Les questions de mobilité et de logement sont aujourd’hui au centre des enjeux du développement urbain. La hausse du taux de motorisation, de la pression sur le marché du logement, poussent à une déstructuration des liens de proximité et génèrent aujourd’hui une saturation du système de transport. De cette difficulté à se déplacer naissent des tensions (augmentation du temps de trajet, risque de retard, etc.). L’objectif de cette thèse est alors d’étudier le poids de ces tensions dans la décision de déménager. Une enquête a été réalisée auprès de 500 résidants actifs luxembourgeois ayant déménagé sans changer de lieu de travail. Les résultats montrent que certains individus se sont bien rapprochés de leur lieu de travail dans le but de réduire ces tensions. Cette recherche a donc permis de mettre en évidence des liens de conjonction entre la mobilité quotidienne et résidentielle et d’aboutir à une meilleure compréhension du système de la mobilité spatiale locale des individus. / Mobility and housing are today at the centre of the urban development issues. Indeed, the raise of the motorization rate, combined with the increasing property market pressure, are leading to a disruption of proximity links and tend to generate transportation system saturation. Those difficulties affecting mobility gives tensions (increased travel time, risk of delay, etc.). The objective of this thesis was to study the weight of those tensions in the residential mobility process. A survey was conducted among 500 active’s Luxemburg residents. Those people have recently changed housing without having changed their workplace. Results show that some people get now closer to their workplace in order to reduce their daily mobility tensions. This research helped highlighting links between daily mobility and residential mobility conjunction and lead to a better understanding of the local spatial mobility system of individuals.

Les politiques françaises de redistribution locale sont relativement méconnues et ne font pas l'objet de beaucoup de travaux. Elles représentent pourtant un enjeu important. Elles regroupent une multitude de prestations sociales qui s'adaptent aux configurations familiales et territoriales. Elles sont un outil flexible, largement utilisé par les collectivités locales et peuvent avoir des effets non négligeables notamment sur les ménages en situation précaire.Le caractère décentralisé des politiques de redistribution locale fait émerger deux problématiques correspondant aux deux aspects étudiés dans cette thèse. D'une part, nous interrogeons les choix politiques qui guident l'offre de transferts sociaux locaux. Nous inscrivons notre réflexion dans le cadre des théories sur les interactions stratégiques, qui avancent que les élus locaux adoptent des comportements stratégiques basés sur la comparaison et prennent leurs décisions en fonction des collectivités voisines. Partant du constat que de nombreux travaux, dans plusieurs pays font état de la présence d'interactions stratégiques dans la fixation des taux d'imposition, nous nous concentrons sur l'aspect dépenses sociales. Nous montrons leur présence dans des choix de transferts sociaux au niveau local. Nous observons en effet des phénomènes de mimétisme. Notre analyse montre également que, entre les deux origines de ce mécanisme souvent avancées, la comparaison politique et la mobilité, la seconde joue un rôle significatif. Les collectivités locales tendent à augmenter leur niveau de générosité avec la faible mobilité des individus.En second lieu, cette thèse s'intéresse aux conséquences de la décentralisation des transferts sociaux locaux sur la demande des différents types de ménages en faveur de redistribution. Nous étudions les choix des ménages en termes de mobilité résidentielle et de localisation en fonction de l'offre de biens et services publics locaux. Nous questionnons ainsi les phénomènes de sélection adverse liés aux choix politiques locaux. Les résultats mettent l'accent sur le fait que les ménages défavorisés sont peu mobiles et connaissent plus de trajectoires résidentielles descendantes. Nous montrons également que la générosité des villes joue un rôle significatif dans la localisation des ménages. / French policies of redistribution set at the local level are little known and have not been the topic of many works. Yet they represent a major challenge. They include a multitude of benefits that fit family configurations in different territories. They are a flexible tool, widely used by local governments and which may have a significant impact on poor households.The decentralized nature of local redistribution policies naturally raises two main questions corresponding to the two aspects studied in this thesis. First, we question the political choices that guide the provision of local social transfers. We base our analysis on the literature about strategic interactions which suggests that local policy-makers adopt strategic behavior relying on the comparison of surrounding governments. Numerous studies in many countries have reported the presence of strategic interactions in the setting of local tax rates. Those focusing on the spending side are less frequent. We show that strategic interactions also exist when deciding the level of social transfers at the local level. One can observe mimicry mecanisms. Our work shows that, between the two origins of this phenomenon that are usually put forward, yardstick comparison and mobility, the second plays a significant role. Local authorities tend to increase their level of generosity when the mobility levels of individuals are low.Second, the other consequence of the decentralization of local social transfers is related to the different types of households' demand for redistribution. We study the choices of households in terms of residential mobility and location associated with the supply of local public goods and services. We question the adverse selection phenomena related to local political choices. The results emphasize the fact that poor households are less mobile and experience more downward residential trajectories. We also show that the generosity of cities plays a significant role in the location of the households.

While gay male and lesbian spatialisation has been historicised in some of the literature, and it has been determined that distinct gay male and lesbian neighbourhoods do exist i n our inner cities, the processes that are at work i n each case have seldom been compared. In the case of Vancouver, British Columbia, the two neighbourhoods in question are the West End (for men) and Grandview-Woodland, or 'The Drive' (for women). Such a comparative analysis yields a number of useful insights, particularly as concerns cultural differences between gay men and lesbians. For instance, historical gay male sexual marketplaces form the kernel of gay male ghettoisation, while lesbians' feminist politics (an early lesbian cultural signifier) orient them more towards countercultural enclaves. Similarities are also encountered, especially with respect to the central role of housing availability i n determining permanent gay identification. Specifically, the presence of a large number of single-occupancy apartments is a determining factor i n gay male spatialisation, while gay women typically need low-rent, family-oriented housing. A longitudinal perspective on the production of these gay-identified spaces reveals that their reinscription on Vancouver's landscape is also determined by different processes. The gay West End emerges as a landscape that reflects much more openly a gay presence, with gay-specific institutions and businesses, events, and several visual, cultural cues that inform passers-by of its gay identity. By contrast, The Drive is more subtly gay, and spaces are more likely to be lesbian-friendly or semi-lesbian: unable to support lesbian-only institutions, the women carve their own (sometimes fleeting) spaces out of the existing landscape. Changes are perceived, however, that indicate that boundaries — both between these two districts, and between these and 'straight' spaces more generally — are shifting and even blurring. Gay male and lesbian politics and culture are being transformed, and the spaces with which they have historically identified may no longer reflect these changes. Consequently, not only is there increasing fluidity between the West End and The Drive (with men and women moving from one to the other), but many gay households are openly foregoing these spaces altogether, opting instead for traditionally straight-identified spaces such as the suburbs. These spatial changes are seen as being indicative of the emergence of a 'queer' politics, which seeks to expose the constructedness of sexuality, and thus de-privilege heteronormativity. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: José Marcos Pinto da Cunha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T16:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dota_EdnelsonMariano_D.pdf: 6083518 bytes, checksum: 138d84d9213201ff5b78be338424be28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Dentre as necessidades básicas dos indivíduos, o morar tem papel de grande relevância, já que representa segurança e privacidade, do ponto de vista individual, e acessibilidade, considerando a localização da habitação frente ao conjunto de processos e fenômenos distribuídos diferencialmente no território. É na interação entre o movimento dos grupos populacionais, através da migração e da mobilidade residencial, e os resultados territoriais da distribuição espacial desses grupos nos municípios componentes da Região Metropolitana de Campinas que se assenta o foco desta pesquisa. Tendo esta região permanecido como importante pólo demográfico para os fluxos migratório interestaduais e intraestaduais, continuou a receber relevante volume de migrantes das mais variadas características, apesar das mudanças econômicas e sociais das últimas décadas ter alterado o volume e direcionamento dos fluxos migratórios em nível nacional. Como resultado, se verifica o recebimento de migrantes de longas e curtas distâncias, além dos movimentos internos que tem se sobressaído para a produção e estruturação do espaço urbano regional, a partir da expansão de áreas periféricas com distintas características construtivas e de infraestrutura. A mobilidade, neste início de século XXI, tem culminado num aprofundamento das desigualdades territoriais, já que, em grande parte, a expansão territorial ocorre seguindo as características dos grupos sociais predominantes nas áreas em que são construídos os produtos habitacionais, pela valorização da localização, além do aumento da relevância da mobilidade residencial intrametropolitana para os processos de produção e estruturação do espaço urbano regional. Os incentivos e constrangimentos, que são os fatores motivadores e colocam a população em movimento estão, cada vez mais, mobilizando grupos sociais mais bem posicionados em relação a escolaridade e renda, fato novo em relação ao que se observava em momentos anteriores e que tem grande destaque na forma e característica da expansão urbana observada nos municípios RM de Campinas. A análise das diferenças e similaridades entre migrantes e não-migrantes, além de migrantes em suas distintas modalidades, é uma das escolhas metodológicas utilizadas para compreender e avançar na análise e compreensão da dinâmica migratória na RM de Campinas / Abstract: Among the basic individuals' needs, the reside has a very relevant role, whereas it represents security and privacy, from an individual point of view, and accessibility, considering the habitation location in front of a set of processes and differentially distributed phenomena in the territory. It is in the interaction between the movement of population groups, through migration and residential mobility, and the territorial results of the spatial distribution of these groups in the city included in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas whose research focus is based on. Having this region remained as a significant demographic pole for interstate and intrastate migration flows, it continued receiving relevant volume of migrants from a variety of characteristics, despite the economic and social changes of the recent decades have modified the volume and direction of migration flows at national level. As a result, it is verified the migrants' receipt of long and short distances, besides the internal movements that have been outstanding for the production and structuration of the regional urban space, from the expansion of peripheral areas with distinct construction and infrastructure characteristics. The mobility, in the beginning of XXI century, has culminated in a deepening of regional disparities, seeing that, for the most part, territorial expansion occurs following the characteristics of the prevailing social groups in areas where housing products are built, through the location valuation, beyond the relevance increasing of intra-metropolitan residential mobility for the production and structuration processes of the regional urban space. The incentives and constraints, which are the motivating factors and put the population in movement are, increasingly, mobilizing better positioned social groups in relation to education and income levels, a new fact in relation to what was observed in previous moments and that has great importance in urban growth form and feature observed in MR (Metropolitan Region) cities of Campinas. The analysis of differences and similarities between migrants and non- migrants , and migrants in its various forms , is one of the methodological choices used to understand and advance the analysis and understanding of migration dynamics in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia

Depuis 2003, plus de 400 quartiers populaires classés en Zones Urbaines Sensibles (ZUS) et 4 millions d’habitants sont devenus les destinataires d’un Programme de Rénovation Urbaine (PRU) instauré par la « loi Borloo » d’orientation et de programmation pour la ville. Dans un objectif de transformation des quartiers et de mixité sociale, ces programmes entraînent des opérations de démolition/reconstruction de logements, la réhabilitation du parc existant et la redéfinition des espaces urbains collectifs (voirie, espaces verts, etc.).Les communes de Clichy-sous-Bois et de Montfermeil en Seine-Saint-Denis font l’objet d’un de ces PRU. Tout en étant le plus important de France (en termes de budget et de logements détruits), il a aussi la particularité d’entraîner la démolition d’immeubles en copropriétés privées dégradées : les Bosquets à Montfermeil et la Forestière à Clichy-sous-Bois. À leur place, toutes les nouvelles constructions et les relogements se font dans le parc social. L’ensemble des habitants relogés passe donc du statut de propriétaires occupants ou locataires du parc privé à celui de locataires du parc social. Outre ce changement de statut résidentiel, cette situation s’accompagne de la mise en interactions régulières de ces « délogés » aux professionnels (de la ville, associatifs et des bailleurs) qui interviennent sur ce quartier, dans ces immeubles dans le cadre d’accompagnement pré et post relogement.Basée sur une enquête conduite par entretiens, observations et archives, cette thèse vise autant à saisir la genèse de cette politique, que les effets de la volonté de transformation des quartiers, par la généralisation du parc social, sur les pratiques professionnelles et les trajectoires des habitants relogés.Dans cette optique, les archives et les entretiens donnent à comprendre que la dégradation des anciennes copropriétés s’explique en priorité par leurs conditions de commercialisation, de production et de gestion. Or, toutes les mesures d’actions publiques, jusqu'à la signature du programme de rénovation urbaine, présentent systématiquement les habitants et leurs caractéristiques (populaires et immigrées) comme les principaux responsables de cette dégradation.L’ethnographie des pratiques professionnelles illustre ensuite comment dans les résidences neuves, ces acteurs se servent des interactions avec les habitants pour encadrer leurs manières d’habiter. Ce travail se faisant dans l’idée d’éviter une nouvelle dégradation des bâtiments.Enfin, les entretiens auprès des habitants (réalisés avant et après relogement) dévoilent comment le relogement et la rencontre avec les professionnels les déstabilisent dans leurs ancrages individuels et ébranlent le sens des hiérarchies internes à ce groupe social. Alors que les anciens propriétaires constituaient dans la copropriété la frange supérieure de ce groupe, ils sont aujourd’hui ceux qui se sentent le plus déclassés. À l’inverse, les locataires qui dans la copropriété occupaient les positions les plus dominées sont aujourd’hui les plus réhabilités.Au-delà des résultats empiriques, ces pistes analytiques situent les enjeux de la thèse à plusieurs échelles. D’abord, c’est dans une perspective constructiviste que ce travail illustre comment ces copropriétés et leurs occupants ont été construits comme un problème et une catégorie d’action publique. Ensuite, c’est en partant de la pratique des professionnels que cette thèse dévoile comment dans l’espace de la politique de la ville se maintiennent des formes d’encadrement et de domination à l’égard de certains publics cibles (ici issus des catégories populaires et immigrées). Enfin, cette thèse s’inscrit dans une sociologie des classes populaires autant attentives à leurs différences internes qu’aux modalités de réception variée d’une mesure d’action publique. / Since 2003, more than 400 popular districts categorized as sensitive urban zones and 4 million inhabitants have become part of a program initiated by the Framework Act on Town Planning and Urban Renewal (so-called “Borloo law”). In order to achieve district transformation and social diversity, the program has led to demolition/rebuilding operations, the refurbishment of existing dwellings and the redefinition of public urban areas (street network and green spaces, etc.)The municipalities of Clichy-Sous-Bois and Montfermeil in the Seine-Saint-Denis region were part of this program. Whilst being the largest program in France (in terms of allocated budget and demolished dwellings), it also had the singularity to involve the destruction of dilapidated privately-owned buildings such as Les Bosquets in Montfermeil and La Forestière in Clichy-sous-Bois. All the new buildings reconstructed there are under social housing management.All re-housed inhabitants consequently moved from the status of owner-occupiers or private housing tenants to that of social housing tenants. In addition to their change in status, this situation implies regular interactions between these ‘displaced’people and the professionals (of the city, of nonprofit organizations, social landlords who operate in the area, in these buildings within the frame of pre- and post-rehousing accompaniment.Based on an analysis supported by interviews, observations and archives, this thesis aims at understanding the genesis of this policy as much as the effects of the will for district transformation through generalizing social housing, on professional practices and the trajectories of the re-housed inhabitants. To this end, archives and interviews help understanding that the degradation of the former co-ownership properties was attributable primarily to their conditions of marketing, construction and management. Yet, all the measures of public action, up to the signature of the urban renewal program, systematically present the inhabitants and their features (popular classes or migrants) as solely responsible for this deterioration.The ethnography of professional practices then shows how in the new homes the professionals use the interactions with the inhabitants to regulate the way they live there. This work is done with a view to avoiding new damage to the buildings.Eventually the interviews with the inhabitants (made before and after re-housing) illustrate how re-housing and the interactions with professionals destabilize them within their individual anchorages and shake the sense of hierarchies within this social group. While former owners made up the upper class in their previous housing, they now feel the most downgraded. Conversely, tenants who were the most dominated are today the most rehabilitated.Beyond empirical results, this analytical approach rates the issues of the thesis on sevral scales. First, this work illustrates how, in a constructivist perspective, these co-ownership properties and their inhabitants have been built as a problem and a category of public action. Then, starting from the practices of professionals, this thesis discloses how within the frame of urban policy, some forms of regulation and domination over certain targeted publics (here working classes and migrants) are still exerted. Finally this thesis is consistent with a sociology of popular classes who are attentive to their internal differences as much as to the various ways a measure of public action can be perceived.

In this thesis we examine the effect which the obsolescence of central city housing exerts on the decentralization within urban areas of high status residents. In particular, we investigate whether housing obsolescence is a useful addition to a model which explains the decentralization of high status residents in terms of the intensity of competition for central city land. All of our data are official Census figures for 1970. The subjects of our study are Standard Metropolitan Statistical Are.as (SMSA.'s) whose central city had a population of 100,000 or more. From this group we delete the New York and Chicago Consolidated Areas because of their great size and the number of municipalities included within their borders. For each SMSA we compute the percentage of its families and unrelated individuals who had an income of greater than $25,000 and who lived in the central city. We then statistically control for variation across SMSA.'s in the decentralization of population and employment. The decentralization of population is measured by the percentage of the SMSA population which resided within the central city. The decentralization of employment is measured by the percentage of SMSA jobs which were located within the central city. Once we have controlled the decentralization of the well-to-do for the decentralization of population and the decentralization of employment, we regress it on population density, housing obsolescence, and city age. Population density is persons per square mile in the central city. Housing obsolescence is the percentage of the central city housing structures which were twenty years old or older. City age is the number of decades since the central city attained a population of 50,000. In our study we demonstrate that population density exerts a considerably stronger effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do than is exerted by housing obsolescence. We also demonstrate that most of city age's effect on the decentralization of the well-to-do can be explained by city age's effect on population density and housing obsolescence.

Det finns många indikationer på att Sveriges bostadsmarknad fungerar dåligt och statistik från Boverket visar att många kommuner upplever ett bostadsunderskott. Samtidigt indikerar statistik från Statistiska centralbyrån att stora delar av Sveriges befintliga bostadsbestånd används ineffektivt. Bostadspriserna har de senaste decennierna ökat kraftigt och i kombination med att många hushåll bor länge i sina bostäder har stora latenta skatteskulder byggts upp runt om i Sveriges kommuner. En bidragande faktor som påverkar ett hushålls vilja att flytta är storleken på transaktionskostnaderna som uppkommer i samband med en fastighetsförsäljning. En stor del av dessa transaktionskostnader utgörs av kapitalvinstskatten som måste betalas när bostaden säljs med vinst. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för den svenska bostadsmarknaden genom att kartlägga latent skatteskuld, flyttkostnader i procent av priset och bostadsrörligheten i Sveriges kommuner. Studien undersöker även om det finns ett samband mellan höga flyttkostnader och låg bostadsrörlighet. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av en kvantitativ metod där data från Statistiska centralbyrån, Skatteverket och Valueguard använts för att skapa en databas över Sveriges kommuner. Studiens resultat visar att de högsta latenta skatteskulderna återfinns i storstäderna Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö medan kommunerna med högst flyttkostnad i procent av priset för småhusbeståndet är Habo, Åre och Härjedalen. Kommunerna Orsa, Grästorp och Mullsjö har de högsta flyttkostnaderna i procent av priset vad gäller bostadsrättsbeståndet. Störst andel underutnyttjat småhusbestånd finns i kommunerna Malung-Sälen, Härjedalen och Åre där nästan vartannat småhus står tomt medan kommunerna med störst andel underutnyttjat bostadsrättsbestånd är Nordanstig, Berg och Åre. Studien kan inte bevisa att det finns ett positivt samband mellan höga flyttkostnader och låg rörlighet på bostadsmarknaden. / There are many indications that the Swedish housing market is functioning inefficiently, and statistics from the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning show that many municipalities are experiencing a housing deficit. Simultaneously, statistics from Statistics Sweden indicate that large parts of Sweden's existing housing stock are underutilized. Seeing as housing prices have steadily increased during the last decades, combined with the fact that many households live in their houses for many years, a large dormant tax debt has been built up in the Swedish municipalities. One factor affecting the household’s willingness to move is the size of the transaction costs generated by the sale of the property. A large part of the transaction costs includes the capital gains tax if the residence is sold at a profit.  The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of the Swedish housing market by mapping the dormant tax debt, moving costs as a percentage of the price and residential mobility in the Swedish municipalities. The study thus examines whether there is a relationship between high moving costs and low residential mobility. The study applies a quantitative approach where data from Statistics Sweden, The Swedish Tax Agency and Valueguard are used to create a dataset of the Swedish municipalities. The results of the study show that the highest dormant tax debt is found in the major cities Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö, while the municipalities with the highest moving costs as a percentage of the price of the single-family houses are found in Habo, Åre and Härjedalen. The municipalities of Orsa, Grästorp and Mullsjö show the highest moving costs as a percentage of the price for the condominium housing stock. The largest proportion of underutilized single-family houses is found in the municipalities Malung-Sälen, Härjedalen and Åre, where half of the single-family houses were empty, while the municipalities with the most underutilized condominium housing stock are Nordanstig, Berg and Åre. The study could however not show that there is a positive relationship between high moving costs and low mobility in the housing market.

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The impact of spatial characteristics on the dynamics of urban development is a topic of great interest in urban studies. The interaction between the residents and the spatial characteristics is of particular interest in the context of urban models where some of the most famous urban models have been based on the process of individual settlements in some specific parts of cities.This research investigates the dynamism of urban development modeled by Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent System. The urban development, in this study embraces urban renewal and residential mobility. It corresponds to the residential mobility of households, attracted by residential and centrality comfort; these comforts are crystallized in some areas and residences of Strasbourg. The diversity and quality of these comforts become criteria for residential choice in a way that the households seek for proximity to these comforts.The Cellular Automata in this study, models the spatial characteristics of urban spatial units and they are identified by some inherent attributes that are equal to the comfort in residences and urban areas. The Multi- Agent System represent a system in which the population of the city interact between them and between them and the city; the agents delegate the socio-professional classes of households. During the spatiotemporal change, the aspiration of households forms the socio-spatio-temporal development of the city.