Conservation easements are among the fastest growing techniques for protecting land and open space. Conservation easements are legal agreements between a landowner and a conservation organization that limits or restricts entirely the right to develop a property in order to protect important conservation values associated with the property. At the heart of the conservation easement movement is the assumption that easements will protect ecologically important lands in perpetuity. However, there is little evidence that conservation easements can protect land permanently. Very few land trusts have experience in dealing with the myriad of challenges associated with long-term enforcement of conservation easements. This study sought to examine scenic easements acquired for the Blue Ridge Parkway in the 1930's and 40's and to develop an understanding of the challenges faced by the Parkway in attempting to enforce the terms of scenic easements drafted nearly 70 years ago. The scenic easements acquired for the Blue Ridge Parkways represent the first wide spread use of conservation easements in the country. The Parkway's early architects had few examples of easement programs to assist them in acquiring and managing these early forms of conservation easement nor did the NPS have the network of conservation organizations that exists today. This study reviews the process utilized by the Commonwealth of Virginia and the State of North Carolina to acquire scenic easements for the Blue Ridge Parkway and assesses the deeds used to convey the scenic easements from the states to the federal government. Further, this study evaluates and examines the number and types of violations of easement terms experienced by the Parkway and the various factors that may have contributed to violations of scenic easement restrictions and requests to alter/amend easements. This study also evaluates the various strategies used by the National Park Service to exchange and release scenic easements. Finally, this study concludes with a number of recommendations for improving the management of the Parkway's scenic easements and how organizations currently holding conservations can improve the stewardship of easements by incorporating adaptive management principles into their conservation easement stewardship programs. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

The detailed development plan is one of the municipality's tools for developing or conserving land use within an area. Regulations in the detailed development plan specify and make the land and settlement suitable for the intended use. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze how regulations in the detailed development plan affect the value of single-family properties. The study also aims to investigate the expertise of professionals in the field and their considerations made during valuation. The results presented are a consequence of three methods where the research questions were answered through a questionnaire survey, a comparative study, and interviews. These methods were chosen to generate both qualitative and quantitative data. The findings show a certain correlation between regulations in the detailed development plan and property prices, but in many cases, it is difficult to determine a definitive value because it often relies on the valuer's and buyer's knowledge or preferences. However, certain types of regulations have a clearer impact on property prices. The study also reveals similarities and differences in how professionals assess properties with regulations. One main similarity is that many prefer clarity, regardless of whether it's a general or more restrictive detailed development plan. The study has led to the following conclusions: there is a strong subjectivity in how the impact of property regulations is assessed. Among professionals, there is a difference between the private and public sector. Some argue that more general plans may better meet market needs, while others argue that the purpose of detailed development planning should be to promote sustainable land use rather than just influencing value. No key metrics in the valuation have been identified. / Detaljplanen är ett av kommunernas främsta verktyg för att utveckla eller bevara markanvändningen för ett visst område i kommunen. Egenskapsbestämmelser i detaljplan preciserar och gör marken lämplig för den användning och bebyggelse som planeras för platsen. Syftet med detta arbete är att studera och analysera hur egenskapsbestämmelser i detaljplan påverkarvärdet på småhusfastigheter. Arbetet syftar även till att undersöka vilka kunskaper yrkesverksamma inom området besitter, samt vilken hänsyn tillegenskapsbestämmelser som tas vid värdering. Det resultat som presenteras är en följd av tre metoder där frågeställningarna har besvarats med hjälp av en enkätstudie, en jämförande studie och en intervjustudie. Dessa metoder valdes för att generera både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data. Studiens resultat visar vissa samband mellanegenskapsbestämmelser och fastighetspriser trots att det i många fall är svårt att sätta ett definitivt värde på begränsningen. Studien visar även på att värdeförändringen i många fall baseras på värderarens och köparensförkunskaper eller personliga preferenser. Vissa typer av egenskapsbestämmelser har dock påvisats innebära en tydligare påverkan på fastighetspriset. Studien visar även att det finns likheter, såväl som skillnader, i vilken syn yrkesverksamma har på fastigheter som, i olika grad, belastas av egenskapsbestämmelser. En likhet är att många yrkesverksamma föredrar tydlighet, oavsett om det är en generell- eller mer restriktiv detaljplan. Arbetet har lätt fram till följande slutsatser: det råder en stark subjektivitet i hur påverkan av egenskapsbestämmelser värderas. Bland de yrkesverksamma som intervjuats återfinns det en viss skillnad mellan privat och offentlig sektor. Vissa av respondenterna argumenterar för att mer generella planer kan möta marknadens behov på ett bättre sätt. Medan andra argumenterar för att syftet med detaljplanering ska vara att främja en hållbar markanvändning snarare än att påverka värdet. Inga nyckeltal för prispåverkan i värderingen har kunnat påvisas.

Dans le sillage de la récession mondiale de 2008-09, plusieurs questions ont été soulevées dans la littérature économique sur les effets à court et à long terme de la politique budgétaire sur l’activité économique par rapport à son signe, sa taille et sa durée. Ceux-ci ont des implications importantes pour mieux comprendre les canaux de transmission et l’efficacité des politiques budgétaires, avec la politique monétaire étant poursuivi, ainsi que pour leurs retombées économiques. Cette thèse fait partie de ce regain d’intérêt de la littérature d’examiner comment les changements dans la politique budgétaire affectent l’activité économique. Elle repose alors sur trois essais: les effets macroéconomiques des chocs de dépenses publiques et des recettes fiscales, les résultats macroéconomiques de l’interaction entre les politiques budgétaire et monétaire et le lien entre la politique budgétaire et la répartition des revenus. Le premier chapitre examine les effets des chocs de politique budgétaire (chocs de dépenses publiques et chocs de recettes fiscales) sur l’économie canadienne au cours de la période 1970-2010, en s’appuyant sur la méthode d’identification des restrictions de signe développée par Mountford et Uhlig [2009]. En réponse à la récession mondiale, les autorités fiscales dans les économies avancées, dont le Canada ont généralement mis en oeuvre une approche en deux phases pour la politique budgétaire. Tout d’abord, ils ont introduit des plans de relance sans précédent pour relancer leurs économies. Par exemple, les mesures de relance au Canada, introduites à travers le Plan d’action économique du Canada, ont été projetées à 3.2 pour cent du PIB dans le budget fédéral de 2009 tandis que l’ "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act"(ARRA) a été estimé à 7 pour cent du PIB. Par la suite, ils ont mis en place des plans d’ajustement en vue de réduire la dette publique et en assurer la soutenabilité à long terme. Dans ce contexte, évaluer les effets multiplicateurs de la politique budgétaire est important en vue d’informer sur l'efficacité de telles mesures dans la relance ou non de l'activité économique. Les résultats montrent que les multiplicateurs d'impôt varient entre 0.2 et 0.5, tandis que les multiplicateurs de dépenses varient entre 0.2 et 1.1. Les multiplicateurs des dépenses ont tendance à être plus grand que les multiplicateurs des recettes fiscales au cours des deux dernières décennies. Comme implications de politique économique, ces résultats tendent à suggérer que les ajustements budgétaires par le biais de grandes réductions de dépenses publiques pourraient être plus dommageable pour l'économie que des ajustements budgétaires par la hausse des impôts. Le deuxième chapitre, co-écrit avec Constant Lonkeng Ngouana, estime les effets multiplicateurs des dépenses publiques aux Etats-Unis en fonction du cycle de la politique monétaire. Les chocs de dépenses publiques sont identifiés comme étant des erreurs de prévision du taux de croissance des dépenses publiques à partir des données d'Enquêtes des prévisionnistes professionnels et des informations contenues dans le "Greenbook". L'état de la politique monétaire est déduite à partir de la déviation du taux des fonds fédéraux du taux cible de la Réserve Fédérale, en faisant recours à une fonction lisse de transition. L'application de la méthode des «projections locales» aux données trimestrielles américaines au cours de la période 1965-2012 suggère que les effets multiplicateurs des dépenses fédérales sont sensiblement plus élevées quand la politique monétaire est accommodante que lorsqu'elle ne l'est pas. Les résultats suggèrent aussi que les dépenses fédérales peuvent stimuler ou non la consommation privée, dépendamment du degré d’accommodation de la politique monétaire. Ce dernier résultat réconcilie ainsi, sur la base d’un cadre unifié des résultats autrement contradictoires à première vue dans la littérature. Ces résultats ont d'importantes implications de politique économique. Ils suggèrent globalement que la politique budgétaire est plus efficace lorsqu'on en a le plus besoin (par exemple, lorsque le taux de chômage est élevé), si elle est soutenue par la politique monétaire. Ils ont également des implications pour la normalisation des conditions monétaires dans les pays avancés: la sortie des politiques monétaires non-conventionnelles conduirait à des multiplicateurs de dépenses fédérales beaucoup plus faibles qu'autrement, même si le niveau de chômage restait élevé. Ceci renforce la nécessité d'une calibration prudente du calendrier de sortie des politiques monétaires non-conventionnelles. Le troisième chapitre examine l'impact des mesures d'expansion et de contraction budgétaire sur la distribution des revenus dans un panel de 18 pays d'Amérique latine au cours de la période 1990-2010, avec un accent sur les deniers 40 pour cent. Il explore alors comment ces mesures fiscales ainsi que leur composition affectent la croissance des revenus des dernier 40 pour cent, la croissance de leur part de revenu ainsi que la croissance économique. Les mesures d'expansion et de contraction budgétaire sont identifiées par des périodes au cours desquels il existe une variation significative du déficit primaire corrigé des variations conjoncturelles en pourcentage du PIB. Les résultats montrent qu'en moyenne l'expansion budgétaire par la hausse des dépenses publiques est plus favorable à la croissance des revenus des moins bien-nantis que celle par la baisse des impôts. Ce résultat est principalement soutenu par la hausse des dépenses gouvernementales de consommation courante, les transferts et subventions. En outre ces mesures d’expansion budgétaire sont favorables à la réduction des inégalités car elles permettent d'améliorer la part des revenus des moins bien-nantis tout en réduisant la part des revenus des mieux-nantis de la distribution des revenus. En outre ces mesures d’expansion budgétaire sont favorables à la réduction des inégalités car elles permettent d'améliorer la part des revenus des moins bien-nantis tout en réduisant la part des revenus des mieux-nantis de la distribution des revenus. Cependant, l'expansion budgétaire pourrait soit n'avoir aucun effet sur la croissance économique ou entraver cette dernière à travers la hausse des dépenses en capital. Les résultats relatifs à la contraction budgétaire sont quelque peu mitigés. Parfois, les mesures de contraction budgétaire sont associées à une baisse de la croissance des revenus des moins bien nantis et à une hausse des inégalités, parfois l'impact de ces mesures est non significatif. Par ailleurs, aucune des mesures n’affecte de manière significative la croissance du PIB. Comme implications de politique économique, les pays avec une certaine marge de manœuvre budgétaire pourraient entamer ou continuer à mettre en œuvre des programmes de "filets de sauvetage"--par exemple les programmes de transfert monétaire conditionnel--permettant aux segments vulnérables de la population de faire face à des chocs négatifs et aussi d'améliorer leur conditions de vie. Avec un potentiel de stimuler l'emploi peu qualifié, une relance budgétaire sage par les dépenses publique courantes pourrait également jouer un rôle important pour la réduction des inégalités. Aussi, pour éviter que les dépenses en capital freinent la croissance économique, les projets d'investissements publics efficients devraient être prioritaires dans le processus d'élaboration des politiques. Ce qui passe par la mise en œuvre des projets d'investissement avec une productivité plus élevée capable de générer la croissance économique nécessaire pour réduire les inégalités. / In the wake of the 2008-09 Global Recession, several issues have been raised in the economic literature about the short and long-run effects of fiscal policy on economic activity with respect to its signs, its size and its duration. These have important implications to better understand the transmission channels and the effectiveness of fiscal policies, along with the monetary policy being pursued, as well as for their economic fallouts. This dissertation is part of this renewed strand of literature to assess how changes in fiscal policy affect economic activity. It therefore relies on three essays: the macroeconomic effects of government spending and tax revenue shocks, the economic outcomes of the interaction between fiscal and monetary policies and the nexus between fiscal policy and income distribution. The first chapter examines the effects of fiscal policy shocks (government spending and tax revenue shocks) on the Canadian economy, building on the sign-restrictions-VAR approach developed by Mountford and Uhlig [2009]. In response to the Global Recession, fiscal authorities in advanced economies including Canada typically implemented a two-phase approach to fiscal policy. First, they introduced unprecedented stimulus packages to revive their economies. For instance, stimulus measures in Canada, introduced through Canada's Economic Action Plan, were projected at 3.2 percent of GDP in the 2009 federal budget while the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was estimated at 7 percent of GDP. Following the stimulus, they shifted gears, adopting adjustment plans to reduce public debt and ensure long-term fiscal sustainability. Against this backdrop, examining the size of fiscal multiplier is important to informing the effectiveness of such policy measures in reviving or not economic activity. I find that tax-cut multipliers vary between 0.2 and 0.5, while spending multipliers range between 0.2 and 1.1. Spending multipliers tend to be larger than tax-cut multipliers over the last two decades. For policy implications, these results tend to suggest that fiscal consolidations through large spending cuts could be more harmful to the economy than tax-based fiscal adjustments. The second chapter, co-written with Constant Lonkeng Ngouana, provides estimates of the US government spending multiplier over the monetary policy cycle. Government spending shocks are identified as forecast errors of the growth rate of government spending from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) and from the Greenbook record, further stripped from their predictable components. The state of monetary policy is inferred from the deviation of the Fed funds rate from the target rate, using a smooth transition function. Applying the local projections method to quarterly US data over the period 1965-2012, results show that the federal government spending multiplier is substantially higher under accommodative than non-accommodative monetary policy. The estimations also suggest that federal government spending may crowd-in or crowd-out private consumption, depending on the extent of monetary policy accommodation. The latter result reconciles---in a unified framework---apparently contradictory findings in the literature. These findings have important policy implications. They broadly suggest that fiscal policy is more effective when needed the most (e.g., at times of slack), if supported by monetary policy. They also have implications for the normalization of monetary conditions in advanced economies: the exit from UMP would lead to much lower federal government spending multipliers than otherwise, even if some amount of slack was to remain in the economy. This further highlights the need for a careful calibration of the timing of exit from unconventional monetary policy. The third chapter examines the impact of fiscal expansion and fiscal contraction measures on income distribution in a panel of 18 Latin American countries over the period 1990-2010, with a focus on the bottom 40 percent. It therefore explores how these fiscal measures and their composition have affected the income growth of the bottom 40 percent, their income share growth and economic growth. Fiscal expansions and fiscal consolidations are identified by periods for which there is a significant change in the cyclically-adjusted primary deficit as share of GDP. I find that on average, expenditures-based fiscal expansion are more likely to increase the income of the bottom 40 percent than revenues-based fiscal expansion. This result is mainly driven by government current consumption, transfers and subsidies. In addition, these fiscal expansion measures help to reduce income inequality by improving the income share of the bottom segments of the population while reducing the top income share. However, fiscal expansion could either have no effect on economic growth or prevent the latter through capital expenditures increases. Results for fiscal consolidation are somewhat mixed. Sometime, fiscal consolidation is associated with a decline of the income growth of the less well-off and rising inequality, sometime the impact is non-significant. None of the fiscal contraction measures affects significantly GDP growth. These findings have important policy implications. Countries with some fiscal space could initiate or continue to implement safety nets program--like conditional cash transfer programs--necessary to prevent the vulnerable segment of the population to adverse shocks and to improve their living standards. With a potential of stimulating low-skill employment, a wise fiscal stimulus through government current consumption increases could also play a significant role to reduce income inequality. Also, to avoid capital expenditures that hinder economic growth, efficient public investment projects should be prioritized in the policy making process. This consists of implementing investment projects with higher productivity that can enhance economic growth necessary to reduce inequality.

"La puissance de marché de l'entreprise, qui désigne au plan économique la capacité d'augmenter profitablement les prix au-dessus du niveau concurrentiel dans une certaine période de temps, est considérée en termes juridiques comme l'aptitude de son titulaire à porter atteinte à la concurrence en exerçant une influence négative sur les facteurs concurrentiels, notamment par une augmentation du prix, une diminution de la variété ou de la qualité des produits au détriment du consommateur. C'est pourquoi sa simple présence met à l'affût le droit de la concurrence, puisqu'elle est au coeur de l'application des prohibitions de l'entente, de l'abus de position dominante et des fusions. En se fondant sur une approche comparative des droits canadien et européen de la concurrence, qui visent le contrôle de la puissance de marché par le biais des dispositions sur l'entente, l'abus de position dominante et la fusion, et suivant une approche juridique du marché, qui repose fondamentalement sur un rapport dialogique complémentaire et indispensable entre les matières juridique et économique, nous émettons l'hypothèse fondamentale selon laquelle le droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles devrait appréhender toute la réalité dynamique de la puissance de marché avec l'objectif ultime que celle-ci ne porte pas atteinte au bien-être du consommateur. Pour arriver à un tel résultat, le droit de la concurrence devra s'adapter au dynamisme de la puissance de marché. En effet, la puissance de marché puise sa source dans les mécanismes du marché, s'y développe et peut alors ultimement porter atteinte au bien-être du consommateur. Dès lors, c'est cette réalité dynamique de la puissance de marché qui explique la démarche préconisée. En effet, il s'agira pour le droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles de considérer le phénomène de la puissance de marché par l'entremise de trois mouvements fondamentaux, distincts et complémentaires : d'abord, la circonscription qui permet de localiser la puissance de marché par la définition du marché pertinent, ensuite la domination par laquelle se manifeste la puissance de marché et enfin, la phase ultime de la mesure de l'effet restrictif de la concurrence dérivant de l'exercice de la puissance de marché."

La régulation de la concurrence est dualiste en France et au Canada. D’un côté, des autorités publiques de régulation encadrent le marché et sanctionnent le cas échéant les pratiques contraires aux dispositions législatives en vigueur, et, d’un autre côté, les victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles, c'est-à-dire les consommateurs et les entreprises, peuvent intenter des poursuites privées sur le fondement d’une action en responsabilité civile afin d’obtenir la réparation du préjudice concurrentiel subi. Il s’agit respectivement de l’action publique et de l’action privée en matière de concurrence, qualifiées aussi de public enforcement et de private enforcement du droit de la concurrence. Cependant, dans l’Union européenne, et en France particulièrement, le préjudice concurrentiel reste sans réparation effective. En effet, en France, les consommateurs n’avaient pas, jusqu’à l’adoption de l’action de groupe, de moyen procédural d’accéder au juge de la réparation. De plus, le droit civil français se montre trop rigide pour permettre l’indemnisation d’un préjudice économique aussi complexe que le préjudice concurrentiel. Pour alimenter sa réflexion à ce sujet, le législateur français s’est souvent tourné vers les modèles canadien et québécois pour réformer son droit civil bicentenaire. En effet, le droit civil québécois se montre particulièrement souple dans les litiges liés au droit de la concurrence. De plus, la Loi sur la concurrence canadienne offre un droit à réparation adapté aux contraintes des victimes de pratiques anticoncurrentielles. L’auteur a ainsi cherché à comprendre comment fonctionne le mécanisme canadien de private enforcement pour évaluer si ce modèle, par le truchement du droit civil québécois, pourrait inspirer une réforme du modèle civiliste français adopté par le législateur notamment lors de l’introduction de l’action de groupe. L’analyse se situe principalement en droit civil pour permettre une lecture de l’action privée qui s’éloigne des stéréotypes classiques tirés de l’expérience américaine dans ce domaine. L’objectif ultime de cette comparaison est de rendre effectif le recours privé des entreprises et des consommateurs en droits français et canadien à la suite d’un préjudice découlant d’une violation du droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles. / Regulation of competition is dualistic in France and Canada. On one side, public authority frame the market and impose sanction, if appropriate, to the practices contrary to existing legislation, and, on other side, the victims injured by antitrust practices, that is consumers and company, may bring a private procecussion based on the liability to obtain a compensation for the antitrust injury. They are respectively of public action and private action, also referred to as public enforcement and private enforcement of competition law. However, in the European Union, and particularly in France, the antitrust harm has no effective remedy. Indeed, in France, consumers had not, until the adoption of the collective redress, procedural means to access the judge of compensation. In addition, the French civil law proves too rigid to allow compensation for something as complex as the competitive harm. For its thinking about it, the French legislator has often turned to the Canadian and Quebec models to reform its bicentenary civil law. Indeed, the Quebec civil law is particularly flexible in disputes related to competition law. In addition, the Canadian Competition Act provides a right to compensation adapted to the constraints of the victims of anticompetitive practices. The author has sought to understand how the Canadian private enforcement mechanism works to assess whether this model, through the Quebec civil law, could inspire a reform of French civil law model adopted by the legislature in particular during the introduction of collective redress. The analysis is primarily civil law to allow a reading of private action that departs from conventional stereotypes of the American experience in this field. The ultimate goal of this comparison is to make effective use of the private businesses and consumers in French and Canadian rights following an injury resulting from a violation of anti-competitive practices.

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Renosterveld of the Western Cape region is often seen as a natural occurring veld type that will very easily re-establish itself wherever land is left unattended. In this study it was firstly noted that where wheatlands of the Berg River catchment (BRC) is left bare for a number of years, the renosterbos as a pioneer is slow in its re-growth response and when it does, certain patches in the landscape are preferred. This study therefore firstly focussed on the soil restrictions that widely determined the positions in the Berg River landscape where the renosterbos will re-establish itself. Secondly we needed to know whether some of the soil restrictions encountered could be alleviated and was possibly due to cultivation of this land. Through aerial observation it was found that a general patchiness does exist in the naturally occurring Renosterveld of the Voëlvlei area and hill tops of the region and was described by others as the true nature of this veld type. Closer investigation of the soils in the Voëlvlei reserve however showed that soil type played a major role in the patchiness found here. When re-growth of the renosterbos in previously cultivated areas was investigated, it was found that the soil type played the major role in the patchiness that occurred. The most commonly found soil restriction was soil density of the lower horizons. Any soil form that prevented the renosterbos to access the perched water table, to about 15m depth could not support the renosterbos. It is however our belief that soil could be prepared for the re-growth of renosterbos and through this action; renosterbos could also be used to alleviate the salinity problems found in this region. Additionally we investigated the impact of land-use change on the soil water balance and soil salinity by comparing a mature re-established stand of Renosterveld with an adjacent wheatfield. From the results, large differences in salinity and soil water behaviour were detected between the Renosterveld and wheatfield. Modelling of soil and plant water relations was done and the results were correlated well with field observations. This research also confirmed that the renosterbos through its deep rootedness is crucial in the conservation of other species found in the Renosterveld resulting from its ability to keep the water table down and with that the salts that is so often a problem in this area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die Wes-Kaap word Renosterveld gesien as 'n veld tipe wat natuurlik voorkom en maklik sal hervestig in areas waar land sonder toesig gelaat word. In hierdie studie is dit eerstens opgemerk dat waar koringlande in die Berg Rivier opvanggebied kaal gelaat word vir 'n aantal jare, is die renosterbos as pionier stadig in sy hervestiging en wanneer terug groei wel plaasvind is dit selektief. Die studie fokus dus eerstens op grondbeperkinge wat die areas bepaal waar Renosterveld sal hervestig. Tweedens wou ons vasstel of die grondbeperkings wat voorkom in die grond en wat heel moontlik die oorsaak is van landbewerking opgehef kan word. Deur lugfoto-waarneming is dit gevind dat algemene leë kolle wel opgemerk is in die natuurlik plantegroei van die Renosterveld, in die Voëlvlei area, asook teen die berg hange. Dit word beskryf as 'n algemene kenmerk van die Renosterveld. Nadere ondersoek in die verskillende grondtipes van die area het egter gewys dat die grond tipe 'n belangrike rol speel in die voorkoms en groei van die renosterbos en uiteindelik die (her-)vestiging van Renosterveld. Die terug groei van die renosterbos is ondersoek in voorheen bewerkte lande. Dit is gevind dat die grond tipe 'n belangrike rol speel in die voorkoms van die leë kolle in die Renosterveld. Die mees algemene grond beperking wat opgemerk is, was die verdigte sub-horisonte. Enige grondvorm wat toegang van die renosterboswortels tot by die grondwatertafel (tot by 'n diepte van 15m) beperk, is nie voldoende om die groei van 'n volwasse renosterbos te onderhou nie. Dit is egter ons oortuiging dat die grond voorberei kan word vir die hervestinging van die renosterbos en deur dit te bewerkstellig sal grondversouting beheer kan word. Die impak van landgebruikverandering op die grondwaterbalans en grondversouting is ook ondersoek, deur 'n volwasse stand van Renosterveld te vergelyk met 'n nabygeleë koringveld. Die resultate het getoon dat daar groot verskille in die grondwatervlakke, asook die soutinhoud tussen die Renosterveld en die koringland voorkom. Modellering van die grond-en plantwaterverhouding is uitgevoer en data het goed gekorreleer met veld waarnemings. Die studie het bevestig dat die natuurlike bewaring van die diep gewortelde renosterbos noodsaaklik is vir die voortbestaan van blom- en skilpadspesies wat slegs in die Renosterveld voorkom asook die vermoë van die renosterbos om stygende watertafels en versouting te beheer waar dit dikwels 'n probleem in hierdie area is.

The present work studies methods of scheduling in heterogeneous distributed systems. First there are introduced some theoretical basics which contain not only the scheduling theory itself but also the graph theory and the computational complexity theory. After that, compile-time scheduling methods and some well-known algorithms solving the problem are presented, followed by real-time scheduling basics and by classification of used methods. In the main part of the work there are proposed algorithms which respect additional restrictions. These algorithms are tested via the enclosed application and compared either to each other or to another algorithms which mostly don't respect additional restrictions. The mentioned application and the documentation for this application are a part of this work as well.

This thesis describes and analyses a conditional sentence as a criminal punishment. The penalty exists under Czech legislation as a suspended sentence of imprisonment and a suspended sentence of imprisonment with supervision. The essence of the conditional sentence lies in a decision of a court that finds an offender guilty and sentences him to imprisonment, but the execution of the sentence is suspended if the court taking into account the character and circumstances of the offender has a reasonable belief that execution of the sentence is not necessary to induce the offender to lead an upright life. According to statistics, the conditional sentence is the most frequently imposed criminal sentence in the Czech Republic. The first chapter describes the conditional sentence as an alternative sentence, as well as principles of restorative justice. The next chapter deals with the essence of the conditional sentence and its arguable legal status. Despite the fact that legal theory considers the conditional sentence as a distinct type of punishment, the Criminal Code indicates that it shall be only one of the form of the sentence of imprisonment. The third chapter includes some worldwide historical facts concerning the conditional sentence and its influence by a probation as well as historical evolution...

O entendimento dos princípios básicos do enovelamento protéico pode conduzir a muitas aplicações importantes. Embora não se conheçam todos os aspectos significativos envolvidos neste problema, experimentos e aproximações teóricas têm produzido avanços relevantes na sua compreensão. Um fato experimental importante tem sido a descoberta de que o logaritmo da taxa de enovelamento log kf se correlaciona linearmente com parâmetros estruturais globais, como a ordem de contato relativa c. Com o propósito de contribuir para o entendimento do processo de enovelamento, o objetivo primordial deste trabalho consiste em explicar o porquê de certas proteínas não seguirem o comportamento linear entre log kf e c, verificado para outras proteínas da mesma classe (usualmente proteínas pequenas e com termodinâmica descrita pela aproximação de dois estados). Para isso foi necessário identificar os parâmetros topológicos da estrutura nativa que constituíssem importantes determinantes da cinética do enovelamento de proteínas globulares. Também se estudou como as especificidades estéricas dos aminoácidos afetam o processo do enovelamento de proteínas, assim como influenciam na correlação entre a ordem de contato relativo e a taxa de enovelamento. Empregou-se neste estudo um modelo simplificado em rede cúbica, que foi tratado por meio de simulações Monte Carlo. Um conjunto de 52 estruturas maximamente compactas, correspondendo a cadeias de tamanho L = 27 monômeros, foi usado para representar estados nativos; estas estruturas foram escolhidas de forma a representar uma variedade significativa de padrões estruturais, independentemente de c. Através de uma análise detalhada da influência de parâmetros topológicos das configurações nativas na cinética do enovelamento, conclui-se que a taxa de enovelamento é fortemente dependente daquilo que denominamos aqui como “conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias" da estrutura nativa. Adicionalmente, observou-se que aquela (taxa), independentemente do valor da ordem de contato relativo, é fortemente influenciada pelos padrões confíguracionais e suas combinações presentes na nativa. Por meio dessa premissa, foi então possível explicar de forma consistente os casos que não obedecem a pretensa relação linear entre log kf e c, levando a concluir que o logaritmo da taxa de enovelamento e a ordem de contato relativo são linearmente dependentes somente para aquelas configurações em que há uma certa quantidade equilibrada (que depende de c) de padrões estruturais, mesclando contatos efetivos de curto alcance (alto conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias), com outros de longo alcance (baixo conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias). Estruturas nativas que quebram este equilíbrio têm sua cinética de enovelamento afetada com respeito à reta de regressão linear ajustada para o conjunto de todas as configurações consideradas. Dessa forma, verificou-se que o mecanismo físico básico que relaciona o conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias e a taxa de enovelamento, envolve o conceito de cooperatividade: se a estrutura nativa é rica em combinações de padrões estruturais ricos em contatos efetivos de curto alcance, o processo de enovelamento é mais rápido porque contatos locais são naturalmente estimulados por flutuações térmicas. / The understanding of basic principles of the protein folding problem can lead to many important applications. Although not all the involved significant aspects of this problem are known, experiments and theoretical approaches have produced important advances in its understanding. An important experimental fact has been the discovery that the logarithm of the folding rate log kf correlates linearly with global structural parameters, like the relative contact order c. In order to contribute for the understanding of folding process, the primordial goal of this work consists in to explain why certain proteins do not follow the linear behavior between log kf and c, as verified to other proteins from the same class (usually small two states proteins). For this, it was necessary to identify those topological parameters of the native structure that are important to the folding kinetic of globular protein. It was also studied how steric specificities of the aminoacids affect the protein folding process, as well how they influence the correlation between the relative contact order and the folding rate. It was employed in this study a simplified cubic lattice model, treated by Monte Carlo simulation. A set of 52 maximum compact structures, corresponding to chains of size L = 27 monomers, was used to represent the native states; these structures were chosen in such a way to represent a significant diversity of structural patterns, independently of c. Through a detailed analysis of the influence of topological parameters of the native configurations on the folding kinetic, it was concluded that the folding rate is strongly dependent of what we call here as “content of type-secondary" of the native. Additionally, it was observed that log kf is, independently of c, strongly influenced by the configurational patterns and its combinations in the native. Through this premise it was possible to consistently explain the cases that do not obey the pretense linear relation between log kf and c, leading to conclude that the logarithm of the folding rate and the relative contact order are linearly related only for those configurations in that there is a certain balanced amount of structural patterns (which depend on c) mixing short-range effective contacts (high contents of secondary-type structures) and long-range contacts (low contents of secondary-type structures). Structures that break this balance have its folding kinetic affected with respect to the linear fitting adjusted for the set of all the considered configurations. Of this form, it was verified that basic physical mechanism that relates the content of type-secondary structures and the folding rate involves the cooperativety concept: if the native structure presents combinations of structural standards rich in effective contacts of short-range, the folding process is faster because local contacts are naturally stimulated by thermal fluctuations.

O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar dois algoritmos para a solução de problemas de controle ótimo quadrático robusto com restrições, dentro de um contexto de controladores preditivos (MPC do inglês Model Predictive Control). Inicialmente apresentamos uma breve introdução aos algoritmos MPC, com ênfase na abordagem do controlador linear quadrático. Em seguida são apresentados os dois algoritmos de interesse, que utilizam técnicas de otimização LMI. Dessa forma as restrições e as incertezas podem ser colocadas em formas computacionalmente tratáveis. Por fim são realizadas simulações e comparações entre esses algoritmos, bem como com técnicas de MPC encontradas na literatura atual. / The goal of the work is to present two algorithms for the solution of robust quadratic optimal control problems with restrictions, within a model predictive control (MPC) setup. Initially we present a brief introduction of the MPC algorithms, emphasizing the linear quadratic controller approach. Next the two algorithms of interest, using LMI optimization techniques, are presented. By using this technique the restrictions and uncertainties can be written in a computational way. Finally some simulations and comparisons between these algorithms, as well as with MPC techniques found in the current literature, are performed.