamais em milho armazenado. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a toxicidade, a repelência e a persistência de óleos essenciais em milho armazenado, utilizando-se S. zeamais. As CL50s dos óleos de folhas de Piper hispidinervum, Eugenia uniflora, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, composto eugenol, Piper marginatum, Schinus terebinthifolius, e Melaleuca leucadendron e de frutos verdes de S terebinthifolius, nos testes de contato e ingestão, foram estimadas em 1,0; 11,6; 14,2; 14,8; 21,1; 57,7; 75,8 e 98,8 μL/40g de milho, respectivamente. Nos testes de fumigação para adultos, as CL50s variaram entre 94,7 a 0,53 μL/L de ar e as razões de toxicidade estiveram entre 178,7 a 2,0. Na fumigação para larvas de 7 a 14 dias de idade, apenas o eugenol não diferiu da testemunha, quanto ao número de adultos emergidos. Em larvas com 7 a 21 dias, os óleos de frutos verdes de S. terebinthifolius e de P. hispidinervum apresentaram o melhor desempenho, em relação à testemunha. As percentagens de repelência variaram entre 97,4 (P. marginatum e C. zeylanicum) a 81% (P. hispidinervum). No período inicial de armazenamento (logo após a impregnação), asmortalidades de S. zeamais variaram entre 93,8 (P. hispidinervum, Melaleuca leucadendron e eugenol) a 100% (E. uniflora, frutos verdes de S. terebinthifolius e P. marginatum). A partir dos 30 dias, as mortalidades, de um modo geral, decresceram, com exceção de P. marginatum(92,2%). De acordo com as equações de regressão ajustadas para o número de S. zeamais emergidos em todo o período de armazenamento, não houve significância estatística para os óleos de S. terebinthifolius e de P. marginatum e testemunha. Em relação à média geral, o óleo de P. marginatum foi o mais persistente, proporcionando emergência de apenas 0,30 insetos, diferindo dos demais óleos e da testemunha.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T12:42:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Maria de Franca.pdf: 466611 bytes, checksum: 4a705ea39b9d5a92efd855c9d94601d9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:42:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Solange Maria de Franca.pdf: 466611 bytes, checksum: 4a705ea39b9d5a92efd855c9d94601d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-04 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The tomato fruit borer, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), stands out as a key pest of tomato, the main vegetable cultivated in Brazil. Its control is accomplished through the use of synthetic chemical insecticides, commonly used improperly. Thus, researches that aim at proper use of these insecticides associated with other control techniques are of the utmost importance for the integrated management of this pest. In this study, it was evaluated the efficiency of the wax formulation (SPLAT), with and without the insecticide cypermethrin in the sexual disruption of N. elegantalis, and its effect in reducing injuries on tomato fruits. The effects of the insecticides used in the "Agreste" region of Pernambuco and neem based insecticides (Natuneem and Azamax) on eggs, pre-pupae and pupae of N. elegantalis were also evaluated. In the tests of repellent effect on oviposition it was used the insecticides methomyl, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, ethofenprox, chlorantraniliprole and Natuneem and Azamax. As toxic baits it was used lufenuron, deltamethrin and indoxocarb associated with sucrose at 2.5% as attractive for adults, applied over tomato plants. The SPLAT treatments significantly reduced the number of eggs and the injuries in tomato fruits. However, applications before and after flowering were more efficient for N. elegantalis sexual disruption. The insecticides methomyl and ethofenprox had the highest inviability of eggs, reduced larval survival and the number of entry and exit holes on the fruits. Ethofenprox had the highest average mortality, causing 50% mortality in pupae and 38% in pre-pupae. As for repellency, all insecticides tested except for Natuneem and chlorantraniliprole reduced significantly the number of eggs compared with control. Lufenuron and deltamethrin showed great potential for use in toxic bait, since reduced the number of eggs, while the indoxocarb stimulated oviposition, being not recommended for this purpose. / A broca-pequena, Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), destacase como praga-chave da cultura do tomateiro, principal hortaliça cultivada no Brasil. Seu controle é realizado através do uso de inseticidas químicos sintéticos, comumente aplicados de forma inadequada. Assim, pesquisas que visem à utilização apropriada desses inseticidas, associados com outras táticas de controle são de suma importância para o manejo integrado dessa praga. No presente trabalho, avaliou-se a eficiência da formulação de cera (SPLAT), com e sem o inseticida cipermetrina, na disrupção sexual de N. elegantalis, e seu efeito na redução das injúrias nos frutos de tomate. Os efeitos dos inseticidas utilizados na região Agreste de Pernambuco e inseticidas a base de nim (Natuneem e Azamax) sobre ovos, pré-pupas e pupas de N. elegantalis, também foram avaliados. Nos testes sobre o efeito repelente na oviposição utilizaram-se os inseticidas metomil, clorpirifós, lambda-cialotrina, beta-cipermetrina, deltametrina, etofenproxi, clorantraniliprole, Natuneem e Azamax. Como iscas tóxicas, utilizaram-se lufenurom, deltametrina e indoxocarbe associados à sacarose a 2,5% como atraentes para adultos, aplicados sobre plantas de tomateiro. Os tratamentos SPLAT reduziram significativamente o número de ovos e as injúrias nos frutos de tomate. No entanto, aplicações antes e após o florescimento foram mais eficientes para a disrupção sexual de N. elegantalis. Os inseticidas etofenproxi e metomil proporcionaram as maiores inviabilidades de ovos e reduziram a sobrevivência das lagartas e o número de orifícios de entrada e saída nos frutos. Etofenproxi obteve mortalidade média de 38% em pré-pupas e 50% em pupas. Quanto à repelência, com exceção de Natuneem e clorantraniliprole, os inseticicidas reduziram, significativamente, o número de ovos, quando comparados com a testemunha. Lufenurom e deltametrina apresentaram grande potencial para serem utilizados em isca tóxica, pois reduziram o número de ovos, enquanto o indoxocarbe estimulou a oviposição, não sendo recomendado o seu uso para essa finalidade.