Nowadays, the business world is characterized by complexity since market and customer requirements are changing rapidly. Based on this assumption, providers are facing the challenge of delivering software products in shorter terms while these products remain innovative. Agile software development has a huge impact on how software is developed worldwide and promises business value in short iterations. At the same time, requirements are the base of all software products, and consequently, Requirements Engineering (RE) plays one of the most important roles in system development. Traditional techniques referring to intended data do not cover the constantly increasing demands of RE and unintended data from digital sources has amplified the need for Data-Driven Requirements Engineering (DDRE). This study contributes to Computer and System Science by providing a process to combine DDRE and traditional RE approaches in Agile software development methodologies. In this study, the researcher is trying to provide a concrete solution to the lack of an effective process to address data-driven requirements in a Scrum environment organized by regular Sprints and the purpose of it is to suggest a new method for requirements elicitation based on digital data and combine them with traditional stakeholder-driven RE in a Scrum agile environment. The method intends to assist Agile professionals to elicit requirements from digital sources in combination with intended data derived from the stakeholders without impacting the main Agile practices. The approach to conduct this study is Design Science Research (DSR) and contains five steps: Explicate Problem, Define Requirements, Design and develop Artefact, Demonstrate Artefact, and Evaluate Artefact. Literature review has been conducted to explicate the research problem and define the requirements of the artefact. Then, a process and a collaboration board have been created based on the requirements to bring DDRE and traditional RE into the Scrum environment. The researcher performed a demonstration of two illustrative cases of the usage of the proposed artefact to three Scrum professionals and three semi-structured interviews were conducted to evaluate the artefact. After the evaluation, the researcher refined and presented the final artefact that will help the public and private organizations to reduce the costs and time plan on eliciting requirements, and to increase the customers’ satisfaction. The artefact has not been applied in a real Agile environment, but Requirement Engineers and Agile team members can build on the proposed method and bring the elicitation approach of DDRE closer to the software development process.

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As globalisation is now a reality for most large organizations, and the competition for most businesses moving faster and becoming tougher, there is a need for engineering projects to deliver results faster in a more complex environment than ever, but also for companies to collaborate to utilize a wider array of competencies and to reach new markets with their products. This case study analyses which difficulties arise in interorganizational requirements engineering, and what organizations can do to alleviate the effects of those difficulties, as well as suggest which actions are most effective to focus on. The conclusion of this study is that the difficulties can be divided into three categories, namely interpersonal, structural and processual. Each category concerns a different set of people and require different actions for increased effectiveness. For the interpersonal category, prioritized efforts should be to establish a shared vocabulary and use techniques to build shared contextual understanding. For structural difficulties, evaluating management and control structures and the implementation of the project’s strategy should be prioritized. In the processual category, codifying existing processes to enable improvements, defining information artefacts and aligning information flows should be of high priority. / Globaliseringens effekter är idag en verklighet för de flesta stora organisationer, och konkurrensen för företag blir hårdare och förändrar sig allt snabbare. Därför blir det allt viktigare för utvecklingsprojekt att anpassa sig till en allt mer komplex miljö och leverera resultat snabbare än tidigare, men också att samarbeta mer med andra företag för att såväl utnyttja bredare kompetens som att nå nya marknader. Den här studien undersöker utmaningarna i interorganisatoriskt kravställningsarbete, vad företag kan göra för att möta de utmaningarna, såväl som att föreslå vilka handlingar som ger mest effekt för ett bättre kravställningsarbete. Slutsatsen av studien är att utmaningarna kan delas in i tre kategorier, nämligen personorienterade, strukturella och processorienterade. Varje kategori rör en viss mängd deltagare i projektet och kräver olika handlingar för ökad effektivitet. För att minska utmaningar i den personorienterade kategorin bör ett projekt prioritera att använda tekniker för att skapa ett gemensamt språkbruk och att använda tekniker för att bygga upp gemensam kontextuell förståelse. För strukturella utmaningar bör det prioriteras att utvärdera styrnings- och kontrollstrukturer, samt hur projektets strategi har implementerats och förankrats bland deltagarna. I den processorienterade kategorin bör det prioriteras att kodifiera existerande processer för att möjliggöra förbättringsarbete, definiera informationsartefakter och att försäkra sig om att informationsflöden är i linje med varandra mellan företagen, så att rätt information möts vid rätt tillfällen.

[pt] Em função do ritmo acelerado com que tem surgido inovações de mercado, com as incertezas econômicas, a ascensão de mídias sociais, violações cibernéticas, e diversos outros fatores, os riscos organizacionais tem se tornado cada vez mais complexos e difíceis de serem geridos. É necessário que pensemos em modelos mais completos de representação de informações que possam interpretar os riscos aos quais as empresas estão expostas da maneira mais clara e detalhada possível. A modelagem i-estrela permite que informações sejam representadas sem que sejam excluídos detalhes relevantes para a gestão de riscos das organizações. Este artigo propõe uma modelagem de gestão de riscos por meio do modelo i-estrela, de forma a atender a necessidade de representação de informações complexas no atual ambiente de negócios empresarial. / [en] Due to the accelerated pace with which market innovations have emerged, with economic uncertainties, the rise of social media, security issues, and many other factors, organizational risks have become increasingly complex and challenging to manage. It is essential to think about more complete models of information representation that can interpret the risks to which companies are exposed, as clearly, and detailed as possible. The intentional modeling approach allows information to be represented without excluding details relevant to organizations risk management. This paper proposes a risk management modeling strategy using the iStar language to address the need for enhanced information representation in today s enterprise business environment.

Contemporary organizations often deal with a procurements process when purchasing system solutions from different suppliers. Many of these organizations either lack the knowledge, experience, or the time needed to successfully manage procurements processes. This research addresses the role of brokers in such processes, i.e., organizations mediating knowledge between customers and IT suppliers. A main concern for these brokers is managing knowledge flow across boundaries between different stakeholders. The management of knowledge is particularly challenging in requirements engineering processes involving different stakeholders who have distinctive understandings and perspectives of information system development. This thesis presents findings from a single case study in which a consulting firm providing broker services for eliciting and translating client's requirements in procurement processes of system solutions has been investigated. The empirical investigation was conducted through interviews with seven consultants from the firm North Consulting. It focused on formal processes, perceived key challenges, and applied problem solving methods. The contributions of the thesis lie primarily in three important findings: identification of competencies required to successfully broker knowledge in procurement processes, challenges in managing such processes, and, explication of methods, tools, and documents applied to overcome the challenges. / <p>The external partner has choosen to cooperate anonymously. / Den externa samarbetspartnern har valt att delta anonymt.</p>

Uno de los problemas más importantes que se propuso solucionar cuando apareció la Ingeniería Web fue la carencia de técnicas para la especificación de requisitos de aplicaciones Web. Aunque se han presentado diversas propuestas que proporcionan soporte metodológico al desarrollo de aplicaciones Web, la mayoría de ellas se centran básicamente en definir modelos conceptuales que permiten representar de forma abstracta una aplicación Web; las actividades relacionadas con la especificación de requisitos son vagamente tratadas por estas propuestas. Además, las técnicas tradicionales para la especificación de requisitos no proporcionan un soporte adecuado para considerar características propias de las aplicaciones Web como la Navegación. En esta tesis, se presenta una aproximación de Ingeniería de Requisitos para especificar los requisitos de las aplicaciones Web. Esta aproximación incluye mecanismos basados en la metáfora de tarea para especificar no sólo los requisitos relacionados con aspectos estructurales y de comportamiento de una aplicación Web sino también los requisitos relacionados con aspectos navegacionales. Sin embargo, una especificación de requisitos es poco útil si no somos capaces de transformarla en los artefactos software adecuados. Este es un problema clásico que la comunidad de Ingeniería del Software ha tratado de resolver desde sus inicios: cómo pasar del espacio del problema (requisitos de usuario) al espacio de la solución (diseño e implementación) siguiendo una guía metodológica clara y precisa. En esta tesis, se presenta una estrategia que, basándose en transformaciones de grafos, y estando soportada por un conjunto de herramientas, nos permite realizar de forma automática transformaciones entre especificaciones de requisitos basadas en tareas y esquemas conceptuales Web. Además, esta estrategia se ha integrado con un método de Ingeniería Web con capacidades de generación automática de código. Esta integración nos permite proporcionar un mecanis / Valderas Aranda, PJ. (2008). A requirements engineering approach for the development of web applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1997

Las Aplicaciones Web Adaptativas son sistemas Web que plantean una solución a esta problemática, mediante la adaptación automática del acceso a ítems de información, servicios e hiperlinks, en base a las características de los usuarios. El desarrollo de estos sistemas exige adoptar una aproximación ingenieril que facilite la especificación de las funcionalidades adaptativas a proveer, junto con las características de los usuarios en las cuales se basan dichas funcionalidades. La presente tesis introduce una aproximación al desarrollo de Aplicaciones Web Adaptativas desde una perspectiva dirigida por modelos. Esta aproximación integra prácticas tradicionales de desarrollo de Aplicaciones Web con conceptos de-nidos y probados por la comunidad de Hipermedia Adaptativa. Tomando como base el proceso de desarrollo de aplicaciones Web OOWS (Object Oriented Web Solutions), se defíne un conjunto de primitivas conceptuales que permiten expresar técnicas adaptativas a un alto nivel de abstracción. La definición de estas primitivas es respaldada por una propuesta de Modelado de Usuarios. Además, un conjunto de estrategias de modelado permite incorporar Métodos Adaptativos a los esquemas navegacionales de OOWS, en base a dichas primitivas. / Rojas Durán, GE. (2008). Modelling adaptive web applications in OOWS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2000

Purpose - This study investigated how practice theory could enhance the Requirements Engineering elicitation process in IS development, focusing on addressing the misalignment between user needs and system functionalities. The research centered on the question: How can practice theory be used to formulate functional requirements specifications in system development? The specific practice examined was the Cybersecurity Maturity Assessment (CMA) at a cybersecurity company. Methodology - This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to collect data from seven participants with expertise in conducting or overseeing CMA processes. The interview questions were based on Schatzki's Practice Theory: teleoaffective structures, understandings, rules, and material arrangements. Thematic analysis was applied to extract relevant themes and patterns. Findings - The results reveal that integrating practive theory in the elicitation stage of RE deepens the understanding of user practices and challenges. It helps to reveal not only the explicit needs but also the implicit and tacit knowledge that shapes user's interactions with systems. Conclusion - The study concludes that practice theory provides a valuable addition to the traditional elicitation step of the RE process. This research contributes to both the practice and theory of IS development by showing how the integration of sociological theories can improve technological processes and lead to the creation of more efficient and user-centered information systems.

The increasing digitization within the defence sector makes the business more vulnerable to potential attacks, threatening sensitive information and system functionality. Balancing the requirements of availability and confidentiality is crucial for ensuring secure and reliable IT systems. This study examines the trade-offs between these two aspects within the context of the Swedish defence sector and requirements engineering. By analyzing relevant standards, guidelines, and frameworks, and conducting interviews with personnel working on projects for the Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV), this research explores real-world practices in achieving a balance between availability and confidentiality. The findings highlight the complexity of balancing these aspects and underscore the importance of understanding the specific system, its function, and operational context, along with adapting to evolving threats and requirements. The study suggests that FMV’s methods could be improved. / Den ökande digitaliseringen inom försvaret gör verksamheten mer sårbar för potentiella attacker, vilket hotar känslig information och systemfunktionalitet. Att balansera kraven på tillgänglighet och konfidentialitet är avgörande för säkra och tillförlitliga IT-system. Denna studie undersöker avvägningarna mellan dessa två aspekter inom ramen för den svenska försvarssektorn och kravhantering. Genom att analysera relevanta standarder, riktlinjer och ramverk, samt intervjua personal som arbetar med projekt för Försvarets Materielverk (FMV), utforskar denna avhandling praktiska tillämpningar för att uppnå en balans mellan tillgänglighet och konfidentialitet. Resultaten belyser komplexiteten i att balansera dessa aspekter och betonar vikten av att förstå det specifika systemet, dess funktion och operativa kontext, samt att anpassa sig till föränderliga hot och krav. Studien föreslår att FMV:s metoder skulle kunna förbättras.