Malgré leur grande diversité, les immigrés d'origine africaine en France éprouvent des difficultés spécifiques d'accès aux marchés du travail et du logement qui rendent pertinente leur étude en tant que groupe : un groupe doté d'une géographie propre -un fort tropisme urbain et une sur représentation dans les quartiers pauvres dominés par l'habitat social ; un groupe dont l'intégration relative au marché du travail français s'est plutôt dégradée au cours des dernières décennies ; un groupe ségrégé pour lequel il est crucial de comprendre les interactions entre marché du travail et marché du logement. Dans cette thèse, je développe plusieurs modélisations microéconomiques permettant d'éclairer certains dysfonctionnements du marché du logement face à une population de consommateurs économiquement précaires, soumise aux préjugés éventuels des autres acteurs du marché et dont près de la moitié est en réalité prise en charge par une politique publique de logement social. Les prédictions issues de ces différentes modélisations sont ensuite confrontées à la situation des immigrés d'origine africaine en France, observés au cours de la période 1996-2006 à travers l'Enquête Nationale Logement. Sont établis les résultats suivants : l'existence d'une discrimination à l'encontre des immigrés d'origine africaine sur le marché locatif privé, pouvant expliquer une partie de leur sur représentation dans le parc HLM ; l'existence d'un tri spatial des locataires HLM d'origine africaine vers les logements situés dans quartiers les plus pauvres ; enfin, le rôle du marché du logement dans l'explication du surcroît de chômage frappant cette population. / African immigrants in France share common difficulties in terms of labor market and housing market access. As such, they may be studied as a group: a group with its own geography (high urbanization rate and over-representation in poor, public-housing-dominated neighborhoods); a group whose relative labor market integration has declined over the past decades; a segregated group for which understanding the interplay between the labor market and the housing market is crucial. In the four chapters of this thesis, I build several microeconomic models which attempt to describe some of the failures of the housing market when it is confronted with a group of economically fragile consumers, who may suffer from others' prejudice and who massively benefit from a government-controlled public housing program. The predictions that are derived from these models are then tested on the population of African immigrants in France, mostly through the statistical analysis of the last three waves (1996, 2002 and 2006) of the French National Housing Survey. The main results are threefold: first, African immigrants do suffer from customer-based discrimination in the private rental housing market, which may partly explain their high participation rate to public housing; second, sorting mechanisms within the French public housing market direct African public tenants into the poorest neighborhoods, even though the rent gradient of public housing with respect to location characteristics is almost flat; last, both geographic preferences and housing market access play some role in explaining the residual unemployment and urbanization gaps between African immigrants and non-immigrants in France.

Strontium isotope analysis has provided archaeologists with an unprecedented opportunity to study the mobility of humans and animals in the past. However, a lack of systematic environmental baseline data has seriously restricted the full potential of the analytical technique; there is little biosphere data available against which to compare measured skeletal data. This thesis examines the extent to which geographic variation in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr composition can be spatially resolved within the lowland terrain of England, in a geographically and geologically coherent study area. Systematically collected samples of vegetation, stream water and surface soils, including new and archived material have been used. The potential of these sample media to provide reliable estimates of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition of bioavailable strontium are evaluated under both high-density and low-density sampling regimes, and against new analyses of local archaeological material. Areas lying south of the Anglian glacial limit, display a pattern of geographic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr biosphere variation (0.7080-0.7105) controlled by solid geology, as demonstrated by high-density biosphere mapping. Data collected at a wider geographic scale, including above superficial deposits, indicate the dominant influence of re-worked local rocks on the biosphere. These methods have enabled a reclassification of the archaeologically important Cretaceous Chalk domain. Analysis of rainwater and other indicators of atmospheric deposition show that, in this setting, local biosphere variation is not significantly perturbed by atmospheric inputs. Time-related data from archaeological cattle and sheep/goat tooth enamel suggest that the modern biosphere data can be used to understand livestock management regimes and that these are more powerful than using an average value from the enamel. A more complete understanding of possible patterns of mobility in a group of humans has been achieved through analysis of material from Winchester and comparison with the Chalk biosphere domain.

La métropolisation, qui touche de vastes espaces urbains à travers le monde, amplifie certaines caractéristiques de la ville. La concentration des hommes et des fonctions, l'intensité des flux et les recompositions morphologiques et territoriales engendrées par la métropolisation bouleversent les schémas traditionnels de la ségrégation résidentielle. Cette thèse s'interroge précisément sur le lien existant entre la métropolisation et la ségrégation, deux processus complexes dont les interactions suscitent depuis vingt ans de vifs débats. Cette recherche défend l'idée que le contexte métropolitain dans lequel s'articulent désormais les dynamiques résidentielles nécessite de dépasser les approches traditionnelles en proposant de nouveaux protocoles d'étude et de modélisation de la ségrégation. Ces enjeux méthodologiques sont relevés en proposant, en premier lieu, un ensemble de traitements statistiques établi sur un certain nombre de populations cible permettant une rétrospective approfondie des dynamiques résidentielles et ségrégatives au cours des vingt dernières années au sein de la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA). Ces traitements aboutissent à une évaluation synthétique de la ségrégabilité, définie comme un potentiel de ségrégation, estimée pour chaque commune du champ d'étude. Dans une seconde phase, les réseaux bayésiens sont utilisés pour produire un modèle causal probabiliste des dynamiques ségrégatives au sein d'un sous-espace métropolitain de la région PACA. L'outil permet de générer trois scénarios dont la cartographie des résultats précise la ségrégabilité future de chaque commune de la métropole provençale. / Affecting the largest urban areas around the world, the metropolitan process exacerbates some features of the city. Massing populations, flows and functions, the morphological and territorial restructuring caused by the metropolitan process upsets the traditional patterns of residential segregation. The aim of this research is to investigate the link between the emergence of metropolitan areas and residential segregation. Both are complex processes and their links have given rise to twenty years of intense debate. This research argues that new analysis and modelling protocols of residential segregation are now necessary to integrate the impact of the metropolitan context on residential dynamics. We first propose a set of statistical treatments established on five target populations for a retrospective analysis of segregation and residential dynamics over the past twenty years in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (PACA) region. We also propose to define a segregation potential, called segregability, for each municipality of the PACA region, as a synthetic and dynamic evaluation of segregation. In a second phase, we use Bayesian Networks (BN) to produce a causal probabilistic modelling of metropolitan segregation for every municipality within a metropolitan area. Simulations can generate three spatial scenarios for future development of residential gentrification in the Provence Metropolitan Area.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, 2012 / Research indicates that there is a strong association between household composition and household stability, and child well-being. Black South African family life has historically been affected by the social, political and economic pressures of colonialism, the migrant labour system, and Apartheid policies. It has been shown that Black households have been in a constant state of flux as members move between rural and urban households, as well as, within urban environments. This situation of intense household fluidity and household compositional changes continues to persist. High rates of urbanisation, the fluid job market, and fast social change are all associated with high levels of mobility and household compositional change. Kin networks remain a significant informal safety net for households in order to absorb change. The movement of children between family members, or child fostering is an important mechanism for maintaining networks of support. Children are frequently moved between different households in urban areas so as to maximise their care and education. These changes could potentially influence their overall well-being and, in particular, their academic performance.

The United Nations has projected that Africa’s urban population will expand from fourth largest to becoming the second largest of the world’s regions by the year 2050. Patterns of migration and urbanisation have therefore been highlighted as significant focus areas for research and policy. Movement has the potential to result in improved living conditions and well-being, but may also reinforce inequalities and conditions of vulnerability. These consequences may pose particular risks in the case of children, and understanding the patterns, drivers and outcomes associated with child mobility is therefore critical. South Africa provides an important setting in which to explore child movements. The shift within the country from politically controlled migration to movement based on choice has resulted in high levels of mobility both to and within urban areas. Children have been shown to participate in such movements either independently or in conjunction with connected adults. However, there is currently little knowledge of the patterns and consequences of child residential mobility in South Africa, particularly within the urban environment. This PhD thesis attempts to address this research gap. Data from Birth to Twenty, a cohort of South African urban children living in Greater Johannesburg, was used to investigate three central research questions concerning residential mobility of cohort children over a 14 year period. Specifically, the thesis aimed to determine the frequencies and patterns of residential mobility observed over the first 14 years of the children’s lives, to examine the associations with mobility of children over a set of domains relating to the child, the child’s primary caregiver, and the child’s household and to assess the relationships between residential and school mobility and a set of educational outcomes. Routine data collected over the course of the Birth to Twenty study was supplemented with data from a Residential Move Questionnaire, administered to children’s primary caregivers in order to validate and provide additional information concerning the children’s residential movements over the time frame. The research objectives were achieved through the use of cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis techniques applied to these data. In particular, multilevel event-history analysis was used to model the children’s residential movements over time. Of the 3273 children enrolled into the cohort in 1990, two thirds of the children (64%) had moved home at least once by the time they reached 15 years of age. Nonetheless, a third of the children had never moved, indicating stability or a lack of opportunity for movement amongst this urban child population. Mobility was found to be more likely amongst children whose primary caregivers had no formal education and who lived in households with fewer assets and less access to services, suggesting that residential movement within this group of children was more common in the context of disadvantage. Extending these findings to an exploration of children’s educational outcomes revealed some unexpected results. The analyses provided evidence of a positive association between changes in residence and numeracy and literacy scores, and school mobility was found to be associated with grade repetition, however, a negligible relationship was found between residential mobility and school progression. In conclusion, mobility is associated with opportunities for some children in the cohort and challenges or hardships for others. However, even in the instance of movement connected to disadvantage, changes of residence did not prejudice children in terms of the educational outcomes investigated. This is suggestive of children’s possible resilience and adaptability in the face of change and highlights the potential for mobility to influence children’s lives positively. The findings concerning the relationship between mobility and child well-being run counter to trends observed in high-income countries and on that basis, the need for further research into dynamics associated with child mobility in other low- and middle-income country settings is highlighted. There is justification for monitoring child mobility in South Africa; mobility trends provide a valuable indicator of children’s living situations as well as the spatial and social changes occurring in the country more broadly. Keywords: residential mobility; internal migration; urban children; South Africa; eventhistory models; school progression; numeracy and literacy; school mobility

Diese Arbeit betrachtet den Einfluss von Lebensstilen auf Wohnmobilitätshandlungen in zehn Berliner Untersuchungsgebieten. Aus einer handlungstheoretischen Perspektive steht die soziale Differenzierung von Place-utility-Definitionen und Handlungslogiken der Wohnmobilität im Mittelpunkt der Analyse. Damit nimmt diese Arbeit auch kritisch Bezug auf die deutsche Lebensstildiskussion, die seit zwei Jahrzehnten konzeptionelle und empirische Wege zur Entdeckung einer neuen sozialen Einfachstruktur sucht, und setzt sich mit der Übertragung des Lebensstilbegriffs auf raumbezogene Analysen auseinander. In der empirischen Analyse qualitativer und quantitativer Daten wird das Ungleichheitsmerkmal Lebensstil in in seiner altersspezifischen und in seiner vertikalen Strukturierung entlang des Ausstattungsniveaus betrachtet. Die identifizierten lebensstilspezifischen Differenzen im Wohnen sind in Wirklichkeitsmodelle über die soziale Welt und die Position des Individuums darin eingebettet, aus der sie ihren sozialen Sinn beziehen. Diese untereinander zum Teil fundamental gegensätzlichen Modelle haben eine begrenzte soziale Reichweite und sind nur in wenigen Fällen über weite Teile der Gesellschaft anerkannt. Das Ungleichheitsmerkmal Lebensstil erweist sich in den Analysen als signifikant für die Beurteilung unterschiedlicher Standort- und Wohnmobilitätsmuster. Insbesondere die Ergänzung quantitativer Typisierungen durch qualitativ-rekonstruktive Analysen eignet sich dafür, den sozialen Sinn unterschiedlicher Handlungsweisen zu ergründen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sprechen aber nicht dafür, dass Lebensstile für die Analyse sozialräumlicher Zusammenhänge allgemein als besser geeignet anzusehen wären als traditionelle Dimensionen sozialer Ungleichheit. Statt dessen sollten Lebensstilanalysen selektiver zur Untersuchung von Quartiersdynamiken oder für die Rekonstruktion von Milieus und Szenen eingesetzt werden. / In this study, the impact of lifestyles on residential mobility is analysed by drawing on qualitative and quantitative data from ten study areas in Berlin. From an action-theory-perspective, the analysis is centred on the social differentiation of place-utility definitions and residential mobility. The relationship between residential mobility and lifestyles is scrutinised in two directions: on the one hand, how far lifestyles can help to understand residential mobility; and on the other, what residential patterns and mobility actions reveal with regard to the social significance of lifestyles as a dimension of social inequality. Following these questions, the study takes a critical perspective in an ongoing debate in German sociology ad urban geography on a new paradigm of social stratification based on lifestyles. For the empirical analysis of this study, lifestyles are conceived as structured alongside the horizontal dimension modernity/biographical perspective and the vertical dimension of resources. The results show a differentiation of place utility expressed by preferences for housing types and neighbourhoods. Lifestyle specific differences gain their social significance by being embedded in models of reality that represent the individual''s position in the social world. The different individual models may be fundamentally opposed to each other and have only a limited social scope. In the analyses conducted in this study, lifestyles prove to be a significant dimension of inequality for different patterns of residential mobility, in particular when qualitative methodology is used to reconstruct their social significance. Nevertheless, the results do not advocate a conception of lifestyles as a more suitable dimension of inequality regarding socio-spatial issues in comparison to traditional dimensions, such as class and ethnicity. Instead I argue for a more selective use of the concept, for instance, in research on neighbourhood dynamics or milieus and scenes.

Thesis. 1975. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 89-90. / by David Meiners. / M.C.P.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D. cn--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 481-505. / Ph.D.cn

Proposer une offre en logements adaptée aux différents besoins et préférences des ménages représente un enjeu important pour les acteurs publics de l’aménagement. Ces besoins et préférences dépendent des caractéristiques des ménages et des changements qu’ils peuvent connaître dans leur cycle de vie (mise en couple, naissance, séparation…). Les facteurs participant aux choix résidentiels sont nombreux (attributs du logement, caractéristiques de l’environnement résidentiel) et interviennent différemment selon les types de ménages. Les dynamiques résidentielles impliquent ainsi une grande variété d’éléments, en interaction les uns avec les autres, et les relations de cause à effet sont difficiles à identifier. Par conséquent, il n’est pas possible de prévoir le comportement résidentiel des ménages pas plus que leurs évolutions possibles sans outil adapté.Pour étudier les dynamiques résidentielles intra-urbaines, nous utilisons dans cette thèse un modèle de simulation des mobilités résidentielles (Mobisim-MR) intégré dans une plateforme de simulation LUTI individu-centrée : Mobisim. Mobisim-MR permet de déterminer, pour chaque année de simulation, les ménages qui déménagent et leur nouvelle localisation résidentielle. En amont de Mobisim-MR, un modèle de simulation des évolutions démographiques (Mobisim-Démo) a été créé au sein de la plateforme Mobisim. Il permet de reproduire de manière dynamique et individu-centrée l’évolution des ménages dans leur cycle de vie. Une partie de la thèse est dédiée au paramétrage ces deux modèles, étape préalable nécessaire à la simulation de scénarios. Un autre volet de la thèse concerne l’exploration du comportement du modèle Mobisim-MR pour évaluer la stabilité des résultats de simulation et leur cohérence (analyse de sensibilité). L’utilisation de modèles individu-centrés est relativement récente en géographie, d’où l’absence de protocole standard pour l’exploration de tels modèles. Un protocole spécifique a été conçu pour explorer le comportement de Mobisim-MR. Ce protocole tient compte de la nature des paramètres du modèle, des contraintes techniques de simulation et de l’objectif pour lequel le modèle a été conçu.Le dernier volet de la thèse consiste en des analyses thématiques visant à étudier l’impact de deux scénarios de politiques de construction de logements sur l’agglomération du Grand Besançon. Ces analyses montrent la capacité de Mobisim-MR à répondre à des questions concrètes d’aménagement et à apporter des éléments de discussion aux acteurs publics en charge des politiques de logement. / To ensure that housing supply is suitable to households’ needs and preferences represents a major planning concern. These needs and preferences depend on the households’ characteristics and on their lifecycle changes (union, birth, divorce…). Residential choice factors are numerous (housing and residential environment characteristics) and their role is often different according to the types of households. Residential dynamics involve a great variety of elements, in interaction with each other, and the causal relationships are difficult to identify. Thus, it is not possible to predict the households’ residential behaviour, nor their possible evolutions, without a suitable tool. To study intra-urban residential dynamics, we use a residential mobility simulation model (Mobisim-MR), integrated in an agent-based LUTI simulation platform: Mobisim. For each simulated year, Mobisim-MR allows for determination of households which move and their new residential location. Prior to Mobisim-MR, we created a demographic microsimulation model (Mobisim-Démo) within the Mobisim platform. It allows reproducing households lifecycle evolutions in a dynamic and agent-based way. A part of the thesis is dedicated to the calibration of both models, a required stage preliminary to scenarios simulation. Another part of the thesis concerns the exploration of Mobisim-MR model behaviour, in order to assess the simulation results’ stability and their consistency (sensitivity analysis). Agent-based models use is quite recent in geography, explaining the lack of standard protocol to explore such models. A specific protocol has been designed to explore the behaviour of Mobisim-MR. This protocol takes into consideration the parameters characteristics, simulation technical constraints, and the initial design for which the model has been built.The last part of the thesis consists of thematic analyses aimed at studying the impact of two housing construction planning scenarios in the urban region of Besançon (named le Grand Besançon). These analyses highlight the ability of Mobisim-MR to answer concrete planning questions and to initiate discussion among urban planners.

Errata slip inserted. Bibliography: leaves 282-298. Aims to contribute to a clearer understanding of the nature of current patterns of population change in the peri-urban region; conceptualized as a set of overlapping zones of net growth representing the product of four demographic processes (suburbanisation, counterurbanisation, population retention, centripetal migration). Considers three key aspects of peri-urban growth dynamics in the context of Adelaide's peri-urban region.