O protocolo de treinamento de força (TF) 3x15:88s (sériesxrepetições:pausa entre as séries) é usualmente recomendado para hipertensos. Durante a execução dos protocolos de TF a pressão arterial (PA) se eleva expressivamente, o que pode gerar um risco de eventos cardiovasculares indesejados ao hipertenso. A manipulação da densidade de treinamento pode ser uma forma de amenizar esses picos de PA sem alterar o volume ou a intensidade do protocolo de TF. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito agudo da execução de dois protocolos de TF equalizados em densidade sobre as respostas cardiovasculares em hipertensos medicados. Materiais e Métodos: 12 hipertensos essenciais (48±8 anos) executaram dois protocolos de TF equalizados em densidade em dias diferentes e de forma aleatória: A)- 3x15:88s e B)- 9x5:22s com a intensidade de 50%1RM, em dois diferentes exercícios, extensão bilateral de joelhos (EBJ) e flexão unilateral de cotovelo (FUC). Os dois protocolos continham o mesmo número de repetições (45rep) e a mesma duração total de pausa (176s). A PA e frequência cardíaca (FC) foram constantemente monitoradas. Também foi medida a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e a de recuperação (PSR). Resultados: A ANOVA de dois fatores (protocolo e tempo) revelou maiores deltas de PA sistólica (PAS) no protocolo 3x15:88s tanto no EBJ (+84±39 vs +67±20 mmHg) quanto no FUC (+46±25 vs +37±18 mmHg). Já a PA diastólica (+58±37 vs +39±13 mmHg) também foi maior no protocolo 3x15:88s, mas apenas no EBJ. O protocolo 3x15:88s apresentou maior PSE no EBJ e maior concentração de lactato no FUC. Além disso, os dois protocolos de TF geraram o mesmo estresse cardiovascular médio demonstrado pelo cálculo da área sob a curva de PA a cada batimento cardíaco. Conclusão: O protocolo 9x5:22s foi mais eficaz em reduzir o pico de PA do que o protocolo com característica aos recomendados aos hipertensos. Assim, a aplicação desse protocolo reduz o risco de eventos cardiovasculares indesejados / resistance exercise (RE) protocol composed of 3x15:88s (setsxreps:rest) is usually recommended for hypertensive individuals. During the execution of RE protocols, the blood pressure (BP) rises significantly, which can generate a high risk of cardiovascular events. Manipulation of the work:rest ratio may be a strategy to decrease BP peaks without altering the total work provided by the RE protocol. Objective: To compare the acute effect of two RE protocols equated by work : rest ratio on cardiovascular responses in medicated hypertensive volunteers. Materials and Methods: 12 subjects (48±8 y) performed two RE protocols equated by work:rest ratio on different days and in random order: A)- 3x15:88s and B)- 9x5:22s with the intensity of 50%1RM in two different exercises, bilateral knee extension (BKE) and unilateral elbow flexion (UEF). The two RE protocols contained the same number of reps (45 reps) and the same total rest duration (176s). Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored. Blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and rate of perceived recovery (RPR) were also measured. Results: The two-way ANOVA (protocol and time) revealed higher systolic BP delta (SBP) in the 3x15:88s protocol in both BKE (+84±39 vs. +67±20 mmHg) and UEF (+46±25 vs. +37±18 mmHg) exercises. The diastolic BP (DBP) was higher in the 3x15:88s protocol only in the BKE (+58±37 vs 39±13 mmHg). In addition, the 3x15:88s protocol showed higher RPE in the BKE and higher lactate concentration in the UEF. Furthermore, the two protocols generate the same mean cardiovascular stress demonstrate by the blood pressure area under the curve. Conclusion: The protocol 9x5:22s was more effective in reducing the peak of BP than a protocol with the characteristics recommended to hypertensive patients (3x15:88s). Thus, the application of this protocol reduces the risk of cardiovascular events

The purposes of this study were to examine the effect of ballistic concentric-only half-squats (COHS) on subsequent squat-jump (SJ) performances at various rest intervals and to examine the relationships between changes in SJ performance and bilateral symmetry at peak performance. Thirteen resistance-trained men performed an SJ immediately and every minute up to 10 min on dual force plates after 2 ballistic COHS repetitions at 90% of their 1-repetition-maximum COHS. SJ peak force, peak power, net impulse, and rate of force development (RFD) were compared using a series of 1-way repeated-measures ANOVAs. The percent change in performance at which peak performance occurred for each variable was correlated with the symmetry index scores at the corresponding time point using Pearson correlation coefficients. Statistical differences in peak power (P = .031) existed between rest intervals; however, no statistically significant pairwise comparisons were present (P > .05). No statistical differences in peak force (P = .201), net impulse (P = .064), and RFD (P = .477) were present between rest intervals. The relationships between changes in SJ performance and bilateral symmetry after the rest interval that produced the greatest performance for peak force (r = .300, P = .319), peak power (r = –.041, P = .894), net impulse (r = –.028, P = .927), and RFD (r = –.434, P = .138) were not statistically significant. Ballistic COHS may enhance SJ performance; however, the changes in performance were not related to bilateral symmetry.

O protocolo de treinamento de força (TF) 3x15:88s (sériesxrepetições:pausa entre as séries) é usualmente recomendado para hipertensos. Durante a execução dos protocolos de TF a pressão arterial (PA) se eleva expressivamente, o que pode gerar um risco de eventos cardiovasculares indesejados ao hipertenso. A manipulação da densidade de treinamento pode ser uma forma de amenizar esses picos de PA sem alterar o volume ou a intensidade do protocolo de TF. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito agudo da execução de dois protocolos de TF equalizados em densidade sobre as respostas cardiovasculares em hipertensos medicados. Materiais e Métodos: 12 hipertensos essenciais (48±8 anos) executaram dois protocolos de TF equalizados em densidade em dias diferentes e de forma aleatória: A)- 3x15:88s e B)- 9x5:22s com a intensidade de 50%1RM, em dois diferentes exercícios, extensão bilateral de joelhos (EBJ) e flexão unilateral de cotovelo (FUC). Os dois protocolos continham o mesmo número de repetições (45rep) e a mesma duração total de pausa (176s). A PA e frequência cardíaca (FC) foram constantemente monitoradas. Também foi medida a concentração de lactato, a percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) e a de recuperação (PSR). Resultados: A ANOVA de dois fatores (protocolo e tempo) revelou maiores deltas de PA sistólica (PAS) no protocolo 3x15:88s tanto no EBJ (+84±39 vs +67±20 mmHg) quanto no FUC (+46±25 vs +37±18 mmHg). Já a PA diastólica (+58±37 vs +39±13 mmHg) também foi maior no protocolo 3x15:88s, mas apenas no EBJ. O protocolo 3x15:88s apresentou maior PSE no EBJ e maior concentração de lactato no FUC. Além disso, os dois protocolos de TF geraram o mesmo estresse cardiovascular médio demonstrado pelo cálculo da área sob a curva de PA a cada batimento cardíaco. Conclusão: O protocolo 9x5:22s foi mais eficaz em reduzir o pico de PA do que o protocolo com característica aos recomendados aos hipertensos. Assim, a aplicação desse protocolo reduz o risco de eventos cardiovasculares indesejados / resistance exercise (RE) protocol composed of 3x15:88s (setsxreps:rest) is usually recommended for hypertensive individuals. During the execution of RE protocols, the blood pressure (BP) rises significantly, which can generate a high risk of cardiovascular events. Manipulation of the work:rest ratio may be a strategy to decrease BP peaks without altering the total work provided by the RE protocol. Objective: To compare the acute effect of two RE protocols equated by work : rest ratio on cardiovascular responses in medicated hypertensive volunteers. Materials and Methods: 12 subjects (48±8 y) performed two RE protocols equated by work:rest ratio on different days and in random order: A)- 3x15:88s and B)- 9x5:22s with the intensity of 50%1RM in two different exercises, bilateral knee extension (BKE) and unilateral elbow flexion (UEF). The two RE protocols contained the same number of reps (45 reps) and the same total rest duration (176s). Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored. Blood lactate concentration, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and rate of perceived recovery (RPR) were also measured. Results: The two-way ANOVA (protocol and time) revealed higher systolic BP delta (SBP) in the 3x15:88s protocol in both BKE (+84±39 vs. +67±20 mmHg) and UEF (+46±25 vs. +37±18 mmHg) exercises. The diastolic BP (DBP) was higher in the 3x15:88s protocol only in the BKE (+58±37 vs 39±13 mmHg). In addition, the 3x15:88s protocol showed higher RPE in the BKE and higher lactate concentration in the UEF. Furthermore, the two protocols generate the same mean cardiovascular stress demonstrate by the blood pressure area under the curve. Conclusion: The protocol 9x5:22s was more effective in reducing the peak of BP than a protocol with the characteristics recommended to hypertensive patients (3x15:88s). Thus, the application of this protocol reduces the risk of cardiovascular events

The critical power (CP) concept has been used to determine the appropriate rest interval during intermittent exercise through the investigation of critical rest interval (CRI). Repeated sprint ability (RSA) testing has been developed to define the athlete’s ability to recover and maintain maximal effort during successive bouts. The CP model has been used to understand the physiological responses involved with intermittent exercise delineating between severe and heavy exercise intensity domains. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the CRI from the work-time relationship given by RSA testing using varying work to rest ratios. The secondary purpose was to determine the validity of CRI by evaluation of physiological responses above and below estimated rest interval values during intermittent cycling. Twelve recreationally trained males (mean ± SD; age 24.1 ± 3.6yr; height 175.8 ± 7.0cm; weight 77.6 ± 12.8kg; V̇ O2peak 43.3 ± 5.6ml/kg/min; Body Fat (%) 24.5 ± 4.4) were recruited for this study. Participants performed a graded exercise test to determine V̇ O2peak and peak heart rate. Eight participants completed the same three RSA protocols with 6s maximal sprints and varying rest intervals (12-24s) on a cycle ergometer. Intermittent critical power (ICP) was calculated through the linear total work (TW) and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) relationship, whereas CRI was estimated using the average work per sprint and ICP. Seven subjects completed trials above and below estimated CRI to evaluate the validity of this estimate through the examination of the physiological responses. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) and heart rate (HR) values were recorded during the validation trials. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the variables from the RSA trials. Paired samples t-tests were performed to compare performance and physiological variables above or below CRI during the validation trials. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examined the changes in oxygen consumption (V̇ O2), HR, mean power (MP), and TW throughout the validation trials. Significant differences (p < 0.1) were found for the number of intervals completed, TTE, average work per sprint, peak and mean V̇ O2 between RSA protocols. Linearity between TW and TTE was r2 = 0.952 ± 0.081. During the validation trials, TTE was significantly greater in the above versus the below CRI trial (2270.43 ± 941.15s vs. 1511.00 ± 811.0s). Furthermore, blood lactate concentration (8.94 ± 4.89mmol/L vs. 6.56 ± 3.45mmol/L), AveV̇ O2 (2.05 ± 0.36L/min vs. 1.78 ± 0.26L/min), V̇ O2peak (2.84 ± 0.48L/min vs. 2.61 ± 0.43L/min), and AveHR (151.14 ± 18.46bpm vs. 138.14 ± 17.51L/min) were significantly greater in the below CRI trial when compared to the above CRI trial. Significant interactions were found between above and below trials within minimal V̇ O2 response (F = 6.886, p = 0.024, η2 = 0.534) to the recovery intervals and maximal HR (F = 4.51, p = 0.016, η2 = 0.429) response to the work intervals. During the above CRI trial, minimal V̇ O2 response decreased over time (51-43%V̇ O2 peak) while maximal HR response achieved a steady state level (81-84%HRpeak). Conversely, minimal V̇ O2 response during the below CRI trial achieved a steady state level (54-58%V̇ O2 peak), whereas maximal HR response increased over time (84-90%HRpeak). The relationship between TW and TTE is appropriate for use with RSA testing with varying rest intervals. The differing physiological response during the validation trials may reflect changes in energy system contribution. In conclusion, CRI distinguished between physiological responses related to exercise intensity domains in a manner similar to CP estimates determined from other testing and exercise modalities.

The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal profile of strong and weak subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes. Eight strong (relative back squat = 2.1 ± 0.1 times body mass) and 8 weak (relative back squat = 1.6 ± 0.2 times body mass) males performed squat jumps immediately and every minute up to 10 minutes following potentiation complexes that included ballistic or nonballistic concentric-only half-squat (COHS) performed at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum COHS. Jump height (JH) and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using a series of 2 × 12 repeated measures analyses of variance. No statistically significant strength level main effects for JH (p = 0.442) or PPa (p = 0.078) existed during the ballistic condition. In contrast, statistically significant main effects for time existed for both JH (p = 0.014) and PPa (p < 0.001); however, no statistically significant pairwise comparisons were present (p > 0.05). Statistically significant strength level main effects existed for PPa (p = 0.039) but not for JH (p = 0.137) during the nonballistic condition. Post hoc analysis revealed that the strong subjects produced statistically greater PPa than the weaker subjects (p = 0.039). Statistically significant time main effects existed for time existed for PPa (p = 0.015), but not for JH (p = 0.178). No statistically significant strength level × time interaction effects for JH (p = 0.319) or PPa (p = 0.203) were present for the ballistic or nonballistic conditions. Practical significance indicated by effect sizes and the relationships between maximum potentiation and relative strength suggest that stronger subjects potentiate earlier and to a greater extent than weaker subjects during ballistic and nonballistic potentiation complexes.

Resistance exercise (RE) is indicated as a complement to aerobic exercise program to control high blood pressure. However, it is known that during RE may occur peak pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive individuals. It is known that the exercise intensity, exercise volume and muscle fatigue potentiate these effects. The effects of blood pressure control and the rest time between sets have not yet been investigated. The objective of this study was to verify, in hypertensive women undergoing resistance exercise, the effects of blood pressure control and the rest time between sets (30s, 60s and 90s) the responses of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), heart rate (HR) and double product (DP). The study included nineteen hypertensive women, mean age 58.5 ± 5.2 years and BMI 29.4 ± 4.9 kg / m2, were divided into groups: controlled (n=6), decompensated (n=8) and untreated (n=5). The subjects were submitted to the 1RM test in the leg extension and held three training sessions resistance (3x12 to 60% of 1RM knee extension). Each session was performed with different rest interval (30, 60 and 90 seconds). It used 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures with post test Tukey, establishing a significance level of p<0.05. In the control group, there was no significant difference between exercise and rest to PAD, FC and DP in any of the intervals (p>0.05), while SBP was higher than the rest, when the rest interval was 30 seconds (p=0,0204). In uncontrolled and untreated groups, there was an increase in all the variables, compared to the rest (p<0.05) independent of the rest interval. Pressure peaks reached during the exercise, in the controlled group (SBP: 171.3 ± 14 and DBP: 99.5 ± 11mmHg) were similar as compare to uncontrolled groups (216.1 ± 11 and DBP: 132.5 ± 16 mmHg) and untreated (216.8 ± 21 and DBP: 133.6 ± 13mmHg). Thus, if the hypertensive framework is not controlled, the cardiovascular stress significantly increases during the RE and the pharmacological control is shown to be effective in reducing the effort during the practice of RE. Therefore, the control condition of the hypertensive frame is more important than the rest interval for influencing the cardiovascular responses during the RE. Thus, we can suggest that effective control of the PA, through pharmacological treatment can reduce the risk of pressure peak during the practice of resistance exercise. / O exercício resistido (ER) é indicado como complemento aos programas de exercícios aeróbios para controle da hipertensão arterial. Porém, sabe-se que durante o ER pode ocorrer pico pressórico e risco aumentado de evento cardiovascular em indivíduos hipertensos. Sabe-se que a intensidade de esforço, volume de exercício e fadiga muscular potencializam tais efeitos. Os efeitos do controle da pressão arterial e do tempo de descanso interséries ainda não foram investigados. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar, em mulheres hipertensas submetidas ao exercício resistido, os efeitos do controle da pressão arterial e do tempo de descanso interséries (30s, 60s e 90s) nas respostas de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), frequência cardíaca (FC) e duplo produto (DP). Participaram do estudo dezenove mulheres hipertensas, com idade média de 58,5±5,2 anos e IMC, 29,4±4,9 Kg/m2. Foram divididas em grupos: controlado (n=6), descompensado (n=8) e não tratado (n=5). Os sujeitos foram submetidos a um teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM), na cadeira extensora e realizaram três sessões de exercício resistido (3x12 a 60% de 1RM de extensão de joelhos). Cada sessão foi realizada com um intervalo interséries diferente (30, 60 e 90 segundos). Foi utilizado ANOVA de 2 vias para medidas repetidas, com pós teste de Tukey, estabelecendo nível de significância de p<0,05. No grupo controlado, não houve diferença significativa entre exercício e repouso de PAD, FC e DP em nenhum dos intervalos (p>0,05), enquanto a PAS foi maior que o repouso, quando o intervalo interséries foi de 30s (p= 0,0204). Nos grupos descompensado e não tratado, houve elevação de todas as variáveis, comparadas ao repouso (p<0,05) independente do tempo de descanso. Picos pressóricos atingidos durante o exercício, no grupo controlado (PAS: 171,3±14 e PAD: 99,5± 11mmHg) foram semelhantes aos picos atingidos pelos grupos descompensado (216,1±11 e PAD: 132,5±16mmHg) e não tratado (216,8±21 e PAD: 133,6±13 mmHg). Dessa forma, é possível afirmar que se o quadro hipertensivo não está controlado, o esforço cardiovascular aumenta significativamente durante o ER e o controle farmacológico mostra-se efetivo para diminuir esse esforço durante a prática do ER. Portanto, a condição de controle do quadro hipertensivo é mais importante do que o intervalo interséries para influenciar as respostas cardiovasculares ao ER. Assim, podemos sugerir que o efetivo controle da PA, através do tratamento farmacológico pode diminuir o risco de pico pressórico durante a prática do exercício resistido.