Two questions are addressed: 1) whether a dream is meaningful as a whole, or whether the scenes are separate and unconnected, and 2) whether dream images are an epiphenomenon of a functional physiologicaL process of REM sleep, or whether they are akin to waking thought. Theories of REM sleep as a period of information-processing are reviewed. This is Linked with work on the relationship between dreaming and creativity, and between memory and imagery. Because of the persuasive evidence that REM sleep is implicated in the consolidation of memories there is a review of recent work on neural associative network models of memory. Two theories of dreams based on these models are described, and predictions with regard to the above two questions are made. Psychological evidence of relevance to the neural network theories is extensively reviewed. These predictions are compared with those of the recent application of structuralism to the study of dreams, which is an extension from its usual field of mythology and anthropology. The different theories are tested against four nights of dreams recorded in a sleep Lab. The analysis shows that not only do dreams concretise waking concerns as metaphors but that these concerns are depicted in oppositional terms, such as, for example, inside/outside or revolving/static. These oppositions are then permuted from one dream to the next until a resolution of the initial concern is achieved at the end of the night. An account of the use of the single case-study methodology in psychology is given, in addition to a replication of the analysis of one night's dreams by five independent judges. There is an examination of objections to the structuralist methodology, and of objections to the paradigm of multiple dream awakenings. The conclusion is drawn that dreams involve the unconscious dialectical step-by-step resolution of conflicts which to a great extent are consciously known to the subject. The similarity of dreams to day-dreams is explored, with the conclusion that the content of dreams is better explained by an account of metaphors we use when awake and by our daily concerns, than by reference to the physiology of REM sleep. It is emphasised that dreams can be meaningful even if they do not have a function.

A violência urbana faz parte do cotidiano de nossa sociedade e vem incidindo especialmente sobre os adolescentes que praticam atos infracionais. A necessidade de conhecer as multiplas visões de algo tão complexo, que muitas vezes é reduzido a explicações causais, motivou a realização deste estudo, que teve por objetivos investigar os significados relativos: à violência na vida cotidiana; aos riscos que julgam correr em suas vidas, e às perspectivas para o futuro. Participaram deste estudo 45 adolescentes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 15 e 18 anos, internos na FEBEM-RP. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas individuais, “Oficinas sobre Risco" e notas de diário de campo. A abordagem adotada foi qualitativa, com enfoque interpretativista que privilegia os pontos de vista dos participantes. A análise dos dados mostra que os participantes começaram a praticar atos infracionais pela condição sócio-econômica; por influência dos amigos; pela violência doméstica, e por aliciamento feito pela família. A violência é concebida por eles como uma maneira de agir quando os meios legais não oferecem mais garantias de sobrevivência e de respeito à condição humana. Ao mesmo tempo em que os adolescentes praticam violência, também são vítimas dela. O maior risco que os participantes consideram correr é o de serem mortos pelos adolescentes rivais e pela polícia. Em relação ao risco de morrer em confrontos com adolescentes rivais, nossa análise mostra que as brigas acontecem entre moradores de bairros que já possuem rivalidades entre si. Os atritos são formados por sentimentos de pertencer a um grupo e ter que por essa razão opor-se a outros grupos. As brigas iniciadas nas ruas podem se estender para a FEBEM quando dois adolescentes ou grupos rivais se encontram durante a internação. Os adolescentes resolvem suas rivalidades perseguindo e trocando tiros com seus inimigos e consideram remota a possibilidade de uma convivência pacífica. O risco de morrer durante a perseguição policial parece ser grande, principalmente quando ela é feita à noite, na ausência de testemunhas. Para prender os adolescentes suspeitos de terem praticado atos infracionais, a polícia parece recorrer a meios legais e ilegais, chegando a perseguir mesmo quem é inocente. Diante do risco de morrer e da possibilidade de um dia irem para a cadeia, os participantes relataram que pretendiam não voltar a infracionar depois que fossem desinternados. Apesar das incertezas em relação ao futuro, eles apontaram o RAP, a mudança de cidade e o trabalho como possíveis caminhos que poderiam ajudá-los a abandonar o crime. Ao conhecermos os motivos que levaram os jovens a praticarem atos infracionais; como são formados os grupos antagônicos entre si e seus modos de funcionamento; como acontece a perseguição policial; e as perspectivas para o futuro desses jovens, poderemos propor ações mais eficazes para a prevenção da violência e para a reinserção social desses jovens. / The urban violence is part of the quotidian of our society and has occurring specially with the teenagers that practice crimes. The necessity to know the multiples visions of something so complex, that a lot of times is reduced to causative explications, motivated the realization of this research, that had for objectives the investigation of: a) the reasons to practice crimes; b) the conceptions about violence and the perceptions of the "risks" related of her, and c) the perspectives for the future. Participated in this research 45 teenagers of the male sex, with ages between 15 e 18 years, interned at FEBEM-RP. The basis were collected through individuals interview, “Workshop about Risk" and notes of diary of field. The approach used was qualitative, with interpretative focus that favour the viewpoints of the participants. The analysis of the basis show that the participants started to practice crimes for the social and economical condition; for the influence of friends; for the domestic violence, and for the allurement done by family. The violence is understood by them as a way of act when the lawful ways do not offer guaranties of survival and of respect to being condition. In the same time that the teenagers practice violence, they are her victims too. The major risk that the participants consider to run is of to be killed by the rivals teenagers and by the police. With regard to the risk to die in confrontation with rivals teenagers, our analyses show that the strife happened between the residents of blocks that have previous rivalry. The quarrels are formed for feelings of pertain to one group and have for these reason to oppose for another. The fight initiated on the streets can to be extended for the FEBEM when two rivals teenagers or groups to come across during the internment. The teenagers solve their rivalry persecuting and gun fighting with their enemies and consider remote the possibility of a pacific acquaintance. The risk to die during a police persecution seems to be big, mainly when it is done at night, without witness. In order to catch the teenagers suspects of have practiced the crime, the police seems to use the legal and illegal ways, could also persecute who is innocent. In front of the risk of die and of the possibility of one day go to the prison, the participants related that intended do not practice crimes again after they were free. Despite of the uncertainness in relation for the future, they show the RAP, the living in another city and the work as possible ways that could help them to abandon the crime. For knowing the reasons that motivated the young people to practice crimes; how are formed the antagonistic groups and their way if working; how happen the police persecution; and the perspectives for the future of that teenagers, we will be able to suggest actions more efficacious for the prevention of violence and for the social reinsertion of that young people.

A violência urbana faz parte do cotidiano de nossa sociedade e vem incidindo especialmente sobre os adolescentes que praticam atos infracionais. A necessidade de conhecer as multiplas visões de algo tão complexo, que muitas vezes é reduzido a explicações causais, motivou a realização deste estudo, que teve por objetivos investigar os significados relativos: à violência na vida cotidiana; aos riscos que julgam correr em suas vidas, e às perspectivas para o futuro. Participaram deste estudo 45 adolescentes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 15 e 18 anos, internos na FEBEM-RP. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas individuais, “Oficinas sobre Risco” e notas de diário de campo. A abordagem adotada foi qualitativa, com enfoque interpretativista que privilegia os pontos de vista dos participantes. A análise dos dados mostra que os participantes começaram a praticar atos infracionais pela condição sócio-econômica; por influência dos amigos; pela violência doméstica, e por aliciamento feito pela família. A violência é concebida por eles como uma maneira de agir quando os meios legais não oferecem mais garantias de sobrevivência e de respeito à condição humana. Ao mesmo tempo em que os adolescentes praticam violência, também são vítimas dela. O maior risco que os participantes consideram correr é o de serem mortos pelos adolescentes rivais e pela polícia. Em relação ao risco de morrer em confrontos com adolescentes rivais, nossa análise mostra que as brigas acontecem entre moradores de bairros que já possuem rivalidades entre si. Os atritos são formados por sentimentos de pertencer a um grupo e ter que por essa razão opor-se a outros grupos. As brigas iniciadas nas ruas podem se estender para a FEBEM quando dois adolescentes ou grupos rivais se encontram durante a internação. Os adolescentes resolvem suas rivalidades perseguindo e trocando tiros com seus inimigos e consideram remota a possibilidade de uma convivência pacífica. O risco de morrer durante a perseguição policial parece ser grande, principalmente quando ela é feita à noite, na ausência de testemunhas. Para prender os adolescentes suspeitos de terem praticado atos infracionais, a polícia parece recorrer a meios legais e ilegais, chegando a perseguir mesmo quem é inocente. Diante do risco de morrer e da possibilidade de um dia irem para a cadeia, os participantes relataram que pretendiam não voltar a infracionar depois que fossem desinternados. Apesar das incertezas em relação ao futuro, eles apontaram o RAP, a mudança de cidade e o trabalho como possíveis caminhos que poderiam ajudá-los a abandonar o crime. Ao conhecermos os motivos que levaram os jovens a praticarem atos infracionais; como são formados os grupos antagônicos entre si e seus modos de funcionamento; como acontece a perseguição policial; e as perspectivas para o futuro desses jovens, poderemos propor ações mais eficazes para a prevenção da violência e para a reinserção social desses jovens. / The urban violence is part of the quotidian of our society and has occurring specially with the teenagers that practice crimes. The necessity to know the multiples visions of something so complex, that a lot of times is reduced to causative explications, motivated the realization of this research, that had for objectives the investigation of: a) the reasons to practice crimes; b) the conceptions about violence and the perceptions of the "risks" related of her, and c) the perspectives for the future. Participated in this research 45 teenagers of the male sex, with ages between 15 e 18 years, interned at FEBEM-RP. The basis were collected through individuals interview, “Workshop about Risk” and notes of diary of field. The approach used was qualitative, with interpretative focus that favour the viewpoints of the participants. The analysis of the basis show that the participants started to practice crimes for the social and economical condition; for the influence of friends; for the domestic violence, and for the allurement done by family. The violence is understood by them as a way of act when the lawful ways do not offer guaranties of survival and of respect to being condition. In the same time that the teenagers practice violence, they are her victims too. The major risk that the participants consider to run is of to be killed by the rivals teenagers and by the police. With regard to the risk to die in confrontation with rivals teenagers, our analyses show that the strife happened between the residents of blocks that have previous rivalry. The quarrels are formed for feelings of pertain to one group and have for these reason to oppose for another. The fight initiated on the streets can to be extended for the FEBEM when two rivals teenagers or groups to come across during the internment. The teenagers solve their rivalry persecuting and gun fighting with their enemies and consider remote the possibility of a pacific acquaintance. The risk to die during a police persecution seems to be big, mainly when it is done at night, without witness. In order to catch the teenagers suspects of have practiced the crime, the police seems to use the legal and illegal ways, could also persecute who is innocent. In front of the risk of die and of the possibility of one day go to the prison, the participants related that intended do not practice crimes again after they were free. Despite of the uncertainness in relation for the future, they show the RAP, the living in another city and the work as possible ways that could help them to abandon the crime. For knowing the reasons that motivated the young people to practice crimes; how are formed the antagonistic groups and their way if working; how happen the police persecution; and the perspectives for the future of that teenagers, we will be able to suggest actions more efficacious for the prevention of violence and for the social reinsertion of that young people.

Promoting values of respect, understanding, empathy and developing in the students the necessary skills to be part of a peaceful and comprehensive society is one of the responsibilities of the educational system. This mission, in the context of the Swedish preschools, is also compatible with the characteristic use of the natural and outdoor environments of the Scandinavian countries as learning and experiential settings. The aim of this research paper is to study how the outdoor spaces can affect the understanding andthe resolution of conflicts between students in the preschool stage from the perspectiveof the teachers. Therefore, the main tool for the collection of the data were the semistructured interviews carried out with different educators from different Swedish preschools. Using thematic analysis as the designated qualitative approach to analyse thedata, different themes and sub-themes were addressed throughout the answers from theinterviews and organized based on 3 different sections: experience in outdoors, conflicts in the preschool, and the outdoors in the resolution of conflicts. The results presented the teachers’ experience regarding outdoor education; their understanding of the differenttypes of conflicts in the preschool stage; the role of the different parts involved, and themethods used to understand, manage, and deal with issues between the students; lastly, how the use of outdoor settings and its benefits can promote conflict-management skillsamong the students. Thus, the outdoor settings possess a beneficial effect on the social, emotional, and personal development of the children, these being key factors for the promotion of peaceful conflict-resolution strategies from an early stage.

L’Afrique est, depuis quelques décennies, « la zone stratégique la plus déstabilisée de la planète ». La question des conflits armés constitue un véritable « casse-tête africain » aussi bien pour les acteurs locaux qu’internationaux qui s’y intéressent en ce que son caractère interne contraste avec les conséquences transnationales qui en résultent.Comment sortir de cette insécurité chronique et de la guerre civile qui guette en permanence derrière le rideau et parvenir à une stabilité et un développement durables afin de limiter au mieux les nombreuses violations des droits de l’homme occasionnées à cet effet?Des approches de solution n’ont pas manqué, allant de la solution militaire, peu respectueuse des vies humaines, à la solution négociée qui appelle au génie créatif de l’homme et de son intelligence, soucieuse de préserver le genre humain en « imaginant » ou en « inventant » des compromis inscrits dans des accords, essentiellement, politiques. C’est donc, à juste titre, que l’objet de notre étude porte sur cette question africaine traduite par un intitulé très actuel : « Les accords politiques dans la résolution des conflits armés internes en Afrique ». L’analyse envisagée dans la présente étude expose la conclusion des accords politiques en insistant distinctement sur l’environnement politique de leur formation ainsi que le cadre juridique qui les caractérise, d’une part. D’autre part, il paraît indiqué d’examiner l’application de ces accords en décortiquant la feuille de route dans laquelle ils évoluent en vue d’en dresser un bilan scientifiquement objectif afin de mesurer l’effectivité de leur mise en œuvre et leur efficacité en matière de protection des droits de l’homme. / Since some decades, Africa is «the most destabilized strategic area of the plane. » the issue of armed conflicts represent a real «African puzzle» as well for local actors as international ones who are involve in, with its internal characteristic contrast with the transnational consequences which result from.How to get out of this chronically in security and the civil war which permanently watch out behind curtain in order to reach sustainable development and stability in order to better limit numerous violations of human rights done in that fact?Some approaches of solution are numerous, going from military solution less respecting human lives, to the negociated solutions which call for the human genius and his intelligent, anxious to preserve human gender by «imaging» or by « inventing» Compromises signed in agreements, essentially political. Its then, precisely that African issue translated by an updated heading: agreements in the resolution of internal armed conflits in Africa. »The analysis considered in the present study will expose the conclusion of political agreements by insisting distinctly on political environment, their formation as well on the legal framework which characterizes them, on one hand. On the other hand, it seems important to examine the application of those agreements by analyzing in details the agenda in which they evoluate in order to draw up scientifically the balance sheet of the objective in order to assess the affectivity of their implementation and their effectiveness in domain of human rights protection.

Le continent africain est aujourd’hui le théâtre de nombreux conflits caractérisés par une distribution inégale des « ressources naturelles ». Il est aujourd’hui avéré que les risques environnementaux tels que la pollution, les changements climatiques, ou la désertification font peser une menace supplémentaire sur les populations et les écosystèmes afférents. Le débat sur la « sécurité environnementale » a connu une expansion fulgurante en l'espace d'une vingtaine d'années, d'où tout notre intérêt de comprendre ses origines, ses fondements et les différents discours s’étant construits autour de cette notion. Pour autant le concept de « conflits verts » n’a jamais été analysé en profondeur en tenant compte des nombreux exemples touchant le continent africain, et ceci à la lumière de la constitution d’une nouvelle typologie afin de capturer ces nouveaux conflits contemporains d’une manière davantage efficiente.Notre recherche se donne ainsi pour objectif de comprendre en quoi et comment l’ « environnement » et les « ressources naturelles » comme nouveaux facteurs de puissance ont influé les conflits africains aux cours des dernières décennies. Nous aurons à cœur de mettre en lumière l’évolution du concept traditionnel de « sécurité » sur la base des discours changeants parmi les milieux politiques du XXe siècle. Enfin ceci impliquera par essence des discussions tenant à une amélioration de l’efficacité des mécanismes de prévention et de résolution tels qu’appréhendés aujourd’hui par la Communauté internationale, la création des « casques verts » et la notion de « crime environnemental » démontrant les limites en la matière. / Today the African continent is the heart of many conflicts characterized by an uneven distribution of “natural resources”. It is proven that the associated environmental risks such as pollution, climate change, and desertification pose an additional threat to the affected populations and ecosystems. The debate on “environmental security” has expanded tremendously in the space of twenty years, and our interest is thus to try to understand its origins, foundations and the various discourses built around this concept. The notion of “green conflicts” has never been thoroughly analyzed taking into account the many examples affecting the African continent, nor has this been done in the light of the construction of a new typology aimed at capturing these new contemporary conflicts in a more efficient manner. Thus our research aims to give an understanding of how “environment” and “natural resources” have become new factors of power that have influenced African armed conflicts in the recent decades. We wish to highlight the evolution of the traditional concept of security to one of “environmental security” based on the changing discourse among politicians of the 20th century. We will then naturally turn to discussions concerning the improvement of prevention effectiveness methods and the resolution of these new conflicts as faced by the international community, as well the creation of a “green helmets” force and the notion of “environmental crime”, both demonstrating the limitations we are still confronted to on this topic.