[Truncated abstract] This thesis describes the development of synthetic rock samples, representative of core samples from hydrocarbon reservoirs. The basic process consists of screening and sorting silica particles into discrete grain sizes, and then binding them together using a proprietary process known as CIPS, (Calcite In-situ Precipitation System). In the bonding process, the porosity of the system is substantially preserved, and the technique allows the manufacture of synthetic core samples with a tailor-made permeability. The produced samples were extensively characterised using a variety of analytic techniques to determine their porosity, permeability and pore size distribution. These analyses were a necessary pre-cursor to a major part of this thesis: the characterisation of the pore space by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The synthetic core samples, covering a 7 times factor in grain sizes were examined using NMR, and this data formed the comparative basis for the NMR studies that followed. Two fundamental NMR questions were posed and answered in this thesis: 1. What is the effect of paramagnetic ions in the rock matrix on the NMR response? In pursuit of this question the CIPS process was extended to include co-precipitation of paramagnetic ions. A key feature is that the ions were deposited in predictable amounts at known sites (on the wall of the pore space). ... The NMR response in these double cores was then measured and examined to provide an answer to the question posed at the beginning of this paragraph. The significance of this work is that the physically distinct cores are a cylindrical analogue of adjoining sedimentary strata. By answering the question posed above, the thesis gives an indication of the vertical porosity resolution ultimately possible in an NMR logging tool. At present this ranges from 9” to 24” in the most favourable circumstances. This work suggests that the NMR signal carries porosity information at a much higher resolution, and that advanced numerical analysis of the NMR signature could realise the potential of greater stratigraphic resolution in NMR logging In addition to the research outlined above, the application of the CIPS technique to produce analogues of reservoir rocks, pioneered in this thesis, has stimulated similar research to be undertaken at other institutions, including the fabrication of synthetic reservoir cores containing clay particles (at CSIRO - the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) and a large scale application, formation of meter size blocks of CIPS bonded material, with separate strata, for laboratory studies of seismic waves (at Curtin University)

Thesis (Ph. D.). UM #74-17,941. / Title from document title page. Includes bibliographical references. Available in PDF format via the World Wide Web.

Mémoire (M.Ress.Renouv.)--Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1999. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

För att ta fram vårflodsprognoser används idag en hydrologisk modell, HBVmodellen, som används operationellt både i Sverige och i andra länder för att ta fram tillrinningsprognoser. Ett av problemen med dessa prognoser är dock att de ofta har felaktigheter i beräkning av tillrinningsvolymer. I den här studien undersöks Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Ett prognosområde där HBV-modellens tillrinningsprognos tidigare gett stora volymfel. Rapporten undersöker därför om det går att korrigera den operationella modellens snömängd genom snödjupsobservationer, för att ta fram mer tillförlitliga vårflodsprognoser. I rapporten har snödjupsobservationer och densitetsmätningar från Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF), tillsammans med snödjupsobservationer från Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut (SMHI), analyserats för att se om de kan användas för att förbättra tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Studien visar att det finns potential till att använda snödjupsobservationer för att minska osäkerheter i tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Det bästa resultatet gavs genom att använda tre stationer från SMHI tillsammans med två stationer från VRF. Resultatet för dessa fem stationer gav ett volymfel i uppmätt vattenekvivalent på 6 %, 7 %, 22 % och 17 % för mars månad perioden 2014-2017, vilket gav en markant förbättring mot det modellerade prognosvärdet med volymfel på 40 %, 77 %, 24 %, och 49 % för samma period. / Today, spring flood forecasts are calculated through a hydrological model, the HBVmodel. It is a model that is used operationally both in Sweden and in other countries to obtain catchment forecasts. One problem with these forecasts is that they often give errors in calculations to the inflow volume. In this study the Vängelsjö sub catchment will be examined. A forecast area where the HBV-model flow forecasting has given large volume errors. In the report it is therefore examined if the operational model can be corrected with snow measurement data. In this report snow depth observations and density measurements from Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF) have been analyzed, together with snow depth observations from the Swedish Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (SMHI) to see if the data can be used to improve the forecasting for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The study shows that there is a potential in using snow measurement observations to reduce insecurities in the flow forecast for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The best result was received by using three snow stations from SMHI and two from VRF. The result from those five stations gave a volume error in measured snow water equivalent (SWE) at 6 %, 7 %, 22% and 17 % for Mars during the period 2014-2017, which gave a significant improvement against the modelled forecast value with volume errors of 40 %, 77 %, 24 % and 49 % for the same period.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-19T17:18:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ENÉAS DANTAS DA SILVA NETO - TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 5004064 bytes, checksum: c5ec302f3f9da864beb016f56874938a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T17:18:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ENÉAS DANTAS DA SILVA NETO - TESE (PPGRN) 2018.pdf: 5004064 bytes, checksum: c5ec302f3f9da864beb016f56874938a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-29 / CNPq / Apesar de ter se passado mais de quatro décadas após o início efetivo das discussões em torno do desenvolvimento sustentável, muitos países ainda enfrentam graves problemas relacionados ao meio ambiente e principalmente em relação aos recursos hídricos. De fato, o crescente processo de degradação ambiental, assim como as diretrizes estabelecidas pela Lei 9.433/97 tem instituído a obrigatoriedade e impulsionado a criação de sistemas de outorga de direito e cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos, visando uma maior eficiência na utilização dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. A cobrança pelo uso, enquanto um dos instrumentos de gestão da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH), passou a ser um dos principais mecanismos utilizado pelos estados federativos para gerir seus recursos hídricos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa foi desenvolver um modelo de cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos capaz de induzir o uso mais racional da água através de maior objetividade, completeza, parcimônia e transparência dos processos envolvidos em sistemas de recursos hídricos controlados por reservatórios. No Brasil, a gestão dos recursos hídricos tem seu aparato legal e institucional, como principal elemento regulatório, amparado pela Lei 9.433/97, que é a base da PNRH do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (SNGRH). De acordo com a Lei 9.433/97, serão cobrados os recursos hídricos que foram submetidos ao processo de outorga, conforme as diretrizes estabelecidas. Neste sentido, tendo como base os modelos ora existentes, avançou-se na implementação de novos processos em um modelo de cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos superficiais em sistemas controlados por reservatórios. Dentre as características pretendidas e incorporadas ao modelo, destaca-se sua capacidade de inter-relacionar os conceitos de outorga e a cobrança pelo uso dos recursos hídricos com escopo voltado para a indução do uso racional. Além disso, foi incluído outros aspectos possíveis e operacionalmente viáveis que possam existir em qualquer sistema de recursos hídricos controlado por reservatórios. A forma como o mesmo foi idealizado permite a sua perfeita adequação, implantação e operação, principalmente, em relação a bacias hidrográficas da região semiárida brasileira. Como estudo de caso, a região constituída da Unidade de Planejamento do Alto Piranhas (UPHAP), na Bacia Hidrográfica dos Rios Piancó-Piranhas-Açu, que contempla dois reservatórios interdependentes (Engenheiro Ávidos e São Gonçalo), foi utilizada. Tal característica foi de fundamental importância para a construção e validação do modelo de cobrança pelo uso da água vinculado aos limites de vazão concedidos pela outorga de direito de uso dos recursos hídricos. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi analisado, de forma integrada via modelo de otimização, as vazões fornecidas pelo sistema para o atendimento das outorgas, os volumes dos reservatórios, bem como as vazões no trecho do rio entre os dois reservatórios. Realizou-se quatro otimizações vii da operação do sistema assumindo dois cenários possíveis: envolvendo ou não a transposição do Rio São Francisco. Para cada um destes cenários duas situações distintas foram admitidas: demandas com ou sem medição de vazão. O ensaio demostrou: 1. Que os valores cobrados pelo metro cúbico de água são compatíveis com a realidade local e nacional; 2. Possibilidade de incitar, através do modelo, o uso racional da água; inibindo usos ineficientes da água, prática de reservas de água, via outorga, e potenciais captações extras de água por parte dos usuários; 3. A capacidade de adequação do modelo a diversas realidades e cenários, principalmente em se tratando da região semiárida; 4. Que o modelo de cobrança proposto pode ser aplicado em qualquer bacia hidrográfica, sendo possível redimensionar os valores dos parâmetros utilizados através de um processo mais participativo e democrático no âmbito do comitê de bacia; e 5. A parcimônia e eficiência do modelo. / Despite the fact that more than four decades have passed since the actual start of discussions on sustainable development, many countries still face serious problems related to the environment and especially to water resources. In fact, the growing process of environmental degradation, as well as the guidelines established by Law 9.433/97, has established mandatory and driven the creation of systems of law grant and charging for the use of water resources, aiming at a greater efficiency in the use of resources water resources in Brazil. The charging for the use, while one of the management tools of the National Water Resources Policy (PNRH), has become one of the main mechanisms used by the federative states to manage their water resources. In this sense, the goal of this research was to develop a charging model for the water resources use capable of inducing a more rational water use through greater objectivity, completeness, parsimony and transparency of the processes involved in water resource systems controlled by reservoirs. In Brazil, water management has your legal and institutional apparatus, as main regulatory element, supported by the Law 9,433/97, which is the basis of the PNRH of the National System of Water Resources Management (SNGRH). According to the Law 9,433/97, water resources that were submitted to the granting process will be charged, in accordance with the established guidelines. In this sense, based on the existing models, progress has been made in the implementation of new processes in a water charging model for the use of surface water resources in systems controlled by reservoirs. Among the characteristics intended and incorporated into the model, it’s worth to point out the interrelation between water resources granting and charging with the scope of the rational water use induction. In addition, was included other possible and operationally viable aspects that may exist in any water resources system controlled by reservoirs. The way it was designed allows its perfect adequacy, implementation and operation, especially in the brazilian semi-arid region watersheds. As a case study, the region made up of the Planning Unit of the Alto Piranhas (UPHAP), in the Piancó-Piranhas-Açu/PB river basin, which includes two interdependent reservoirs (Engenheiro Ávidos and São Gonçalo), was used. This characteristic was of fundamental importance for the construction and validation of the water use charging model linked to the amount of water flow allowed by the granted water resources use right. From the obtained data, , it was analyzed, integrated through an optimization model, the flows provided by the system to attend the water use licenses, the ix volume of reservoirs, as well as the flows in the stretch of the river between the two reservoirs. Four system operation optimizations were performed assuming two possible scenarios: involving or not the transposition of the São Francisco River. For each of these two scenarios, two distinct situations were considered: water demands with or without flow measurement. The test demonstrated: 1. The values charged by the cubic meter of water are compatible with local and national reality; 2. Possibility of encourage, through the model, the rational use of water, inhibiting the inefficient uses of water, practice of reservation of water, through grants, and potential extra abstractions of water by users; 3. The ability to adapt the model to various realities and scenarios, especially in the semi-arid region; 4. The proposed water charging model can be applied in any watershed, being possible to resize the used parameter values via a more participatory and democratic process within the river basin Committee; and 5. The parsimony and efficiency of the model.

La Tunisie est un pays endémique pour la leishmaniose. En 1980, Rioux, Pratlong et Lanotte décrivent en Tunisie une espèce de leishmanie jugée nouvelle et qu'ils nomment alors Leishmania (L.) killicki sur la base d'une trentaine de souches présentant toutes un même nouveau profil isoenzymatique, le zymodème MON-8. Ces souches avaient été isolées à la suite d'une épidémie de leishmaniose cutanée apparue dans les environs de Tataouine. Cependant, le vecteur et le réservoir impliqués dans le cycle de ce parasite demeuraient inconnus.Plus récemment, fin 2010, nous avons pu identifier plusieurs cas de leishmaniose cutanée à L. killicki en dehors du foyer historique de Tataouine, chez des patients originaires de la délégation de Metlaoui, pourtant connue jusqu'alors uniquement comme foyer historique et endémique de leishmaniose cutanée à L. major. Ceci nous encouragea à approfondir nos prospections concernant ce nouveau foyer émergent à L. killicki .C'est dans ce contexte que l'objectif principal de notre thèse fut d'identifier les vecteurs et les réservoirs potentiels de la leishmaniose cutanée à L. killicki et de caractériser le cycle de transmission dans ces foyers par des études parasitologiques, moléculaires et isoenzymatiques.Nos travaux de thèse se sont articulés autour de trois principaux axes de recherche :1) Nous avons mené une étude élargie permettant une caractérisation moléculaire des souches de leishmanies isolées à partir de prélèvements cutanés de patients originaires non seulement de Metlaoui mais également des autres délégations composant le gouvernorat de Gafsa. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse des données nous a ainsi permis d'actualiser la répartition géographique de la leishmaniose cutanée à L. killicki en Tunisie.2) Des études entomologiques recherchant les vecteurs de la leishmaniose cutanée à L killicki nous ont permis :-de réaliser un inventaire faunistique des phlébotomes présents dans les deux foyers principaux, le foyer historique de Tataouine et le foyer émergent de Metlaoui ;-de mettre en évidence le rôle probable de vecteur des phlébotomes de l'espèce Phlebotomus sergenti pour L. killicki ;-d'étudier la variabilité intraspécifique chez les espèces Phlebotomus sergenti et Sergentomyia. minuta en comparant nos spécimens de Tunisie à ceux de nombreux autres pays ;-d'étudier les préférences trophiques des femelles de phlébotomes mettant en évidence leur large spectre d'hôtes lors de la prise de repas sanguin et le caractère non exclusivement herpétophile de Sergentomyia minuta, contrairement à ce qui est souvent rapporté.3) Enfin, nous avons étudié les réservoirs potentiels de la leishmaniose cutanée dans ces foyers en capturant les espèces de rongeurs principalement présentes en milieux urbain et selvatique (Metlaoui et alentours). Une caractérisation moléculaire et isoenzymatique des leishmanies isolées a été réalisée et nous faisons ici état, pour la première fois, de l'identification de L. killicki chez Ctenodactylus gondii et de son rôle probable dans le cycle de transmission de la leishmaniose cutanée à L. killicki en Tunisie. / Tunisia is an endemic country for leishmaniasis. In 1980, Rioux, Pratlong & Lanotte described from Tunisia a new species they called Leishmania (L.) killicki based on the typing of 30 strains isolated from an outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis occuring in the Tataouine area and exhibiting a zymodeme: MON-8. The vector and the reservoir if exixting were still uncknown. Human cases have been mentioned out of this area. Gafsa is a province were cutaneous leishmanaisis due to L. major is endemic.The recent identification of L. killicki as the causative agent of a cutaneous leishmaniasis occuring patients from Metlaoui incitated us to explore this focus. This is the aim of our Ph. D. thesis: identification of the Phlebotomine sand flies vector(s) and possible role of reservoirs using both parasitological, isoenzymatical and molecular approaches.Three main topics have been developed during this work:i) To characterize the Leishmania strains from cutaneous lesions obtained from patients from Gafsa area using molecular tools. We updated epidemiological, spatial and clinical data related to L. killicki leishmaniasis in Tunisia.ii) To carry out entomological studies:-to do sand flies inventories in two distinct areas,-to study the molecular intraspecific variablility in Phlebotomus sergenti and Sergentomyia. minuta by comparison of Tunisian specimens with other ones coming from several countries,-to show the probable role of P. sergenti in the transmission of L. killicki,-to study blood meal origin of engorged females: many Phlebotomus are opportunistic species and Sergentomyia minuta is not exclusively herpetophilic.iii) Lastly, we carried out a study on the Leishmania infection on wild and urban rodents in Metlaoui and around this city. The isoenzymatic and molecular typing show the role of Ctenodactylus gondii in the cycle of L. killicki in Tunisia.

Os arenitos fluviais e eólicos da Formação Sergi (Jurássico – Cretáceo) são os reservatórios mais importantes da Bacia do Recôncavo, nordeste do Brasil. Um estudo detalhado utilizando Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Ótica, Difração de Raios-X e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho revelou a ocorrência de dickita, um argilomineral indicativo de soterramento profundo (T >100oC), nos campos de óleo de Buracica (630 a 870 m) e Água Grande (1300 a 1530 m). A dickita ocorre distribuída irregularmente em arenitos com grande permeabilidade e porosidade intergranular da seqüência estratigráfica média da Formação Sergi, como agregados vermiculares e booklets substituindo grãos de feldspato e preenchendo poros gerados por dissolução de feldspatos e poros intergranulares adjacentes. O hábito vermicular da dickita é um produto da transformação pseudomórfica da caolinita durante o soterramento, provavelmente sob influência de condições ácidas relacionadas a ácidos orgânicos gerados da evolução térmica do querogênio nas rochas geradoras rift. A presença de dickita concorda com a intensidade de compactação, com a relativamente abundante cimentação pós-compactacional de quartzo, e com os valores de isótopos estáveis de oxigênio dos cimentos de calcita pós-compactacional, que correspondem a temperaturas de até 116oC. Essas evidências sugerem que os arenitos foram submetidos a temperaturas substancialmente mais altas que aquelas correspondentes a sua atual profundidade. Entretanto, um fluxo de calor ou de fluidos mais acentuado não pode ser invocado para a área para explicar as altas temperaturas. A ocorrência de dickita, associada a outras evidências petrológicas para condições de soterramento profundo, bem como análises de traços de fissão em apatitas de outras áreas na bacia, indicam que a área central da Bacia do Recôncavo sofreu soerguimento e erosão de pelo menos 1 km (provavelmente mais que 1500 m). Este evento não foi anteriormente detectado por modelos estruturais e estratigráficos convencionais. / Fluvial and aeolian sandstones of the Sergi Formation (Jurassic-Cretaceous) are the most important reservoirs of the Recôncavo Basin, northeastern Brazil. A detailed study through optical and electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of dickite, a clay mineral indicative of deep burial conditions (T > 100oC), in the shallow Buracica (630 to 870 m) and Água Grande (1300 to 1530 m) oilfields. Dickite occurs irregularly distributed in sandstones with larger intergranular porosity and permeability of the middle, coarser stratigraphic sequence of Sergi Formation, as vermicular and booklet aggregates replacing feldspar grains, and filling pores generated by feldspars dissolution and adjacent intergranular pores. The vermicular habit of dickite is a product of pseudomorphic kaolinite transformation during burial, presumably under influence of acidic conditions related to organic acids generated from the thermal evolution of kerogen in the rift source rocks. The presence of dickite agrees with the intensity of compaction, relatively abundant post-compactional quartz cementation, and stable oxygen isotope values of the post-compactional calcite cements, corresponding to temperatures as high as 116ºC. This set of evidence suggests that the sandstones were subjected to temperatures substantially higher than those corresponding to their present burial depths. However, no enhanced thermal or hydrothermal fluid flow can be invoked in the area to be accounted for the interpreted high temperatures. The occurrence of dickite and other petrologic evidence for deep burial conditions, as well as apatite fission tracks analyses from other areas in the basin, indicate that an uplift and erosion of at least 1 km and probably more than 1500 m has affected the central part of Recôncavo Basin, and very likely the whole region, what was not previously detected by conventional structural and stratigraphic models.

Les réservoirs carbonatés sont exploités pour leur réserve d’eau potable, de ressource géothermique ou le stockage géologique du dioxyde de carbone. Ces réservoirs sont difficiles à caractériser à cause d’une histoire diagénétique souvent complexe. Cette thèse offre de nouvelles perspectives sur la caractérisation des propriétés pétrophysiques et élastiques des calcaires urgoniens de Provence. Une approche intégrée et multi-échelle est proposée pour caractériser les propriétés pétrophysiques et élastiques des carbonates. Cette étude est basée sur des mesures de vitesse d’ondes P (Vp) et S (Vs) à l’échelle du laboratoire (centimètre–décimètre) et du terrain (mètre–décamètre). En laboratoire, les Vp et Vs ainsi que l’anisotropie sont mesurées sur des plugs et sur des carottes, en utilisant différentes fréquences centrales ultrasonores. Sur le terrain, l’approche consiste à mesurer les Vp et Vs entre deux puits distant de 2 m sur une profondeur de 14 m. Les mesures sont ensuite interprétées en fonction de la géologie observée aux échelles macro- et microscopiques. Les principaux résultats montrent que les Vp et Vs moyennes sont indépendantes de l’échelle de mesure, car elles sont dictées par la porosité. L’anisotropie causée par les fractures (15%) et les hétérogénéités (5%) se manifestent par une variabilité autour des vitesses moyennes. L’approche adoptée ici a permis de définir les interactions entre les propriétés de la matrice, les hétérogénéités, les fractures et les propriétés élastiques des roches carbonatées. Elle a montré que les propriétés élastiques tout comme les structures géologiques varient en fonction de l’échelle. / Carbonate reservoirs are also exploited for water production, geothermal energy, and carbon geological storage. Their Geophysical characterization remains challenging because of complex diagenetic history. This work offers new insights into the characterization of petrophysical, and elastic properties of the Urgonian limestones in the Provence region. An integrated multi-scale approach is proposed to characterize carbonate rocks petrophysical and elastic properties. This study relies on P- and S-wave velocity (Vp and Vs) measurements carried out at laboratory (centimeter–decimeter) and field (meter–decameter) scales. Laboratory scale Vp, Vs, and anisotropy are measured on plugs and cores, while on the field they are measured between two boreholes (crosshole) over a distance of 2 m and 14 m depth. The measurements are then compared to the geology from the macro- to the microscopic scale. The main results show that the average Vp and Vs are porosity related, and are independent from scale. Anisotropy caused by fractures (15%) and heterogeneities (5%) is responsible for variations around the mean velocities. The approach adopted during this work has enabled to scope out the interplay between matrix properties, heterogeneity, fracturing, and elastic properties in carbonate rocks. It has shown that the elastic properties evolve with scale as well as the geological structures.

Os reservatórios se constituem numa das principais formas estabelecidas pelo homem de modificar o ciclo hidrológico ao armazenar água para sua utilização no futuro. Em algumas regiões do país este mecanismo é de fundamental importância para o atendimento das demandas consultivas, seja pelas condições adversas do clima, como é o caso do semiárido nordestino, como também em função da alta demanda de água requerida para o atendimento da irrigação, como ocorre em algumas áreas do Rio Grande do Sul. Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de balanço hídrico em rios e reservatórios de pequeno porte, cujo foco é o atendimento aos instrumentos da Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, como a outorga de direito de recursos hídricos e as políticas de planejamento. A metodologia está baseada na integração entre o modelo hidrológico chuva-vazão MGB-IPH como recurso para obtenção das séries afluentes de cada reservatório e trecho de rio do sistema hídrico. Associado ao modelo hidrológico, está a integração com os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, que possuem a vantagem de obtenção das características físicas da bacia de forma automática, facilitando também a associação com os objetos que representam o sistema hídrico (i.e. demandas e reservatórios). O modelo de simulação realiza a contabilização do movimento de água através de um sistema de reservatórios e trechos de rio, cuja progressão de cálculo é realizada de montante para jusante. Como técnica de otimização, foi utilizado o algoritmo SCE-UA, baseado na teoria dos algoritmos evolucionários. A metodologia desenvolvida foi aplicada na Bacia do Rio Quaraí, caracterizada pelo intenso uso da água para o atendimento das demandas da irrigação, e também pelo estabelecimento de centenas de pequenas estruturas de reservação de água, destinadas ao abastecimento destas demandas. Os resultados indicaram que não há água suficiente para o atendimento das demandas da irrigação em 100% do tempo. Em média, apenas 75% do volume total de água requerido para o atendimento das demandas atuais poderia ser atendido, considerando o período simulado de 20 anos. Nos anos mais críticos pode ocorrer o esgotamento do curso principal do Quaraí e outros locais, decorrência das retiradas de água, além do efeito da reservação de água pelos açudes, pois admitiu-se a hipótese de não existirem descarregadores de fundo nessas estruturas. Como alternativas para a gestão da água na bacia, apontam-se a definição de critérios de outorga para retiradas e liberação de água em reservatórios, além de implementação de novas estruturas de reservação e regularização. / Reservoirs are the most important form established by the man to modify the hydrological cycle to store water for use in the future. In some regions of Brazil this mechanism is crucial to meet the advisory needs, either by adverse weather conditions, such as the semi-arid northeast, but also due to the high demand of water required to meet the irrigation, as occurs in some areas of Rio Grande do Sul. This work presents a methodology of water balance in rivers and small reservoirs, whose focus is to achieve the goals of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy, as the water rights and the planning policies. The methodology is based on the integration between the hydrological rainfall-runoff model MGB-IPH as a resource for obtaining streamflow series from upstreams of each reservoir and for all sub-watershed defined on the water system. Associated with the hydrological model is the integration with Geographic Information Systems, which have the advantage of obtaining the physical characteristics of the basin automatically, it also facilitates association with objects that represent the water system (i.e. demands and reservoirs). The simulation model performs accounting for the movement of water through a system of reservoirs and river stretches whose progression calculation is performed from upstream to downstream. As optimization technique, the SCE-UA algorithm, based on the theory of evolutionary algorithms was used. The procedure was applied in the Quaraí River Basin, characterized by intense use of water to meet the irrigation demands, and also by the establishment of hundreds of small structures reservation of water, destined to supply these demands. The results indicated that there is not water enough to meet the demands of irrigation at 100% of the time. On average, only 75% of the total volume of water required to meet the current demands could be met, considering the simulated period of 20 years. In the most critical years can occur exhaustion of the main course of the Quaraí and other sites, due to withdrawals plus the effect of the reservation by dams, it admitted the hypothesis that there are no releases in this structures. As alternatives to water management in the basin, point the definition of licensing criteria for withdrawals and releases in dams, as well as implementing new reservoir with regularization structures.

This thesis is focused on evaluation of landscape functions of small water reservoirs. The aim is to analyze their basic parameters. For this purpose a realized project of the whole range of water reservoirs with special focus on revitalization was chosen. The source materials and the field research contributed to the final evaluation of the analysis of the water reservoirs condition before and after their completion. The basic data and revitalizing arrangements were identified according to the chosen indicators and criteria. Prevailing functions of the water reservoirs are derived from these indicators and criteria.