Over the last few decades, the emergence of various social problems within the urban neighbourhoods of cities, especially in developed countries such as the UK, has called for further research into the relationship between the built environment and the social sustainability of urban developments. Recently, the Scottish government and local authorities have started to revisit and refine their policies and guidelines in order to promote positive social interaction between residents, which is a critical factor in creating a sense of community, and preventing social problems, such as segregation, crime, and apathy. However, in the absence of any detailed information or any practical framework for designers, these policies and guidelines have ended up drawing pictures of an ideal world without helping the designers with the socially responsive solutions. Using multiple case studies, this research aims to establish if and how the design of urban residential developments can facilitate social interaction between residents in Scotland. To achieve this aim, primary data have been collected from seven urban residential developments in Scotland. Self-completion questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and a site survey, have been used to collect data in three areas: social interaction patterns, use of communal spaces and design qualities of the communal spaces within selected developments. Content analysis and GIS analytical maps have been used to analyse the data. The findings show that the access routes and service spaces of urban residential developments, such as entrances, lifts and corridors accommodate most of the interactions between residents. This calls for more attention to the design of these unintentional communal spaces as actual places of contact among neighbours. A number of physical attributes, mostly concerned with the affordance, privacy, physical proximity and visual attractiveness of communal spaces have been found to affect social interaction and the use of space patterns within selected case studies. This research contributes to the much-needed empirical evidence to inform the design of future sustainable housing developments in Scotland by creating a detailed list of design recommendations based on empirical evidence along with modifications of existing assumptions about the quality and quantity of social interaction among residents and the role of communal spaces in facilitating these interactions. It also contributes to our knowledge by introducing new methods of empirical research in the built environment, specifically for research on building scale by expanding the use of analytical GIS maps and the refinement of existing indicators and measures.

This doctoral thesis ‘Real Estate Development: a Customer Perspective’, mainly concerns questions that are related to why consumers make a choice and what they are looking for. The first part of this thesis is the result of the research project ‘Models for the Construction Sector’ (MoPo) and the second part is the result of a collaborative project between KTH Royal Institute of Technology, the Construction Sector Innovation Centre (BIC), five private companies[1] and four municipalities in Stockholm County. Since the Latham report (Latham, 1994), there has been considerable debate about the need for an increased focus on the end customer in the construction process. The housing sector in Sweden has a strong tradition in focusing on construction and project management issues and less on customer satisfaction. Similar findings have been reported in ‘Skärpning gubbar’ (Swedish Government Official Report, 2002) and recently, ‘Sega gubbar’ (Byggkommisionen, 2009), which show that attitudes and processes in the housing sector in Sweden have not really changed since the initial report in 2002. From the perspective of consumer-oriented research in residential development, this issue concerns the ability to understand why customers buy (cognition), what they want (the product) and how the message, relating the product to the consumer, should be formulated (marketing). Investment decisions could be improved if developers ask what kind of values have proved to be important for residents and buyers for a specific type of residential development, what the functional and psychological consequences they are looking for are, and then ask what kind of product attributes can be provided, given economic constraints. Paper one shows the main activities in how to provide needed facilities and their relationship to the end users’ core business. Paper two shows how the laddering technique can be used to elicit buyers’ beliefs about the built environment, according to the means-end chain theory. The means-end chain theory postulates that buyers purchase a product because it satisfies personal values and desired consequences, which from their perspective are more important than product attributes. Paper three shows the development of a multi-item attitude scale. This scale identifies five key dimensions that are important for the customer when deciding to purchase an apartment in a residential development. The dimensions are: urban environment, architecture, safety, relaxation and liveliness. Paper four shows structural modelling evidence supporting the theoretical assumption that personal values have an impact upon expectations and perceived performance. The structural sub-models show that if perceived performance is increased, customers’ satisfaction will be positively affected. During our research, we have not found any current knowledge in the construction industry in Sweden on how to investigate and measure customers’ values and their beliefs, or how to model customers’ evaluation of product performance using structural equations. [1] Besqab, JM, NCC, Stockholm municipality, Solna municipality, Sollentuna municipality, Swedbank, Upplands-Väsby municipality, Veidekkke. / <p>QC 20100729</p> / Formas 244-2004-183

This diploma thesis is dealing with development construction of residental real estates in the area of Brno-Lesná. It is concentrated on the development of real estate from the beginning of development until novadays. It is also includes Lesná´s history. The work is divided into few parts described in time periods. The highest quality development was during in 1963. The work contains maps, where we can see how the area was growing

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<p>Who runs the development? A comparative study of the construction of residential buildings in Nacka and Södertälje.</p><p>The aim of this study is to identify actors involved in the initiation and implementation of residential house construction in two Swedish municipalities. This means who is taking initiative for new residential buildings, who affects the planning process, who finances these new buildings and who builds them. By exploring empiric material from the municipalities of Nacka and Södertälje, the above questions will be answered and by referring to pluralism, growth machine theory and regime theory a link to general theories of political science is made. The results found show that the analysed municipalities have quite different possibilities for acting and that these backgrounds are also important for which actors will take initiative for new residential buildings and which actors will be allowed to state their opinion during the planning process. Due to these differences I claim that the empirical material from the two municipalities are best described by two different theories from the above mentioned.</p>

Nous avons cherché des relations empiriques entre l’abondance des macrophytes submergés et le développement résidentiel du bassin versant, les propriétés du lac et la présence de milieux humides dans 34 lacs de la région des Laurentides et de Lanaudière sélectionnés à travers un gradient de développement résidentiel. Les macrophytes submergés ont été échantillonnés par méthode d’échosondage à l’intérieur de la zone littorale. L’abondance moyenne des macrophytes a ensuite été estimée à l’intérieur de quatre zones de croissance optiquement définies (profondeur maximale = 75 %, 100 %, 125 % et 150 % de la profondeur de Secchi) ainsi qu’à l’intérieur de toute la zone littorale. L’occupation humaine a été considérée selon trois échelles spatiales : celle présente 1- dans un rayon de 100 mètres autour du lac, 2- dans la fraction du bassin versant qui draine directement vers le lac et 3- dans le bassin versant en entier. Nous avons aussi testé, lac par lac, l’effet de la pente locale sur l’abondance des macrophytes. Nous avons observé des corrélations positives et significatives entre l’abondance des macrophytes submergés et l’occupation humaine de l’aire de drainage direct (r > 0.51). Toutefois, il n’y a pas de relation entre l’abondance des macrophytes submergés et l’occupation humaine de la bande de 100 mètres entourant le lac et du bassin versant entier. Les analyses de régression multiple suggèrent que l’abondance des macrophytes submergés est faiblement corrélée avec l’aire du lac (+) et avec la présence de milieux humides dans le bassin versant entier (-). Localement, l’abondance des macrophytes est reliée à la pente et à la profondeur qui expliquent 21% de la variance. Les profondeurs de colonisation maximale et optimale des macrophytes submergés sont corrélées positivement au temps de résidence et à la profondeur de Secchi et négativement à l’occupation humaine et à l’importance des milieux humides. / We searched for empirical relationships between whole-lake submerged macrophyte abundance and residential development, lake properties and wetlands in 34 lakes from the Laurentides-Lanaudière region subjected to a wide range of residential development. Submerged macrophyte abundance was assessed by echosounding of the entire littoral zone. Human encroachment was measured at three spatial scales: Within 1- a 100 m-wide buffer strip circling the lake, 2- the fraction of the watershed that drains directly into the lake and 3- the entire watershed. Single and multiple regression were used to test the effect of residential development on macrophyte abundance in the entire littoral zone and within four optical growth zones defined by Secchi depth. The local effect of slope on local macrophyte abundance was also tested in individual lakes. We found significant positive correlations between submerged macrophyte abundance and dwelling density present within the direct drainage area (r > 0.51). In contrast, there was no significant relation between macrophyte abundance and human occupation of the 100 m-wide buffer circling lake and the entire watersheds. Multiple regression analysis suggest that submerged macrophyte abundance is weakly correlated with lake area (+) and wetland importance within the entire watershed (-). Locally, macrophyte abundance is related to slope and depth which explained together 21% of the variance. Maximum and optimum colonization depths of submerged macrophytes were positively correlated to residence time and Secchi depth and negatively to human occupation and to wetland importance.

Social sustainability is one of the three dimensions in the concept of sustainability and is seen as the weakest pillar of sustainable development. Previous literature concludes that social sustainability is a difficult concept to define and achieve. Therefore, the social dimension has not been addressed to the same extent and has been frequently avoided in research and practice. However the importance of the social dimension of sustainable development has been recognized from both the private and the public sector during the last decade. The social aspect of sustainability requires more attention and it is important to define the social sustainability processes that should be integrated during the planning phase of residential development projects. The purpose of this research is to contribute with knowledge about how social sustainability can be addressed in the housing industry and within the scientific fields of urban planning and project development. By looking deeper, from both the developer and municipality perspective, into how social sustainability aspects are addressed today, how cooperation regarding these aspects is working, what values a focus on social aspects can create for both parties as well as desires for the future, the research also aims to provide a recommendation of how residential developers can improve their working process. Four projects located both in Stockholm and Gothenburg have been used as a basis for the empirics in this research. Empirical information has been collected primarily through interviews but also from existing social sustainability tools. Interviews were conducted with representatives from JM AB and the municipalities of Stockholm and Gothenburg. The research has identified that concrete tools, cooperation, clear objectives, and an understanding of each other’s aims and goals are crucial for a good working process regarding social sustainability. A recommended working process has been developed with the aim of helping residential developers to address social sustainability in residential projects. The identified steps in the recommendation provide an understanding of how developers should work with social sustainability internally and in cooperation with the municipality. By working systematically with social sustainability in residential development, the research indicates that developers can become more attractive in the eyes of the municipality and thus gain a competitive advantage over their competitors as well as increase the possibility of creating shared values. / Social hållbarhet är en av tre dimensioner i begreppet hållbarhet och ses som den svagaste pelaren för hållbar utveckling. Tidigare litteratur drar slutsatsen att social hållbarhet är ett svårt begrepp att definiera och uppnå. Därför har den sociala dimensionen inte behandlats i samma utsträckning och har ofta undvikits i forskning och praktik. Däremot har betydelsen av den sociala dimensionen av hållbar utveckling uppmärksammats av både den privata och den offentliga sektorn under det senaste decenniet. Den sociala aspekten kräver mer uppmärksamhet och det är viktigt att fastställa de sociala hållbarhetsprocesser som bör integreras under planeringsfasen i bostadsutvecklingsprojekt. Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur social hållbarhet kan hanteras i bostadsbranschen och inom de vetenskapliga områdena stadsplanering och  rojektutveckling. Genom att, från både bostadsutvecklarens och kommunens perspektiv, djupare undersöka hur sociala hållbarhetsaspekter behandlas i dag, hur samarbete kring dessa aspekter fungerar, vilka värden ett fokus på sociala aspekter kan skapa för båda parter samt önskemål för framtiden, syftar studien också till att ge en rekommendation för hur bostadsutvecklare kan förbättra sin arbetsprocess. Fyra projekt som ligger både i Stockholm och Göteborg har använts som underlag till empirin i denna undersökning Empirisk information har samlats in, främst genom intervjuer, men också utifrån befintliga sociala hållbarhetsverktyg. Intervjuerna genomfördes med representanter från JM AB och kommunerna Stockholm och Göteborg. Studien har identifierat att konkreta verktyg, samarbete, tydliga mål och en förståelse för varandras syften och mål är avgörande för en god arbetsprocess beträffande social hållbarhet. En rekommenderad arbetsprocess har utvecklats i syfte till att hjälpa bostadsutvecklare att adressera social hållbarhet i bostadsprojekt. De identifierade stegen i rekommendationen ger en förståelse för hur bostadsutvecklare ska arbeta med social hållbarhet internt och i samarbete med kommunen. Genom att arbeta systematiskt med social hållbarhet i bostadsutveckling, visar studien att bostadsutvecklare kan bli mer attraktiva i kommunens ögon och därmed få en konkurrensfördel gentemot sina konkurrenter, samt öka möjligheten att skapa gemensamma värden.

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För att möta den förväntade befolkningsökningen kommer bostadsbyggandet i Stockholmsregionen ställas inför utmaningar Om målet på 16 000 producerade bostäder per år fram till år 2030 ska uppnås krävs att samtliga kommuner i länet drar sitt strå till stacken. Lidingö stad är den kommun i länet som i dagsläget producerar minst antal bostäder i förhållande till invånarantalet. En av orsakerna beror på bevarandet av öns naturreservat och skyddade områden, vilket begränsar tillgången på byggbar mark. Enligt kommunens politiker är det viktigt att i största möjliga mån exploatera på redan ianspråktagen mark. På nordvästra delen av Lidingö ligger Trolldalstippen belägen, en plats med en idag verksam sten- och jordtipp. Marken är ianspråktagen och har goda förutsättningar för att utgöra ett framtida bostadsområde.      Detta arbete syftar till att ta fram ett realiserbart förslag för en framtida bostadsutveckling på platsen. I dagsläget finns varken detaljplan eller framtida exploateringsplaner för området. Kapaciteten för tippverksamheten närmar sig slutet och fastighetens framtida användning i är osäker.     I arbetet undersöks befintliga och framtida förutsättningar som kan ha inverkan på det föreslagna planområdet. Förekomsten av föroreningar i marken råder det tvivel om.  Misstankar om föroreningar finns, dock har inget ännu kunnat påvisas. De befintliga samhällsfunktionerna och infrastrukturen anses vara god och inga större åtgärder skulle behöva vidtas för att skapa ett hållbart samhälle på platsen.    Resultatet redovisar ett, av många tänkbara, förslag på hur exploateringen på Trolldalstippen skulle kunna utformas. En förkalkyl har tagits fram som grund för framtida kalkylarbeten. Syftet med kalkylen är att ge läsaren en inblick i projektets verkliga omfattning.    Vid planering av området har fokus legat på att behålla den befintliga terrängen i största möjliga mån. Huskropparna har placerats för att optimera havsutsikten från samtliga bostäder. Med varierande upplåtelseformer fås en mångfald i området vilket förväntas skapa ett tryggt och socialt hållbart samhälle. Förslaget omfattar ungefär 234 bostäder.      Även om flertalet frågor kvarstår innan det kan konstateras att tippen bör bebyggas, har Trolldalstippen goda förutsättningar för att i framtiden utgöra ett bostadsområde. / The Stockholm region will face challenges in order to meet the expected population growth and in order to achieve the target of 16,000 homes per year until 2030, all municipalities in the county are required to make an effort. Lidingö city is the municipality in the county which currently produces the least number of homes in relation to the population. This may depend on the conservation of the island's nature reserve and protected areas limits the availability of land. For the municipality's politicians, it is important to develop as much as possible on already utilized land. In the northwestern part of Lidingö is Trolldalstippen, a soil and stone waste facility. The land is utilized and has good conditions for forming a future residential area.    This work aims to produce an achievable proposal for future residential development on the site. At present there is no local plan for the area and there are either no plans for future exploitation in discussions with the municipality. The business capacity begins to approach the end and the property´s use are uncertain in the future.    The work examines the existing and the future conditions that may affect the proposed plan area. There is doubt about the presence of soil pollution. Suspicions of contamination exist, however, nothing has yet been proved. The existing social functions and infrastructure are considered good and no major measures would have to be taken to create a sustainable society on the location.     The result presents one, of potentially many, proposals on how the development at Trolldalstippen could evolve.  A pre-calculation has been done as a basis for future calculation work. The purpose of the calculation is to give the reader an insight into the extent of the project.    When planning the area, focus has been put on maintaining the existing terrain as far as possible. The houses have been positioned to optimize the ocean view from all homes. With varied forms of housing tenure, a diversity gets established in order to create a safe and socially sustainable society. The proposal covers approximately 234 residential units.    In summary, it can be seen that Trolldalstippen has very good conditions for future housing, although many questions remain to be answered before it can be determined that Trolldalstippen should be developed.