Thesis advisor: David Takeo Takeuchi / Racism is a persistent and pervasive social problem embedded throughout U.S. society. Previous research has established that racism, particularly racial discrimination, is a strong risk factor of various health statuses among racial/ethnic minorities, but the contexts that modify the health burden of racial discrimination are less understood. This dissertation aims to investigate how race-related micro- and meso- level contexts modifies the link between racial discrimination and health. In addition, I pay attention to the moderating role of nativity status to address the potential differences in individuals’ perception on American racial/ethnic categorizations and experiences of racial discrimination. On the micro level, I focus on racial/ethnic identity given that it is particularly important cultural group membership status for many racial/ethnic minorities whose identities are rooted in collectivistic cultures. I test the identity-relevant stressor hypothesis which argues that stressful events can be particularly detrimental based on its pertinence to the valued identities of individuals. On the meso level, I pay attention to racial residential segregation, which has been identified as the hallmark of U.S. urban areas and the fundamental cause of racial/ethnic health disparities. This three-paper dissertation utilizes multiple existing population-based data sources. The first and second papers use data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). The third paper uses data from the 2000 U.S. Census and the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). Several analytical strategies, including binary logistic regression, heterogeneous choice models, and nested logistic regression, are employed. Taken together, the present dissertation underscores great complexity in the link between race and health. Through the course of three studies, I show that the dynamics between race-related stressors and health status are not uniform, and should be understood in the realm of individuals’ social identity and their neighborhood environment. Specifically, the findings of this study contribute to expanding stress theory in the context of identity-relevance and living environments. Moreover, the study results evince that efforts to ameliorate racial health disparities should be accompanied by the consideration of the centrality of the race/ethnicity of individuals and their residential environments. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

This thesis explores the development of residential segregation over a long time period in Stockholm, Sweden. By following the spatial distribution of two socio- economic indicators and two indicators of housing characteristics between 1930 and 2015, it describes how changing housing policy has affected the indicators. Historic data was gathered and compiled in a longitudinal data base. Spatial analysis of the variables produced results that indicate spatio-temporal variation in all variables, and indicate a central-peripheral pattern that has developed and persisted for long time periods. Variation in spatial distributions of the variables is furthermore connected to changes in undertaken housing policy. Regression models also indicate that the characteristics of residential segregation has arguably been different in different times. The long time period is argued to be important in segregation research because of the longevity of many segregation processes. Following continuous indices of residential segregation over long time periods is important as it may help us understand contemporary trends better, conversely creating better knowledge for policy makers when counter segregation policy is implemented. Long time approaches are, however, lacking the literature, motivating the analysis performed in this thesis.

In two separate studies, I examine the relationship between skin tone and important psychological well-being, delinquency, and social integration outcomes for Blacks, testing not only if skin tone is important in determining these outcomes but attempting to disentangle the mechanism by which the inequality is produced. More specifically, using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), in study one I draw on important propositions of Agnew’s (1992) General Strain Theory to investigate the extent to which darker skin impacts youths’ feelings of strain, psychological well-being, and delinquency. The study found skin tone to be significantly associated with certain facets of well-being but surprisingly there were no direct effects on various types of strain. Skin tone is a strong predictor of one’s involvement in serious weapon violence, controlling for prior delinquency. Results also show that skin tone matters more for female adolescents’ odds of being suspended compared to their male counterparts, while certain forms of strain significantly impact the effect of skin tone on one’s involvement in delinquent activity. In study two, I continue my investigation of skin tone as an external or interracial source of discrimination using the National Survey of American Life (NSAL). In this study I am concerned with whether Blacks with darker skin tones are more likely than their lighter-skinned counter parts to live in neighborhoods that they perceive as more segregated and with fewer amenities and community resources. Although these data did not allow me to directly test how the respondents came to reside in their present community (i.e. racial steering or neighborhood choice), I examine skin tone discrimination as well as major types of everyday discrimination (e.g. being denied a bank loan or housing opportunity) experiences reported by Blacks. Overall, findings suggest that darker-skinned Blacks fare worse in regard to frequent experiences of skin tone discrimination from Whites. Skin tone is significantly related to respondent’s perceived seriousness of drug activity in their current neighborhood, suggesting that skin tone may have some impact on one’s perceived neighborhood quality. Further results, implications, and conclusions are discussed.

This thesis investigates spatial patterns of income-based residential segregation at the neighborhood level in the Russian capital city Moscow within new administrative boundaries, which have received relatively little attention in prior studies. It is argued that Moscow faces high levels of income inequality exacerbated by growing levels of spatial segregation between the affluent and prestigious Center – South-West and poor industrial South – South-East. Applying a whole set of quantitative methods complemented with computer mapping techniques, based on the latest 2013 data by the City of Moscow Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics and 2010 Census data, this study provides new insights into spatial differentiation processes and elaborates policy solutions aimed at addressing economic disparities in the city. A key finding of this thesis is that income segregation in the study area has been driven to a larger extent by the isolation of very poor neighborhoods from middle- and upper-income areas.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-14T12:07:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Economia_Tassia Germano_2015.pdf: 2534403 bytes, checksum: 0da3b9309e247ea148852b161740b42c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-14T12:07:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação de Economia_Tassia Germano_2015.pdf: 2534403 bytes, checksum: 0da3b9309e247ea148852b161740b42c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / CNPq / Esta dissertação examina a configuração da segregação residencial na cidade do Recife, através do cálculo de índices sintéticos espaciais de segregação. Para este propósito, são empregados dados dos setores censitários dos Censos Demográficos de 2000 e 2010 do IBGE para os grupos populacionais descritos pelas variáveis renda dos responsáveis e raça dos residentes. A partir do cômputo das medidas sintéticas espaciais de segregação e da espacialização dos índices locais, as evidências apontam para padrões de macrossegregação na cidade. Especificamente, para os responsáveis com rendimento superior a 10 salários mínimos há um claro padrão de concentração espacial desses grupos nas regiões que apresentam amenidades locais: Rio Capibaribe, Praia de Boa Viagem e parques da cidade. Além disso, estas áreas são bem localizadas, próximas ao centro, e com forte oferta de serviços públicos (saneamento, por exemplo). Por sua vez, embora o arranjo espacial da população mais pobre e dos negros apresente-se mais disperso no território, é possível verificar alguns padrões de segregação destas populações. Estudos sobre a mensuração da segregação residencial e identificação da sua configuração espacial são bastante escassos na literatura do país, mais ainda para a cidade do Recife. O presente estudo objetiva contribuir para a análise da segregação residencial nas cidades brasileiras. / This master thesis examines the configuration of residential segregation in the city of Recife, by calculating spatial synthetic indices of segregation. For such purpose, data of census layers of the Demographic Census of 2000 and 2010 from IBGE are applied to the population groups described by variables of income of the household head and by race of household’s residents. From the estimation of synthetic spatial segregation measures and spatial distribution of local indices, the evidence points to standards of macro-segregation in the city. In particular, groups of household heads with income higher than 10 minimum wages present a clear pattern of spatial concentration in the regions that have local amenities, such as: Capibaribe River, Boa Viagem Beach and city parks. Moreover, these areas are well located, close to the center and with a strong supply of public services (sanitation, for example). In turn, although the spatial arrangement of poor and black populations is shown to be more disperse in the territory, some segregation patterns of these populations may be seen. Studies on the measurement of residential segregation and identification of its spatial configuration are generally scarce in the country's literature, and even more limited about the city of Recife. This study aims to contribute to the analysis of residential segregation in Brazilian cities.

Although this study will be concerned primarily with the Negro and legal issues involved in efforts to discriminate against the Negro race, a careful study of racial residential segregation will reveal that the imposed restrictions may be based on religion, nationality, or race.

Ethnic residential segregation is a phenomenon that is increasing in prevalence in Swedish societies. Integration is a major challenge in both large and small municipalities. The purpose of this study was to analyze how some Swedish municipalities work to counteract ethnic residential segregation and promote integration, both spatially and in society. A qualitative document study has been made of the four selected municipalities' planning documents, in order to gain an understanding of how ethnic residential segregation can be counteracted by means of urban planning and integration strategies. The municipalities selected are Örebro, Umeå, Borlänge and Luleå, which have varying degrees of ethnic residential segregation. The analysis shows that the subject is very complicated and that there are many factors to consider. In addition to well-thought-out urban planning, short-term solutions for integration into society are also required, which municipalities should take a position on, in the form of developed integration efforts. This can be decisive for how quickly and well immigrants are integrated into Swedish society. Finally, it is concluded that more research is needed on how municipalities should work to promote integration in communities already suffering from ethnic residential segregation.

Segregation has many negative consequences for marginalized populations, including poor health, increased poverty, low-quality housing, and limited education and employment opportunities. Scholars have recently recognized access to food as another piece of this “advanced marginality.” This study illuminates how lagging food and transportation infrastructures exacerbates these interlocking inequalities and whether new ride-hail technologies' promise that ride-hail services like Uber and Lyft will help affected populations access food stores with lower prices and higher food quality. As a descriptive understanding of the intersection between food, transportation, and racial residential segregation in Chicago, Illinois, this study analyzes two questions: (1) how often are ride-hail trips crossing food desert census tract boundaries; and (2) are ride-hail trips that cross food desert census tract boundaries accessing food stores? Using spatial analyses of the City of Chicago’s ride-hail transportation data, food store location data, American Community Survey data, and USDA food desert classification data, this study finds that ride-hail services are accessing food desert neighborhoods, but they are doing so at a very low rate, and very few ride-hail rides are used to access food stores after departing from food desert neighborhoods.

Residential segregation is a major challenge facing Swedish cities today, with its consequences putting a significant toll on society as a whole. Gothenburg Municipality has named segregation the municipality ́s biggest challenge and one of the main focuses for the municipality to handle going forward. With this increased focus on segregation in the municipality of Gothenburg, this thesis is set out to study the municipality ́s view and interpretation of residential segregation as a problem and, through that, the municipality’s ambitions and policies to tackle segregation. This has been done through semi-structured interviews with officials within the municipal organisation, spanning multiple departments and document analysis of the main municipal documents laying out Gothenburg municipality ́s work on residential segregation. The results of this thesis show a multi-faceted approach to the municipality ́s ambitions to tackle segregation, with different approaches being favoured among the municipal departments. With the growing concern for the problems with residential segregation, new policies taking a different approach on its view of the foundational problem with segregation.

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