Le droit électoral de l’entreprise est un droit en construction. Largement influencé par le droit électoral politique, il fait appel à des mécanismes propres. La spécificité des élections en entreprise impose la mise en place de règles adaptées. C’est ce dont s’efforce le législateur et la Cour de cassation. Mais la trop grande particularité de ces élections complexifie la construction d’un droit claire et cohérent. Les élections professionnelles dans l’entreprise ont de nombreuses fonctions ; elles permettent aux salariés de choisir leurs représentants mais également, depuis la loi du 20 août 2008 portant rénovation de la démocratie sociale et réforme du temps de travail, de mesurer la représentativité des syndicats permettant à ces derniers notamment de négocier des accords collectifs. Le droit électoral de l’entreprise doit prendre en considération un trop grand nombre d’éléments. Il doit articuler les différentes fonctions des élections professionnelles dans l’entreprise et tenir compte de la spécificité du cadre d’organisation et des sujets, ce qui en fait un droit imparfait / Company’s electoral law is a law in the process of development. Largely influenced by the election political law, it appeals to specific mechanisms. The particularity of company’s elections imposes the introduction of appropriate rules. This is what both the legislator and the Court of Cassation are attempting to ensure. But the major specific feature of these elections complicates the construction of a law in a clear and coherent manner. The company’s professional elections have numerous functions ; they allow employees to choose their representatives and since the law of August 20th, 2008 on the renovation of social democracy and the reform of working time, they also enable to measure the representativeness of trade unions, allowing the latter to negotiate collective agreements. Company’s electoral law has to take into account too many elements. It should articulate different functions of professional elections in the company and take into account organizational framework and issues specificities, which makes it an imperfect law.

Arab Gulf monarchies including the constitutional monarchies of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman / and the absolutist monarchies of the Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, in general, have a poor record of political liberalization. Until the early 1990&rsquo / s, there have been attempts to implement political reforms, however even limited political reforms have been short-lived. Nevertheless, political liberalization in the Arab Gulf monarchies has accelerated particularly since the end of the Cold War, as most of the Arab Gulf ruling elites were then convinced of opening up their political systems. Yet, regardless of similarities in their domestic political contexts, the quality and the quantity of political reform implemented, differed from one Arab Gulf state to another. This study aims to examine, how the ruling regimes of the Arab Gulf have responded to changes in the international context along with the increasing demands for political reform. In addition, it aims to provide the reader with a detailed examination of political liberalization in two specific Arab Gulf states, namely the Kuwait and the Saudi Arabia. Throughout this study, overall performances of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia in terms of political liberalization are compared and the reasons why Kuwait has been noticeably more successful than Saudi Arabia in this field are studied. It is the basic conclusion of this study that despite Arab Gulf regimes have been slow in taking steps towards political liberalization, they are not immune to political liberalization, and that even the most conservative Arab Gulf monarchy, the Saudi Arabia has not been able to remain indifferent to change and political reform.

A ascensão do paradigma informacional é resultado do advento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação cujos impactos sociais refletem-se no mundo do trabalho e nas identidades profissionais. A identidade profissional daqueles que trabalham com informação, é fortemente influenciada por esse novo paradigma. O estudo pretende compreender como é construída a identidade profissional dos bibliotecários a partir das representações sociais dos membros dirigentes das entidades de classe da profissão. Foi aplicado um questionário a um membro de cada um dos 14 Conselhos Regionais, além do Conselho Federal, e a um representante de cada uma das quatro associações escolhidas para a pesquisa, além da FEBAB. Oito questionários, dos vinte enviados, retornaram respondidos. Constatou-se que os dirigentes são otimistas em relação ao futuro da profissão, percebem um “mercado potencial” considerável para os bibliotecários. Notam que as faculdades estão “atualizando seus currículos” tendo em vista a nova realidade informacional. Quanto à mudança na denominação profissional todos são contrários, em função dos aspectos legais que a regulamentam. O bibliotecário é visto como um “mediador”, também percebem um tímido reconhecimento social do trabalho bibliotecário. “Pró-atividade” e “atualização” são características que os dirigentes percebem no bibliotecário contemporâneo, e afirmam que embora haja conflitos e tensões com outras categorias profissionais, o bibliotecário é o mais apto a prestar bons serviços no que diz respeito à informação. / The rise of the informational paradigm is the result of the advent of information and communication technologies and its social impacts reflect in the work field and in professional identities. The identity of professional librarians is strongly influenced by this new paradigm, as shown in the present study by the social representations drawn by the leaders of institutions that represent the profession of librarian. The objective of this study was to understand how the professional identity of librarians is formed. Leaders of representative institutions were found optimistic the future of the profession, noticing a significant potential work market for librarians. A questionnaire was applied to a member of each Regional Councils, a member of the Federal Council, a representative from each of the five associations selected for the research and a representative of FEBAB. Eight of the twenty questionnaires sent were answered. According to them the Librarianship colleges are "upgrading their curricula" in view of this new reality. As for the change in professional designation, all are opposed to it due to its legal aspects that determine the work field for the profession. The librarian is seen as a "mediator" and the leaders perceive an incipient social recognition of librarian´s work. "Pro-activity" and "professional upgrade" are characteristics of the contemporary librarian perceived by the leaders. Although there are conflicts and tensions with other professional categories, the leaders believe the librarian is the most capable for providing good services in the information society.

A ascensão do paradigma informacional é resultado do advento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação cujos impactos sociais refletem-se no mundo do trabalho e nas identidades profissionais. A identidade profissional daqueles que trabalham com informação, é fortemente influenciada por esse novo paradigma. O estudo pretende compreender como é construída a identidade profissional dos bibliotecários a partir das representações sociais dos membros dirigentes das entidades de classe da profissão. Foi aplicado um questionário a um membro de cada um dos 14 Conselhos Regionais, além do Conselho Federal, e a um representante de cada uma das quatro associações escolhidas para a pesquisa, além da FEBAB. Oito questionários, dos vinte enviados, retornaram respondidos. Constatou-se que os dirigentes são otimistas em relação ao futuro da profissão, percebem um “mercado potencial” considerável para os bibliotecários. Notam que as faculdades estão “atualizando seus currículos” tendo em vista a nova realidade informacional. Quanto à mudança na denominação profissional todos são contrários, em função dos aspectos legais que a regulamentam. O bibliotecário é visto como um “mediador”, também percebem um tímido reconhecimento social do trabalho bibliotecário. “Pró-atividade” e “atualização” são características que os dirigentes percebem no bibliotecário contemporâneo, e afirmam que embora haja conflitos e tensões com outras categorias profissionais, o bibliotecário é o mais apto a prestar bons serviços no que diz respeito à informação. / The rise of the informational paradigm is the result of the advent of information and communication technologies and its social impacts reflect in the work field and in professional identities. The identity of professional librarians is strongly influenced by this new paradigm, as shown in the present study by the social representations drawn by the leaders of institutions that represent the profession of librarian. The objective of this study was to understand how the professional identity of librarians is formed. Leaders of representative institutions were found optimistic the future of the profession, noticing a significant potential work market for librarians. A questionnaire was applied to a member of each Regional Councils, a member of the Federal Council, a representative from each of the five associations selected for the research and a representative of FEBAB. Eight of the twenty questionnaires sent were answered. According to them the Librarianship colleges are "upgrading their curricula" in view of this new reality. As for the change in professional designation, all are opposed to it due to its legal aspects that determine the work field for the profession. The librarian is seen as a "mediator" and the leaders perceive an incipient social recognition of librarian´s work. "Pro-activity" and "professional upgrade" are characteristics of the contemporary librarian perceived by the leaders. Although there are conflicts and tensions with other professional categories, the leaders believe the librarian is the most capable for providing good services in the information society.

A ascensão do paradigma informacional é resultado do advento das tecnologias de informação e comunicação cujos impactos sociais refletem-se no mundo do trabalho e nas identidades profissionais. A identidade profissional daqueles que trabalham com informação, é fortemente influenciada por esse novo paradigma. O estudo pretende compreender como é construída a identidade profissional dos bibliotecários a partir das representações sociais dos membros dirigentes das entidades de classe da profissão. Foi aplicado um questionário a um membro de cada um dos 14 Conselhos Regionais, além do Conselho Federal, e a um representante de cada uma das quatro associações escolhidas para a pesquisa, além da FEBAB. Oito questionários, dos vinte enviados, retornaram respondidos. Constatou-se que os dirigentes são otimistas em relação ao futuro da profissão, percebem um “mercado potencial” considerável para os bibliotecários. Notam que as faculdades estão “atualizando seus currículos” tendo em vista a nova realidade informacional. Quanto à mudança na denominação profissional todos são contrários, em função dos aspectos legais que a regulamentam. O bibliotecário é visto como um “mediador”, também percebem um tímido reconhecimento social do trabalho bibliotecário. “Pró-atividade” e “atualização” são características que os dirigentes percebem no bibliotecário contemporâneo, e afirmam que embora haja conflitos e tensões com outras categorias profissionais, o bibliotecário é o mais apto a prestar bons serviços no que diz respeito à informação. / The rise of the informational paradigm is the result of the advent of information and communication technologies and its social impacts reflect in the work field and in professional identities. The identity of professional librarians is strongly influenced by this new paradigm, as shown in the present study by the social representations drawn by the leaders of institutions that represent the profession of librarian. The objective of this study was to understand how the professional identity of librarians is formed. Leaders of representative institutions were found optimistic the future of the profession, noticing a significant potential work market for librarians. A questionnaire was applied to a member of each Regional Councils, a member of the Federal Council, a representative from each of the five associations selected for the research and a representative of FEBAB. Eight of the twenty questionnaires sent were answered. According to them the Librarianship colleges are "upgrading their curricula" in view of this new reality. As for the change in professional designation, all are opposed to it due to its legal aspects that determine the work field for the profession. The librarian is seen as a "mediator" and the leaders perceive an incipient social recognition of librarian´s work. "Pro-activity" and "professional upgrade" are characteristics of the contemporary librarian perceived by the leaders. Although there are conflicts and tensions with other professional categories, the leaders believe the librarian is the most capable for providing good services in the information society.

L’établissement distinct est devenu un concept incontournable dans la vie des entreprises et une notion récurrente dans les textes légaux et la jurisprudence. Dans l’hypothèse la plus simple, l’entreprise n’est dotée que d’une seule unité de travail, constituée d’activités et de personnels réunis en un même lieu. L’entreprise et l’établissement unique se confondent alors. Mais dès lors qu’elle développe un effectif important et que sa structure complexe impose la mise en place d’une organisation adaptée, elle se démembre et se divise en établissements. L’établissement distinct devient alors un centre d’activité de l’entreprise géographiquement ou matériellement isolé. Le droit du travail tente de saisir l’établissement distinct dans de multiples dimensions et n’adopte pas la même approche selon l’utilité que sa reconnaissance peut apporter dans l’entreprise. L’objet de cette recherche est de saisir la multiplicité des réalités que recouvre l’établissement distinct et d’éclaircir la manière dont le législateur et les tribunaux tendent à l’optimiser en fonction du rôle qui lui est assigné. Concomitamment, il est question de vérifier l’opportunité d’opérer un recentrage des rapports du droit du travail au niveau de l’établissement plutôt qu’au niveau de l’entreprise et les conséquences qui en résultent. / The separate establishment has become an unavoidable concept in the life of the companies and a recurring notion in the legal texts and the jurisprudence. In the simplest case, the company has only one work unit, consisting of activities and personnel in one place. The enterprise and the single establishment are then merged. But since it develops a large workforce and its complex structure requires the establishment of a suitable organization, it is dismembered and divided into establishments. The separate establishment then becomes a center of activity of the company geographically or materially isolated. Labor law attempts to seize the distinct establishment in multiple dimensions and does not adopt the same approach depending on the utility that its recognition can bring to the company. The purpose of this research is to grasp the multiplicity of realities encompassed by the distinct institution and to clarify how the legislature and the courts tend to optimize it according to the role assigned to it. Concomitantly, it is a question of verifying the desirability of refocusing the relations of labor law at the level of the establishment rather than at the level of the enterprise and the resulting consequences.

Durant el període que va des de la mort de Carles II (1700) fins a la fi de la Guerra de Successió (1714), els tres comuns (Consell de Cent, Diputació del Catalunya i Braç Militar), assoliren un paper fonamental en la defensa de les Constitucions davant les transgressions dels monarques. La seva actuació, però, va estar dirigida per una institució de recent creació: la Conferència dels Comuns. La present tesi doctoral estudia aquesta institució, que va esdevenir decisiva en el tombant del segle XVII i ajuda a entendre per què els catalans es decantaren a favor de Carles III, l'arxiduc, durant el conflicte successori. Però la Conferència dels Tres Comuns va ser rellevant també per la seva significació dins el context de les institucions representatives: va afavorir l'actuació mancomunada dels comuns a la vegada que va facilitar l'accés dels nous sectors mercantils en la presa de decisions polítiques. / Durante el periodo que va desde la muerte de Carlos II (1700) hasta el fin de la Guerra de Sucesión (1714), los tres comunes (Consejo de Ciento, Diputación del General y Brazo Militar), adquirieron un papel fundamental en la defensa de las Constituciones ante las transgresiones de los monarcas. Su actuación, sin embargo, estuvo dirigida por una institución de reciente creación: la Conferencia de los Comunes. La presente tesis doctoral estudia esta institución, que fue decisiva en el cambio del siglo XVII y ayuda a entender por qué los catalanes apoyaron a Carlos III, el archiduque, durante el conflicto sucesorio. Pero la Conferencia también fue relevante por su significación dentro del contexto de las instituciones representativas: favoreció la acción mancomunada de los comunes a la vez que facilitó el acceso de los nuevos sectores mercantiles en la toma de decisiones políticas. / During the period that goes from the death of Charles II (1700) to the end the of Succession War (1714), the three commons (Consell de Cent, Deputation of Catalonia and Military Arm), acquired a very important role in the defense of the Constitutions when kings tried to beak them. However, the actions of three commons were guided by a new institution: the Conference of Commons. This doctoral thesis studies this institution, which was decisive during these years, and helps us to understand why Catalans supported to Charles III, the archduke. Conference of Commons was also important because of its meaning in the context of representative institutions: it did well for the unity of action of the commons, and, at the same time, it permits the access of the new mercantile sectors to the groups with political power.