Abstract The use of antibiotics in aquaculture may cause development of antibiotic resistance among pathogens infecting cultured animals and humans. Therefore, the phages were isolated from the culture environment that can infect the pathogen and resistant bacteria. In this study, there were vibriophage and antibacterial phage isolated from CLOZ andSCKF. The small and circle plaque of vibriophage could become striking by decrease in top agar percentage. The electron micrographs of vibriophage and antibacterial phage belonged to the Podoviridae and Myroviridae family. The phages genome could be cut by HidinIII. The different size fragments were compared and matched to similar genome size of phages from NCBI. For the result, vibriophage may belong to the Picovirinae in Podoviridae. The antibacterial phage would be classified into either Mu-like viruses or unclassified Myoviridae. In the infecting test with (103 PFU/ml), the vibriophage lysing the host cell was not evident. Then, infecting with ϕA, ϕ20 and ϕ70 107 PFU/ml), the ϕA could lyse the cell and test the lowest OD after two hours by infecting. ϕ20 lysed the cell at exponential phase and antibacterial phage ϕ70 could lysed the host cell at different ages after six hours by infecting. A could lyse the cell and test the lowest OD after two hours by infecting. ϕ20 lysed the cell at exponential phase and antibacterial phage ϕ70 could lysed the host cell at different ages after six hours by infecting.

Mechanical unloading and food restriction (FR) are leading causes of bone loss, which increase the risk of fracture later in life. Leptin, a 16kDa cytokine like hormone principally produced by white adipocytes, may be involved in bone metabolism with physiological or mechanical changes causing bone loss. The hypotheses of the first study were aimed at determining if serum leptin is reduced by unloading or FR. The serum leptin level reduced by unloading or by global FR, is associated with the decline in bone formation rate. It was conjectured that decreased serum leptin may be due to reduced adipocyte number/size and/or sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation of betaadrenoreceptors with unloading or FR, inhibiting the release of leptin from adipocytes. In the second experiment, we tested whether leptin or beta-adrenoreceptor blockade attenuates bone loss during unloading and whether such an effect due to beta blockade is associated with changes in serum leptin level. Beta-blockade mitigated unloading induced reduction in serum leptin and also beta blockade was as effective as leptin administration in mitigating a reduction in cancellous bone mineral density with unloading through both stimulation of bone formation and suppression of resorption. It was previously demonstrated that energy restriction (ER) is a major contributor to the bone loss during global FR. In the third study, we tested whether beta- blockade attenuates bone loss during ER and whether such an effect is associated with changes in serum leptin level and leptin localization in bone tissues. Beta blockade attenuated the ER induced reduction in serum leptin level, cancellous bone mineral density and bone formation rate, and also abolished the ER induced increase in bone resorption. Reduction in leptin expression in bone marrow adipocytes observed with ER was attenuated by beta-blockade. Reduction in the number of cells (bone lining cells, osteocytes and chondrocytes in cartilage) which are stained positive for leptin was also attenuated by beta-blockade. Collectively, these data identify circulating leptin effects on preventing bone loss during mechanical unloading or energy restriction. Also beta blockade is associated with mitigating reduction in serum leptin and subsequently with mitigating reduction in bone mass with unloading or ER.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-84).

The host restriction factor TRIM5α mediates a post-entry, pre-integration block to retroviral infection that depends upon recognition of the viral capsid by the TRIM5α PRYSPRY domain. The two predominant alleles of rhesus macaque TRIM5α (rhTRIM5αQ and rhTRIM5αTFP) restrict HIV 1, but cannot restrict the macaque-adapted virus SIVmac239. To investigate how TRIM5α recognizes retroviral capsids, we exploited the differential sensitivities of these two viruses to identify gain-of-sensitivity mutations in SIVmac239, and we solved the structure of the SIVmac239 capsid N-terminal domain. When mapped onto this structure, single amino acid substitutions affecting both alleles were in the β-hairpin. In contrast, mutations specifically affecting rhTRIM5αTFP surround a highly conserved patch of amino acids that is unique to capsids of primate lentiviruses. This "patch" sits at the junction between the binding sites of multiple cellular cofactors (cyclophilin A, Nup-358 cyclophilin A-like domain, Nup-153 and CPSF6). Differential restriction of these alleles is due to a Q/TFP polymorphism in the first variable loop (V1) within the PRYSPRY domain. Q reflects the ancestral state (present in the last common ancestor of Old World primates) and has remained unmodified in all but one lineage of African monkeys, the Cercopithecinae. While Q-alleles can be found among some Cercopithecinae primates, in others Q has been replaced by a G or overwritten by a two amino acid insertion (giving rise to TFP in macaques). In one lineage, the Q to G substitution was later followed by an adjacent 20 amino acid duplication. We found that these modifications in TRIM5α specifically impart the ability to restrict Cercopithecinae SIVs without altering β-hairpin recognition. At least twice Cercopithecinae TRIM5αs independently evolved to target the same conserved patch of amino acids in capsid. Based on these findings, we propose that the β-hairpin is a retrovirus associated molecular pattern widely exploited by TRIM5α proteins, while recognition of the cofactor binding region was driven by the emergence of the ancestors of modern Cercopithecinae SIVs. Distribution on the Cercopithecinae phylogenetic tree indicates that selection for these changes in TRIM5α V1 began 11-16 million years ago, suggesting that primate lentiviruses are at least as ancient.

This study examined the effects of manipulating the modality (text-only, voice-only, voice+text) of a tutorial and restriction (restricted vs. unrestricted) of a simulation's interface on retention and transfer of tutorial content. The tutorial prepared novice students to use Packet Tracer, a simulation developed by Cisco that teaches network engineers how to build and troubleshoot computer networks. Retention was measured using a multiple choice test whereas transfer was measured using an assessment embedded within Packet Tracer. An interaction was found between modality and restriction on the Packet Tracer transfer test. When Packet Tracer's interface was unrestricted, students who received the voice-only tutorial performed significantly better on the transfer test than students who received the text-only tutorial. This finding is consistent with the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and previous research on modality effect. However, this is also an original finding because previous research has not examined the interaction between a tutorial's modality and the restriction of a complex simulation's interface. This study addressed relevant instructional technology design questions, such as how to design tutorials for complex simulations and what effect restricting a simulation's interface has on retention and transfer for novice students. / text

No description available.

It is widely believed that the scaling limit of the self-avoiding walk (SAW) is given by Schramm's SLE₈/₃. In fact, it is known that if SAW has a scaling limit which is conformally invariant, then the distribution of such a scaling limit must be given by SLE₈/₃. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between SAW and SLE₈/₃, mainly through the use of restriction measures; conformally invariant measures that satisfy a certain restriction property. Restriction measures are stochastic processes on randomly growing fractal subsets of the complex plane called restriction hulls, though it turns out that SLE₈/₃ measure is also a restriction measure. Since SAW should converge to SLE₈/₃ in the scaling limit, it is thought that many important properties of SAW might also hold for restriction measures, or at the very least, for SLE₈/₃. In [DGKLP2011], it was shown that if one conditions an infinite length self-avoiding walk in half-plane to have a bridge height at y-1, and then considers the walk up to height y, then one obtains the distribution of self-avoiding walk in the strip of height y. We show in this paper that a similar result holds for restriction measures ℙ(α), with α ∈ [5/8,1). That is, if one conditions a restriction hull to have a bridge point at some z ∈ ℍ, and considers the hull up until the time it reaches z, then the resulting hull is distributed according to a restriction measure in the strip of height Im(z). This relies on the fact that restriction hulls contain bridge points a.s. for α ∈ [5/8,1), which was shown in [AC2010]. We then proceed to show that a more general form of that result holds for restriction hulls of the same range of parameters α. That is, if one conditions on the event that a restriction hull in ℍ passes through a smooth curve γ at a single point, and then considers the hull up to the time that it reaches the point, then the resulting hull is distributed according to a restriction hull in the domain which lies underneath the curve γ. We then show that a similar result holds in simply connected domains other than ℍ. Next, we conjecture the existence of an object called the infinite length quarter-plane self-avoiding walk. This is a measure on infinite length self-avoiding walks, restricted to lie in the quarter plane. In fact, what we show is that the existence of such a measure depends only on the validity of a relation similar to Kesten's relation for irreducible bridges in the half-plane. The corresponding equation for irreducible bridges in the quarter plane, Conjecture 4.1.19, is believed to be true, and given this result, we show that a measure on infinite length quarter-plane self-avoiding walks analogous to the measure on infinite length half-plane self-avoiding walks (which was proven to exist in [LSW2002] exists. We first show that, given Conjecture 4.1.19, the measure can be constructed through a concatenation of a sequence of irreducible quarter-plane bridges, and then we show that the distributional limit of the uniform measure on finite length quarter-plane SAWs exists, and agrees with the measure which we have constructed. It then follows as a consequence of the existence of such a measure, that quarter-plane bridges exist with probability 1. As a follow up to the existence of the measure on infinite length quarter-plane SAWs, and the a.s. existence of quarter-plane bridge points, we then show that quarter plane bridge points exist for restriction hulls of parameter α ∈ [5/8,3/4), and we calculate the Hausdorff measure of the set of all such bridge points. Finally, we introduce a new type of (conjectured) scaling limit, which we are calling the fixed irreducible bridge ensemble, for self-avoiding walks, and we conjecture a relationship between the fixed irreducible bridge ensemble and chordal SLE₈/₃ in the unit strip {z ∈ ℍ : 0 < Im(z) < 1}.

Motivated by the desire to understand classical-quantum correspondences, we study concentration phenomena of approximate eigenfunctions of a semiclassical pseudodifferential operator $P(h)$. Such eigenfunctions appear as steady state solutions of quantum systems. Here we think of $h$ as being a small parameter such that $h^{2}$ is inversely proportional to the energy of such a system. As we understand classical mechanics to be the high energy (or small $h$) limit of quantum mechanics we expect the behaviour of eigenfunctions $u(h)$ for small $h$ to be related to properties of the associated classical system. In particular we study the connection between the classical flow and the quantum concentration properties. The flow, $(x(t),\xi(t))$, of a classical system describes the system's motion through phase space where $x(t)$ is interpreted as position and $\xi(t)$ is interpreted as momentum. In the quantum regime we think of an eigenfunction as being composed of highly localised packets moving along bicharacteristics of the classical flow. With this intuition we relate concentration of eigenfunctions in a region to the time spent by projections of bicharacteristics there. We use the $L^{p}$ norm of $u$ when restricted to submanifolds as a measure of concentration. A high $L^{p}$ norm particularly for small $p$ is indicative of concentration near the submanifold. We reduce the estimates on eigenfunctions to operator norm estimates on associated evolution operators. Using the semiclassical analysis methods developed in Chapter 3 we express these evolution operators as oscillatory integral operators. Chapter 2 covers the technical background needed to work with such operators. In Chapter 4 we determine eigenfunction estimates for eigenfunctions restricted to a smooth embedded submanifold $Y$ of arbitrary dimension. If $Y$ is a hypersurface, the greatest concentration occurs when there are bicharacteristics of the classical flow embedded in $Y$. In Chapter 5 we assume that projections of such bicharacteristics can be at worst simply tangent to $Y$ and thereby obtain better results for small values of $p$.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1989. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [83]-90).

Masters of Science - Msc (Physiotherapy) / Vocational rehabilitation relates to rehabilitating a person with an amputation back into actively participating in society. Although vocational rehabilitation is important, before it can be implemented, the participation restrictions should be identified. Even though lower limb amputation surgery is commonly performed in South Africa, and given the high unemployment rate in the country, no research has been done into the participation restrictions and vocational needs of a person with a unilateral lower limb amputation in the Western Cape. The aim of this study was to determine and explore the participation restrictions and vocational rehabilitation needs in terms of hobbies, sport activities, employment and employment needs of persons with a unilateral lower limb amputation (LLA) in the Western Cape. The objectives were to: 1) Determine the participation restrictions of persons with a unilateral LLA in the Western Cape. 2) To explore the vocational rehabilitation needs of persons with a lower limb amputation. A mixed methods approach, and an explanatory sequential design was used in this study. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase utilised a quantitative approach and the WHODAS 2.0 was used as the instrument to collect data. The second phase aimed to explain the data collected in the first phase in more depth, and semi-structured telephonic interviews were utilized to collect the qualitative data. The study was set in the Cape Metropole region of the Western Cape. Participants were recruited from Tygerberg Tertiary Hospital and a private sub-acute rehabilitation centre. In the quantitative (first) phase of the study, 50 participants were conveniently recruited to participate. In the second phase eight participants were purposefully selected from the pool of 50 participants from the first phase of the study who consented to participate in the second phase. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS vs. 22 and analysed for descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data has been analysed using Creswell's seven step process of thematic analysis. Ethical clearance has been obtained from the University of the Western Cape, permission to access patients' details has been obtained from Tygerberg Tertiary Hospital and private sub-acute rehabilitation centre. Written informed consent as well as permission for audio recording during the telephonic interview was obtained.