Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Cerebro-vascular accidents or stroke remain a leading cause of death worldwide accounting for 5.5 million deaths, leaving individuals disabled in many aspects of functioning. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is a framework that assesses disability in relation to impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions and environmental factors and many individuals post stroke have reported restrictions in these areas. Literature has proven that participation restrictions post stroke are very common, which means that individuals are not able to return to their normal functioning as before. Once these individuals are discharged into the community, supportive networks become an essential aspect aiding participation. There is some literature present which shows positive relations between social support and participation, however this is minimal. The aim of this study was to determine participation restrictions and social support in patients with stroke, living in the Western Cape. To further understand the relationship between social support and participation restriction post stroke, a systematic review was conducted. The databases searched were Ebscohost full text, which included CINAHL +, Health Source: Nursing, Academic edition, Medline, Psych articles and Soc index, Science Direct, Biomed Central, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Pedro Central, and Wiley Online between the years 2001 - 2013. Once the methodology of the review was completed, a total of three articles were the only articles that met the study‟s inclusion criteria and were included in the review. These articles highlighted the importance of the quality and quantity of social support on participation. The review presented level 4 and 6 evidence, based on the hierarchical evidence model which showed a positive relationship between social support and participation. Thus, social support is found to be an important factor aiding participation. The methodology of the survey included a target population of all individuals attending the Community Health Centres in the Southern Western and Klipfontein Mitchell‟s Plain Metro District Health Service who were sampled by convenience. This study was cross-sectional in design, using descriptive surveys. All individuals diagnosed with a stroke and living in the community for at least six months were included in this study. The World Health Organisation Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. (WHODAS 2.0.) was used to determine the participation restrictions in the participants, while the Social Support Questionnaire 6 (SSQ6) was used to determine the individual’s social support. Completed questionnaires wereanalysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 where descriptive statistics were used to define continuous and categorical variables. The Pearsons correlation test was used to determine the association between social support and participation, with significance set at 0.05. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study and participants were required to provide verbal and written informed consent. All questionnaires and consent forms were available in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa to accommodate all participants. Participants were assured that their participation in the study was completely voluntary and that their agreement, refusal or withdrawal would not impact their treatment at the Community Health Centre. A total of 106 participants met the inclusion criteria for this study and agreed to partake. An equal number of males and females participated, with a mean age of 61.5 years. The results showed that 89.9% of participants in the study were classified as having low levels of social support, with family support playing an important role in the social support of participants (P=0.000). The majority of participants (30.2%) indicated that their children, and families, were the people providing the most support to participants. Caregiver strain and burnout was highlighted as an aspect of importance. The majority of participants (51.8%) were severely affected in the domain of participation, reporting common problems joining in community activities (28.3%), emotional status (18.9%) and financial status (45.3%) which affected participation adversely. Extreme difficulty with concerns of barriers in the community (19.8%), and time spent on health condition (8.5%), with regard to participation were reported. It has been highlighted that many participants had not returned to work post stroke, a factor to consider when planning interventions in the clinical setting. When comparing the respective domains of the WHODAS 2.0., mobility, household activities and participation was discovered to be amongst the highest scoring domains. Pearsons correlation test between social support and participation produced a non-significant result (P = 0.146). This study outlines that although an insignificant result was obtained, the participants (10.1%) who scored the highest for social support had only been moderately affected in the domain of participation. A limitation of this study include design, and it is thus recommended that additional studies be conducted in the form of controlled trials to determine the effects of social support on participation restrictions post stroke.

Cette thèse parle de l'impact des comportements spéculatifs sur l'économie réelle. Les comportements spéculatifs peuvent avoir deux origines: les développements positifs de l'économie réelle et les perspectives économiques, les marchés financiers comme par exemple les marchés actions. Nous analyserons les deux origines. Par conséquent, nous allons mettre en ouvre des comportements réalistes dans un contexte évolutif en utilisant l’hétérogénéité grandissante, pour évaluer l'impact des comportements spéculatifs. En se basant sur la bulle dotcom, nous allons nous concentrer sur l'avancement technologique comme possible facteur de l'optimisme grandissant. Dans la première partie de cette thèse nous allons présenter les résultats obtenus via un modèle déterminé par des contraintes de financement, et utilisant les prix des actions. Nous allons nous concentrer sur 3 types de répercussions assez connues: l'information donnée par le marché de l'action en vue de déterminer la solvabilité, la valeur de marché du titre en vue de déterminer la probabilité de banqueroute, et la partie de la rémunération du management qui est adossée sur la performance. La seconde partie de la thèse parlera les contraintes de financement dans un cadre évolutif et soulignera les déterminants de l'offre de crédit qui impactent la fréquence des innovations. Ces déterminants sont basés sur les données de marché et concernent des aspects comportementaux. La troisième partie fournit en détail le comportement des banques et de deux secteurs industriels qui se battent pour le crédit. La troisième partie est donc un approfondissement de la seconde. / This dissertation deals with the impact of speculative behaviour on output patterns of the real economy. The impact may be twofold. Speculative behaviour occurs due to positive developments at the real economy and optimistic outlooks. Also, speculative behaviour may occur at other markets, like the stock market. We address both, a spill-over effect and the build up of speculation due to economic activity. Therefore, we implement realistic behaviour in an evolutionary framework and use emerging heterogeneity for the impact assessment. lnspired by the dotcom-bubble we focus on technological advancement as possible factor of growing optimism. ln the first part of this thesis we introduce feedback from stock prices into a model of economic growth determined by financing constraints. We focus on three known feedback channels: stock market information for the assessment of creditworthiness, stock market value as determinant in determining bankruptcy of a firm and performance based compensation of the firm management. The second part introduces financing constraints into an evolutionary framework and tackles determinants of credit supply for their impact on the occurrence of innovation. Those determinants are market based and also behavioural in nature. The third part provides a more detailed bank behaviour and two industrial sectors competing for credit. Therefore, the third part is a refinement of the second one.

Citrus black spot (CBS), caused by Guignardia citricarpa Kiely, occurs in various citrus producing regions of the world. Due to the potential phytosanitary risk associated with the export of fruit from CBS positive production areas to CBS-free countries, restrictive trade barriers have been introduced. This study aimed to further elucidate some epidemiological aspects of CBS that can be used to address critical questions identified in the pest risk assessment submitted by South Africa to the World Trade Organisation to address phytosanitary trade restrictions. Results indicated that Eureka lemon leaf litter exposed to viable pycnidiospores under controlled conditions or in the field in different production regions of South Africa, were not infected and colonised by G. citricarpa. Symptomatic CBS fruit or peel lying on the ground underneath citrus trees therefore can not lead to infection and colonisation of freshly detached leaves or leaf litter, or represent a source of inoculum in citrus orchards. Symptomatic fruit therefore pose no danger for the establishment of the pathogen in CBS-free orchards and are not considered to be a pathway for the pathogen. The period of leaf susceptibility to G. citricarpa was indicated to be maximum eight and ten months from development, for Valencia orange and Eureka lemon, respectively, in a greenhouse study. The susceptibility period of citrus leaves to infection by the black spot pathogen could be longer than previously perceived. Ascospores were captured, using the newly developed Kotzé Inoculum Monitor (KIM), from natural Valencia orange and Eureka lemon leaf litter during October to March with peak ascospore availability between December to February. The KIM is the first sampler designed to capture fungal spores directly from plant material in the laboratory without environmental influences and was effectively used to confirm that ascospores production is seasonal. The KIM in combination with environmental data can be used to improve control through more targeted fungicide applications. Techniques such as isolations and DNA amplification with species-specific primers to detect the pathogen directly from symptomless green leaves have a low success rate due to the restricted growth of the pathogen in latently infected tissue. Artificial leaf wilting enhanced the detection of G. citricarpa from symptomless leaves. Leaf wilting is a reliable, fast and effective method to detect the CBS pathogen and can be applied to monitor citrus nurseries and orchards throughout the year. It can also be applied to monitor pest-free orchards to maintain its CBS pest-free status. This study confirmed that sanitation practices, such as leaf litter removal and mulching of leaf litter with wheat straw can decrease the primary inoculum, ascospores, of CBS and contribute to better management of the disease in a commercial orchard. Regardless of the prevailing climatic conditions each year, control achieved through leaf litter management resulted in >95% clean fruit and are equal to the control achieved with industry standard fungicides. This approach provided improved integrated disease control and an alternative to chemical control. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

This paper critically evaluate the effectiveness of the non -tariff barriers legal framework under the SADC Protocol on Trade. In the same vein it identifies and discus a list of non-tariff barriers to trade that are still prevalent in the SADC region despite the prohibition for their use under the Protocol. The list of these NTBs is made up of quantitative restrictions, customs procedures and administrative requirements, technical standards, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, government participation in trade, lack of infrastructure, restrictive rules of origin and anti-dumping measures. Their impact is also addressed using some case studies based on the experience of businesses and people trading in the region. The paper concluded that the widespread and continued existence of NTBs in the region is as a result of a weak regulatory framework aimed at addressing them. To this end the paper single out the provisions relating to the granting of derogations from complying with the Protocol, the rules of origin, antidumping provisions and rules relating to the protection of infant industries as some of the weak points in the Protocol. To assess the compatibility of the rules regulating NTBs under the Protocol with the WTO rules one of the chapter is dedicated to a discussion on the WTO legal framework for NTBs. The paper also gives the reader an opportunity to have a grasp of the progress made in the SADC Free Trade Area by providing a section which focuses on the NTBs Monitoring and Elimination Mechanism. Problems associated with the mechanism are also clearly laid down in this paper. Recommendations are made at the end of the paper as way of providing solutions to some of the issues identified as weaknesses on the NTBs legal framework. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

Conditions for trade marks registration History of trade marks Restrictions for trade marks registration

Bakgrund: Coronapandemin blev en global utmaning i början av år 2020. I Sverige uppmanade Folkhälsomyndighetens restriktioner hela befolkningen att ta sitt ansvar för att bromsa smittspridningen. Skolorna tvingades stänga eller bedriva distansundervisning till och från för att minska smittspridning. För ungdomar kan restriktioner och begränsningar i social kontakt vara en större påfrestning än för vuxna. Skolsköterskan har en viktig hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande roll på landets skolor.  Syfte: Att undersöka högstadieungdomars följsamhet till covid- 19 restriktionerna samt att undersöka om kön och- eller årskurs påverkade följsamheten. Metod: En icke experimentell, kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie där kvantitativa data samlades in genom en webbenkätundersökning. Deskriptiv statistik presenterades i text, cirkel- och stapeldiagram. Data analyserades även med Mann-Whitney U test och Kruskal Wallis test och den statistiska signifikansen var satt till p<0.05. Den analytiska statistiken presenterades i text och tabeller. Samtliga högstadieelever på en skola i en ort i sydöstra Sverige inkluderades. Resultat: Det mest framträdande fyndet var att majoriteten av eleverna inte följde flertalet av restriktionerna förutom restriktionen att stanna hemma vid symtom. Signifikant skillnad mellan pojkar och flickor samt mellan årskurs påvisades i vissa av frågorna. Eleverna upplevde inte oro för att smittas eller för att smitta andra. Slutsats: Ungdomarna på skolan följde inte restriktionerna trots tydlig information och stöttning. Skolsköterskan behöver tydligare riktlinjer för vad som ingår i elevhälsans uppdrag vid pandemier och mer forskning behövs för att klarlägga hur man bäst får ungdomar att ta sig an och förstå restriktioner i den omvälvande tid som ungdomsåren innebär. / Background: The corona pandemic became a global challenge at the beginning of 2020. In Sweden, the Public Health Agency's restrictions called on the entire population to take responsibility to reduce the spread of coronavirus. For young people, restrictions and limitations in social contact can be a greater strain than for adults. The school nurse has an important role in promoting health and disease prevention in Swedish schools.  Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the compliance of high school students with the covid 19 restrictions and to investigate if gender or grade did have any effect on the compliance.  Method: A non-experimental, quantitative cross-sectional study in which quantitative data were collected through a web survey. Descriptive statistics were reported in text, pie- and bar chart. Data were also analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. The analytic statistics were reported in text and tables. All high school students at a school in a small town in southeastern of Sweden were included.  Results: The most prominent finding was that the majority of students did not follow most of the restrictions other than the restriction to stay home if experiencing symptoms. Significant differences between boys and girls and between grades were demonstrated in some of the questions. The students did not feel worried about being infected or infecting others with covid-19. Conclusion: The students at school did not follow the restrictions despite clear information and support. The school nurse needs clearer guidelines for what is included in the student health mission in the event of another pandemic. More research is needed to clarify how young people handle and understand restrictions in the turbulent time that adolescence entails.

The topics of value propositions and service innovation have been highly interesting topics within service-dominant logic. Something that has not been studied in previous research, and the purpose of this thesis, is to investigate; how current value propositions restrict service innovation by restricting digital resource utilization. These restrictions on service innovation could sometimes result in casualties, for example caused by adverse drug reactions, which is one reason why this research question is important. The method used in this thesis is a case study analysis on a pharmaceutical company, which was produced by conducting qualitative interviews and creating a thematic analysis. The analysis is based on empirical material and the literature on value propositions and service innovation. Service innovation is restricted when different practices that constitute the value proposition are restricted in their use of digital resources. The specific restrictions are regulations, inadequate understanding of digital resources' benefits, complexity of implementing digital resources, measuring difficulties, and comfort and protection of current practices. / Ämnena värdeerbjudande och tjänsteinnovation har varit av högt intresse inom tjänstelogiken. Något som inte har studerats i tidigare forskning, och syftet med denna studie, är att undersöka; hur nuvarande värdeerbjudande hindrar tjänsteinnovation genom att hindra utnyttjandet av digitala resurser. Dessa hinder av tjänsteinnovation kan i vissa fall leda till dödsfall vilket är en anledning till att forskningsfrågan är viktig. Metoden i denna uppsats är en fallstudie av ett läkemedelsföretag, som genomfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer och en tematisk analys. Analysen i uppsatsen är baserad på litteratur om ämnet värdeerbjudande och ämnet tjänsteinnovation. Uppsatsen visar att tjänsteinnovation hindras när företagets värdeerbjudande hindras från att inkorporera digitala resurser. De specifika hindren studien visar är; reglering, bristande förståelse för fördelarna med digitala resurser, komplexitet vid implementering, mätproblem, och bekvämlighet och beskyddande.

Access restrictions are essential in standard information systems and became an issue for ontologies in the following two aspects. Ontologies can represent explicit and implicit knowledge about an access policy. For this aspect we provided a methodology to represent and systematically complete role-based access control policies. Orthogonally, an ontology might be available for limited reading access. Independently of a specific ontology language or reasoner, we provided a lattice-based framework to assign labels to an ontology’s axioms and consequences. We looked at the problems to compute and repair one or multiple consequence labels and to assign a query-based access restriction. An empirical evaluation has shown that the algorithms perform well in practical scenarios with large-scale ontologies.

This paper examines if the labor markets in border municipalities in Sweden were affected by the COVID-19 border restrictions implemented by the Swedish and Norwegian governments. To do so, this paper uses unemployment and population data gathered from different sources to estimate results derived from using the synthetic control method. The results imply that imposing border restriction had a larger negative effect on the unemployment levels in the border municipalities, compared to non-border municipalities. Results also shows that males were more affected by this compared to females in terms of unemployment and that there is a positive trend in unemployment associated with increasing these restrictions.

Under Covid-19-pandemin infördes en nationell vaccinationsplan i Sverige, som medförde att vissa restriktioner belades med vaccinationsbevis. Bevisen var en del i ledet för att förhindra att ovaccinerade individer samlades i större grupper och bidrog till smittspridning. Vaccinationsbevisen polariserade befolkningen till vaccinerade och ovaccinerade, där de ovaccinerade riskerade att exkluderas till följd av sitt demokratiska ställningstagande. Då sociala krav och förväntningar kan vara utlösande stressfaktorer riskerade de ovaccinerade individerna att bli en del av folkhälsans statistik. Syftet med studien har varit att förstå hur den ovaccinerade individen upplevde restriktionerna. Med anledning av situationens karaktär har studien antagit ett socialpsykologiskt angreppssätt som med hjälp av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna social makt, stämpling och psykosocial stress sökt förståelse för problemet. De tio ovaccinerade respondenterna som deltog i studien intervjuades med hjälp av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet visade att restriktionerna upplevdes som ett indirekt maktutövande till följd av skepticism och känslor av orättvisa med falsk trygghet, då det med tiden visade sig att vaccinerade också spred smittan. Deras ställningstagande upplevdes även som normbrytande, vilket genererade ett undanhållande av vaccinationsstatuset. Vidare visade resultatet att omedveten stress och subjektiva värderingar genererade copingstrategier som därmed föranledde en alternativ tillvaro med acceptans. / During the Covid-19 pandemic, Sweden decided to implement a national vaccination plan for all citizens. This brought restrictions which imposed a vaccination certificate to prevent unvaccinated individuals from gathering in large groups and spread the infection. The vaccination certificate polarized the population to vaccinated and unvaccinated, and where the unvaccinated risked exclusion due to their democratic choice. Social demands and expectations can be triggers for stress related illnesses and the unvaccinated therefore risked being a number in the statistics of public health. The purpose of this study was to understand how the unvaccinated individual experienced the restrictions. Due to the character of the situation a social psychology approach was used and with help of the theories social power, labeling theory and psychosocial stress the understanding of the problem was sought. The ten unvaccinated respondents who took part in the study were interviewed with the help of qualitative semi structured interviews. The results showed that the restrictions were perceived as an indirect exercise of power as a result of skepticism and feelings of injustice with false safety, when it in time showed that vaccinatinated also spread the disease. Their position was also perceived as norm- breaking which generated a withholding of the vaccination status.The result also showed that subconscious stress and subjective values led to an alternative existence with acceptance.