Quais as causas e condições que levam à ocorrência de diferentes estruturas de Coordenação Vertical (CV) dentro de uma mesma indústria? Este estudo objetiva identificar, caracterizar e analisar as diferentes formas de coordenação vertical encontradas em onze empresas pertencentes ao setor de pêssegos em conserva no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). A presente pesquisa, caracterizada como um estudo multi-caso, utilizou-se de duas abordagens teóricas da Economia para estruturar seu modelo de análise: a da Economia dos Custos de Transação e a da Visão Baseada em Recursos. Os resultados revelam que os fatores mais relevantes para a escolha da definição das estruturas de coordenação vertical entre empresas e fornecedores (destas indústrias) são transacionais e de recursos. Altos níveis de incerteza e oportunismo (custos de transação) levam as empresas a adotar estruturas hierárquicas de coordenação (produção própria). O estudo da dinâmica evolutiva das estruturas de Coordenação Vertical permitiu relaciona-las às características dos recursos e dos custos das transações. A primeira, relacionando o modelo de Coordenação Vertical adotado pela empresa aos tipos de recursos (tangíveis e intangíveis) disponíveis; e a segunda, à imprevisibilidade e relevância de problemas no fluxo de suprimento de matéria-prima. A disponibilidade de recursos intangíveis mostrou ter um forte impacto sobre a adoção de relações mais integradas com fornecedores, enquanto que uma maior disponibilidade de recursos tangíveis exerce uma pressão maior no sentido da verticalização da produção de suprimentos. E a segunda, relacionando a imprevisibilidade e a relevância dos problemas no suprimento de matéria prima. Quanto maior a imprevisibilidade ou velocidade de ocorrência e relevância de um problema no fluxo de suprimentos maior será a tendência de reação no sentido da verticalização da produção e vice-versa. / What are the causes and conditions that lead to the existence of different vertical co-ordination (VC) structures within the same industry? This study aims to identify, characterize and analyze the varying forms of VC found in eleven firms that comprise the peach conserve industry in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). In order to establish its analysis model, the present research, which may be characterized as a multi-case study, was based on two theoretical concepts on economics: the Transactional Costs Economics, and the Resources Based View. The results obtained reveal that the most relevant factors that influence the choice of VC structure among these firms and their suppliers are transactional and resources. High levels of uncertainty and opportunism (transaction factors) lead firms to adopt more hierarchical VC structures (own production). Studying the VC structures evolutive dynamics, it was allowed to relate them to the characteristics of Resources and Transactional Costs. The former one has related the VC model adopted by the firm to the different kinds of available resources (tangible or intangible); and the latter one, to the unforeseeability and relevance of raw material supply flow difficulties. Bigger intangible resources availability is shown to have a strong impact on the adoption of more integrated VC structures; whereas greater capital availability moves firms towards a more hierarchical VC of supplies production. Second, the bigger the unforeseeability and the relevance of raw material supply flow difficulties, accordingly bigger will be the reaction tendency to a production verticalization, and vice-versa.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-03T18:33:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Doutorado Viviane Santos Salazar [30-01-2015].pdf: 5289815 bytes, checksum: e26180f9166e8e57dff490117109ca6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T18:33:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Doutorado Viviane Santos Salazar [30-01-2015].pdf: 5289815 bytes, checksum: e26180f9166e8e57dff490117109ca6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral analisar o processo de desenvolvimento e/ou aquisição dos recursos estratégicos de restaurantes gastronômicos na América Latina. A metodologia utilizada foi um estudo de múltiplos casos de cunho qualitativo e longitudinal, sendo desenvolvido nos restaurantes Mocotó, Epice e Astrid y Gaston. Para coletar os dados foram realizadas nove entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com gestores, jornalistas e críticos gastronômicos além de documentos – cardápios, matérias e livros – que foram examinadas por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicaram que, nos três casos estudados, os recursos estratégicos foram: os recursos humanos, organizacionais, relacionais, reputacionais, tecnológicos, financeiros e físicos que foram desenvolvidos internamente. Os recursos adquiridos no mercado foram apenas os recursos humanos, físicos e financeiros. Os resultados indicaram também que, nos três casos estudados, o chef de cozinha é um recurso fundamental para qualquer restaurante que almeje ser listado em algum guia gastronômico reconhecido. Este recurso humano foi assinalado como primordial para a concepção e consecução das estratégias dos restaurantes e é apontado como responsável pela combinação e complementariedade dos demais recursos estratégicos. A partir dos resultados, identificou-se que os chefs criaram uma identidade distinta para suas empresas, diferenciando-as da concorrência e gerando vantagem competitiva sustentável. / The general purpose of this research is to analyze the process of development and/or acquisition of strategic resources of gastronomy restaurants in Latin America. The methodology used was a longitudinal-qualitative multiple case study, carried out at Mocotó, Epice and Astrid y Gaston restaurants. Data were collected through semistructured personal interviews with nine participants, among managers, journalists and food critics, besides some documents - menus, newspapers/magazines and books - which were examined by using content analysis techniques. The results indicated that, in the three cases studied, strategic resources were: human, organizational, relational, reputational, technological, financial and physical resources which, in turn, were developed internally. The resources obtained from the market were exclusively human, physical and financial resources. Moreover, the results also pointed that, in the three cases studied, the chef is the key resource for any restaurant whose purpose is to appear on a recognized gastronomic guide. Such a human resource was referred as being crucial for the design and implementation of restaurants' strategies, as well as being responsible for combining and complementing the other strategic resources. Based on these results, it was found that the chefs have created a distinctive identity for their companies, differentiating them from the competitors and generating a sustainable competitive advantage.

A Visão Baseada em Recursos, ou seja, a análise interna dos recursos que a empresa possui para a criação de vantagem competitiva, é de fundamental importância na formulação de estratégias bem sucedidas nas organizações. Com esse propósito, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar os recursos tangíveis e intangíveis, independente de pessoas, existentes em empresas da indústria vinícola da Serra Gaúcha, investigando quais desses recursos suportam as estratégias das empresas pesquisadas. Para levantamento das informações, foi efetuada uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, do tipo estudo multicasos, com entrevistas em profundidade com os principais gestores das empresas selecionadas. Como suporte da pesquisa, empregou-se a matriz de recursos, adaptada de Saraiva (2007), para tabulação das respostas. Os resultados do estudo apontaram os recursos estratégicos existentes nas empresas investigadas tais como, marcas e contratos, equipamentos, terras e recursos naturais, planta própria, recursos financeiros e matéria-prima de qualidade, destacando as marcas, mencionadas por todas as organizações, confirmando que empresas que utilizam e exploram estes recursos eficazmente tem uma vantagem competitiva no seu mercado de atuação. / Resource Based View, or company internal resources analysis, is important for a successful organizational strategy formulation to build a competitive advantage. For this purpose, this study aimed to identify and analyze the existing tangible and intangible resources, independent of people, in the Serra Gaucha wine industry, investigating what of these resources support the researched companies’ strategies. A qualitative exploratory research, multicase study type, with in-depth interviews with senior executives of the selected companies was used to collect the information. To support the research, a resources matrix, adapted from Saraiva (2007), was used for responses tabulation. Study results highlight the existing resources in the investigated companies such as brands and contracts, technology, land and natural resources, plant units, financial resources and raw material quality. Brands were mentioned by all organizations confirming that organizations who use and explore effectively these resources have a competitive advantage in the market.

Esse trabalho se propôs a preencher uma das lacunas teóricas apontadas na Visão Baseada em Recursos (RBV): a origem dos recursos que garantem desempenho superior para as empresas conforme proposta de pesquisa de Barney, Ketchen e Wright (2011) e Maritan e Peteraf (2011). A RBV é uma teoria que sustenta que o desempenho superior obtido por algumas organizações é resultado da posse e exploração de recursos valiosos e imperfeitamente móveis, isto é, difíceis de serem adquiridos ou copiados pelos concorrentes. Há inúmeros trabalhos que testam e validam a causalidade entre a posse ou quantidade de um recurso específico com o desempenho organizacional. Conforme proposta metodológica de Rouse e Daellenbach (1999), de que pesquisas em RBV devem selecionar empresas que compartilham os mesmos fatores de produção e disputam mercados semelhantes, foi selecionada uma indústria específica para análise de como um recurso chave nessa indústria é desenvolvido. A seleção do recurso para estudo se baseou na proposta de Newbert (2007) sobre o enquadramento desse recurso nos pressupostos da RBV. A indústria escolhida foi a do futebol profissional. O recurso escolhido para compreensão foi a torcida de um clube. A partir dessa escolha, fundamentada em dados e premissas, foram formulados os seguintes objetivos de pesquisa: levantar quais fatores são relevantes na escolha do indivíduo por um clube de futebol para torcer, verificar a importância desses fatores na decisão do indivíduo e verificar qual a predominância dos fatores sob controle da organização na escolha do indivíduo. O primeiro objetivo foi cumprido com uma pesquisa qualitativa, cujo método empregado foi a teoria fundamentada. A partir do modelo proposto na fase qualitativa, os demais objetivos foram cumpridos com a utilização de modelos de regressão logística e análise discriminante. Nesses modelos, a variável dependente era categórica (time escolhido para torcer) e as variáveis independentes foram composição familiar, lealdade familiar - medida de acordo com o constructo de Funk e James (2001), personalidade de marca dos clubes, desempenho esportivo dos clubes, qualidade dos jogadores e exposição dos clubes. Mostraram-se mais relevantes as variáveis relacionadas à família do indivíduo, sendo o desempenho esportivo também uma variável capaz de influenciar a escolha do indivíduo. Os resultados do trabalho atestam a existência de limites de competição ex ante e ex post por esse recurso, evidenciando que clubes com posição inferior desse recurso devem aumentar consideravelmente seu desempenho esportivo para acumular quantidades desse recurso, devido ao efeito de massa existente. / This thesis aimed at filling a literature gap indicated in Resource Based View: the development of resources that lead to superior performance. According to research propositions by Barney, Ketchen & Wright (2011) and Maritan & Peteraf (2011). RBV is a management theory that sustains that superior performance is due to ownership and use of valuable and imperfect mobile resources, that is, resources that cannot by aquired or imitated by competitors. There are several research papers testing and validating the causality betweeen ownership or superior quantity of an specific resource and organizational performance. Following research design proposal by Rouse & Daellenbach (1999), in which RBV researches must select firms that share the same production factors and compete in similar markets, it was selected an specific industry to analyze how a key resource in this industry is developed. The resource selection for this research was based on Newbert\'s (2007) proposal about how a resource can be framed in RBV foundations. Chosen industry was professional football. The chosen resource was clubs\'s fans base. From this research choice, based on data and assumptions, research objectives were formulated: reveal which factors are relevant on individual\'s choice of a football club to be a fan, verify importance of this factors on individual\'s decision and examine preponderance of factors under organizational\'s control. First research objective was completed with a qualitative research, based on grounded theory method. From proposed model on qualitative phase, later objectives were accomplished using logistic regression and discriminant analysis models. On this models, dependent variable was nominal-qualitative (chosen football club to be a fan) and independent variable were family composition, family loyalty - measured with Funk & James (2001) construct, clubs\'s brand personality traits, sport performance, players quality and club media exposition. Most relevant factors were Family related variables, being sport performance also capable of influence fan choice. Research results indicate ex ante and ex post limits to competition, highlighting that clubs with an inferior resource position must considerable elevate its sport performance to accumulate more quantity of this resource, due to existent mass effect.

The evolution of globalization and technology have changed the playground for international business and made it possible for smaller businesses to compete internationally among large and capital intensive companies. Markets become increasingly alike with converging product preferences and changing the world into one large integrated marketplace easily accessible for firms of all sizes. Recent research in the field of International Business has shed light on small firms that rapidly become international market players, called “born globals” (BGs). These firms’ behavior contradicting traditional theory, such as the Uppsala Model, which propose that internationalization is an incremental process where firms must gain market knowledge and psychical distance to markets to internationalize. The Uppsala Model describes internationalization as a relatively resource-demanding process. However, the BGs most often have scarce resources, but still manages to enter several markets simultaneously. Previous studies have focused on manufacturing exporting BGs when investigate this relatively new phenomenon. Yet, little light is shed on BG service firms and their internationalization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the facilitating factors of resource-scarce Internet-based service BGs’ internationalization and barriers connected to it. Thus, this study aims to fill the research field of BG Internet-based service firms with more empirical data. The research questions are formulated as followed: RQ1: What important factors enable internationalization for Swedish born global Internet-based service firms? RQ2: Do the perceived barriers to internationalization for SMEs apply to Swedish born global Internet-based service firms, or are there other barriers present in their internationalization? As a theoretical framework, the researchers have combined three main theories, explicitly the Resource-Based View, Dynamic Capabilities and Business Models. Further, SMEs’ perceived barriers to internationalization are included in the theoretical framework as a sub-theory, to investigate if those barriers apply to BG Internet-based service firms. The researchers have performed a qualitative exploratory multiple-case study including six Swedish companies. The empirical data acquired is presented in a case-by-case structure relating back to the theoretical framework. The data has further been analyzed in a thematic way based on theories using the cross-case analysis technique. From the study, the researchers have found that the most important factors enabling internationalization for Swedish BG Internet-based service firms are an internationally standardized business model, human capital, and the level of dynamic capabilities. Regarding SME’s perceived barriers to internationalization, no clear pattern was found regarding the sample firms’ perceived barriers to internationalization. Which implies that more research is needed in this area.

The European financial market is rapidly changing with emerging fintechs targeting the banks’ traditional value chain, leveraging on their lower pace of innovation. The Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) is put into force in 2018 and aims to open up the financial market to new competitors, thus, promoting positive competition. This study examines how the managerial perception of changes in the external environment, caused by PSD2, affects banks’ preparatory work. The study uses a mix of Market Based View and Resource Based View along with an extension of RBV, illuminating how capabilities and managerial cognition affects managerial action. Using a qualitative approach through an interview based comparison between managers of two Swedish banks, the study confirms the theories’ stating that managerial cognition of the external environment, comprised of perceived opportunities and threats, affects managerial preparatory actions. Additionally, the study shows that managers’ perception of organisational capabilities affects managerial action.

Companies are expected to be good corporate citizens and fulfil expectations of both shareholders and stakeholders. Depending on their corporate objectives, companies undertake different CSR activities using their preferred financial resources. The relationship between these two notions is interesting to investigate in the Nordic context since companies in this geographical area are the global leaders in sustainability. We formulate the following research question as: What is the relationship between financial slack and the CSR performance in Nordic countries? As such, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the underpinnings of whether companies choose to allocate their financial slack resources towards improving performance of CSR, or so called value creation. Doing so, we investigate the relationship between financial slack resources and CSR score. In adopting a regulatory position on the development of society, we conduct our research in accordance with the functionalist research paradigm, namely through commitment to the objectivist ontic and positivist epistemic research philosophies. We answer the research question using the deductive approach. Our research design is framed with an explanatory purpose relying on archival strategy to perform a quantitative study. The theoretical underpinnings for analysis comes in the form of legitimacy theory, the institutional differences hypothesis, Resource-based theory, slack resources theory, stakeholder and shareholder theory. We use multiple linear regressions to analyse cross-sectional data for the period between 2005 and 2015 collected from Thomson Reuters DataStream. Our result indicates that the relationship between financial slack and CSR performance in the following year is mixed with both positive and negative relationships being present. Our most important finding is a pattern indicating that during the year 2008 the relationship changed from being positive to negative. This implies that the more funds a company has at its discretion, the less likely it is for them to invest it in developing their CSR performance the following year. This could have severe negative implications on shareholders, stakeholders and society.

國際貿易對臺灣經濟有著舉足輕重的影響力，然而隨著貿易商競爭越發激烈以及去中間化之議題逐漸興起，臺灣的貿易商為了提升競爭力逐漸轉型，使自身企業之價值更加提升。貿易商轉型後之角色，以銷售代理商為被學者探討最多之主題，研究者認為採購的角色也是交易不容忽視的另一方，因此本研究以國際採購代理商為研究主題，探討採購代理商如何保有競爭力，吸引客戶與其合作，以及如何在與客戶合作時發揮中間商之功能與價值。 　　本研究之研究問題為：「哪些因素會影響國際採購代理商與客戶合作之內容?」，經過文獻探討及研究者之採購經驗歸納，本研究整理出五類因素影響採購代理商與客戶之合作內容：(1)外國客戶之合作動機；(2)外國客戶之策略與資源；(3)採購代理商之策略與資源；(4)採購代理商與外國客戶之合作成果；(5)採購代理商與外國客戶之合作關係。本研究以個案研究法進行研究，並搜尋次級資料及實際訪問採購代理商與採購協會來進行個案分析及整理，進而提出結論與建議，期望本研究結果對於採購代理商之業者及欲轉型為採購代理商之業者具參考價值。 　　透過資料蒐集及個案訪談之結果，本研究之研究結果支持研究初期所設計之研究架構。外國客戶之合作動機、外國客戶之策略與資源與採購代理商之策略與資源會影響雙方之合作內容與方式，合作之結果有可能是好的或不好的，也有糾紛發生的情形，這些合作結果會影響雙方之合作關係，而關係的強化、弱化會影響下次的合作內容，或是產生停止合作的結果。本研究依據研究發現，整理五類因素之內容，以供業者參考。本研究建議業者須發展企業自身之獨特核心資源，並建立與客戶及供應商夥伴關係，以持續保有自身之競爭力。 / International trade has decisive influences over Taiwan’s economy. As competition between traders has become more intense, and companies are taking consideration about disintermediation, Taiwan’s traders need to transform themselves to enhance their values and strengths for competiveness. Sales agents are the most popular role for this kind of research topic; however, the author thinks purchasing agents are also important. This research aims at studying how international purchasing agents remains their competitiveness to attract their clients and display their functions and values as middlemen. The research question is “How purchasing agents cooperate with their clients?” According literature review and purchasing experience from the author, the research summarizes five cooperation influential factors between purchasing agents and clients: (1) incentives for clients working with purchasing agents, (2) strategies and resources of clients, (3) strategies and resources of purchasing agents, (4) results of cooperation between purchasing agents and clients, and (5) relations between purchasing agents and clients. The research used case study method with collecting information and visiting target companies and institute to analyze and organize summery along with suggestion. The purpose of the research is giving valuable reference for purchasing agents and those who will become purchasing agents. After analyzing related information and visiting target companies and institute, the result of the research supports the research framework. Incentives for clients working with purchasing agents, strategies and resources of clients and strategies and resources of purchasing agents influence ways and contents of cooperation between two parties. Results of cooperation may be positive or negative, and even disputes can occur between two parties. These results will strengthen, weaken or even end cooperative relationship between purchasing agents and clients. According to research findings, the author summarizes contents of five cooperative influential factors between purchasing agents and clients for reference. The research suggests purchasing agents should develop their core resources and built up relations with clients and suppliers for maintaining their competitiveness.

Cette recherche explique comment il est possible d’utiliser le concept de crowdsourcing dans le but de générer un modèle d’affaire innovant. Le terrain d’étude retenu est composé de données primaires et de données secondaires. Les données primaires sont issues d’un grand distributeur franco-iranien installé en Iran. Des données secondaires et permettant des comparaisons proviennent de 5 autres grands distributeurs dans le monde. Notre analyse permet alors de définir les apports du crowdsourcing pour chaque type de distributeurs. / This research explains the applications of crowdsourcing phenomena by generating an innovative business model canvas for a French-Iranian hypermarket retailer in Iran after analyzing the business models of five hypermarket companies worldwide (one Americans, one Japanese and three French hypermarkets). The following research question has been considered for this research: How retail companies can use crowdsourcing to be more innovative in order to enhance their competitive advantage?

Dans cette thèse nous avons tenté d’expliquer la performance des entreprises en se basant sur l’approche basée sur les ressources (RBV) et l’approche basée sur les capacités dynamiques (DCV),deux approches relevant de la théorie des ressources qui gagneraient à être intégrées. Pour aborder la problématique, nous avons développé deux axes de recherche : « La détention des ressources/capacités et la Performance » et « La gestion des ressources/capacités et la Performance ». Le premier modèle conceptuel a présenté les relations liant les différentes capacités opérationnelles à la performance. Le modèle conceptuel global a traité de la relation « Capacités opérationnelles – Environnement -Stratégie de diversification - Capacités dynamiques- Performance ». Notre posture épistémologique dans cette recherche se voulait positiviste. Au niveau des choix méthodologiques nous avons opté pour une démarche hypothético-déductive avec une approche quantitative basée sur des données secondaires collectées de la base de données française DIANE et des statistiques de l’INSEE, et pour évaluer les capacités nous avons eu recours à la méthode DEA. La première étude empirique a testé la relation capacités opérationnelles-performance sur quatre échantillons mono-sectoriels représentatifs de l’industrie manufacturière française : le secteur pharmaceutique, le secteur automobile, le secteur de la chimie et le secteur de l’habillement. La seconde étude empirique a testé le modèle mettant en relation les capacités opérationnelles, les capacités dynamiques, l’environnement et la diversification,sur la base d’un échantillon plurisectoriel regroupant les quatre secteurs. Les résultats ont permis de découvrir en premier lieu, l’importance de la capacité financière pour tous les secteurs, en deuxième lieu, le rôle modérateur de l’environnement et de la diversification et en troisième lieu l‘importance des capacités dynamiques d’apprentissage (d’absorption) et adaptative dans l’explication de la performance. Ces résultats peuvent servir les décisions managériales et l'action publique. / In this thesis we have tried to explain business performance based on the resource-based View (RBV) and the Dynamic capabilities View (DCV), two approaches within the resource-based theory (RBT)that benefits from being integrated. To address the problem, we have developed two main stream of research: "The detention of resources / capabilities and performance" and "The management of resources / capabilities and performance." The first conceptual model presented the relations linking the various operational capabilities to performance. The global conceptual model has focused the relation “Ordinary capabilities – Environment – Diversification strategy- Dynamic capabilities –Performance”. Our epistemological position in this research wished to be positivist. At the methodological level we opted for a hypothetical-deductive approach with a quantitative approach based on secondary data collected from the French database DIANE and INSEE statistics, and to evaluate capabilities we used the DEA method. The first empirical study that aims on “ordinary capabilities – performance” link, is based on four industries samples representing the French manufacturing industry: the pharmaceutical industry, the automotive industry, the chemical industry and the clothing industry. The second study tested the empirical model linking ordinary capabilities,dynamic capabilities, environment and diversification, based on a multisectorial sample comprising the four sectors. The results revealed first the importance of financial capability for all sectors, second the moderating role of the environment and the diversification and thirdly the magnitudes of dynamic learning (absorption) and adaptive capabilities in explaining performance. These results could serve managerial decisions and public policy.