O entendimento dos princípios básicos do enovelamento protéico pode conduzir a muitas aplicações importantes. Embora não se conheçam todos os aspectos significativos envolvidos neste problema, experimentos e aproximações teóricas têm produzido avanços relevantes na sua compreensão. Um fato experimental importante tem sido a descoberta de que o logaritmo da taxa de enovelamento log kf se correlaciona linearmente com parâmetros estruturais globais, como a ordem de contato relativa c. Com o propósito de contribuir para o entendimento do processo de enovelamento, o objetivo primordial deste trabalho consiste em explicar o porquê de certas proteínas não seguirem o comportamento linear entre log kf e c, verificado para outras proteínas da mesma classe (usualmente proteínas pequenas e com termodinâmica descrita pela aproximação de dois estados). Para isso foi necessário identificar os parâmetros topológicos da estrutura nativa que constituíssem importantes determinantes da cinética do enovelamento de proteínas globulares. Também se estudou como as especificidades estéricas dos aminoácidos afetam o processo do enovelamento de proteínas, assim como influenciam na correlação entre a ordem de contato relativo e a taxa de enovelamento. Empregou-se neste estudo um modelo simplificado em rede cúbica, que foi tratado por meio de simulações Monte Carlo. Um conjunto de 52 estruturas maximamente compactas, correspondendo a cadeias de tamanho L = 27 monômeros, foi usado para representar estados nativos; estas estruturas foram escolhidas de forma a representar uma variedade significativa de padrões estruturais, independentemente de c. Através de uma análise detalhada da influência de parâmetros topológicos das configurações nativas na cinética do enovelamento, conclui-se que a taxa de enovelamento é fortemente dependente daquilo que denominamos aqui como “conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias” da estrutura nativa. Adicionalmente, observou-se que aquela (taxa), independentemente do valor da ordem de contato relativo, é fortemente influenciada pelos padrões confíguracionais e suas combinações presentes na nativa. Por meio dessa premissa, foi então possível explicar de forma consistente os casos que não obedecem a pretensa relação linear entre log kf e c, levando a concluir que o logaritmo da taxa de enovelamento e a ordem de contato relativo são linearmente dependentes somente para aquelas configurações em que há uma certa quantidade equilibrada (que depende de c) de padrões estruturais, mesclando contatos efetivos de curto alcance (alto conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias), com outros de longo alcance (baixo conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias). Estruturas nativas que quebram este equilíbrio têm sua cinética de enovelamento afetada com respeito à reta de regressão linear ajustada para o conjunto de todas as configurações consideradas. Dessa forma, verificou-se que o mecanismo físico básico que relaciona o conteúdo de estruturas tipo-secundárias e a taxa de enovelamento, envolve o conceito de cooperatividade: se a estrutura nativa é rica em combinações de padrões estruturais ricos em contatos efetivos de curto alcance, o processo de enovelamento é mais rápido porque contatos locais são naturalmente estimulados por flutuações térmicas. / The understanding of basic principles of the protein folding problem can lead to many important applications. Although not all the involved significant aspects of this problem are known, experiments and theoretical approaches have produced important advances in its understanding. An important experimental fact has been the discovery that the logarithm of the folding rate log kf correlates linearly with global structural parameters, like the relative contact order c. In order to contribute for the understanding of folding process, the primordial goal of this work consists in to explain why certain proteins do not follow the linear behavior between log kf and c, as verified to other proteins from the same class (usually small two states proteins). For this, it was necessary to identify those topological parameters of the native structure that are important to the folding kinetic of globular protein. It was also studied how steric specificities of the aminoacids affect the protein folding process, as well how they influence the correlation between the relative contact order and the folding rate. It was employed in this study a simplified cubic lattice model, treated by Monte Carlo simulation. A set of 52 maximum compact structures, corresponding to chains of size L = 27 monomers, was used to represent the native states; these structures were chosen in such a way to represent a significant diversity of structural patterns, independently of c. Through a detailed analysis of the influence of topological parameters of the native configurations on the folding kinetic, it was concluded that the folding rate is strongly dependent of what we call here as “content of type-secondary” of the native. Additionally, it was observed that log kf is, independently of c, strongly influenced by the configurational patterns and its combinations in the native. Through this premise it was possible to consistently explain the cases that do not obey the pretense linear relation between log kf and c, leading to conclude that the logarithm of the folding rate and the relative contact order are linearly related only for those configurations in that there is a certain balanced amount of structural patterns (which depend on c) mixing short-range effective contacts (high contents of secondary-type structures) and long-range contacts (low contents of secondary-type structures). Structures that break this balance have its folding kinetic affected with respect to the linear fitting adjusted for the set of all the considered configurations. Of this form, it was verified that basic physical mechanism that relates the content of type-secondary structures and the folding rate involves the cooperativety concept: if the native structure presents combinations of structural standards rich in effective contacts of short-range, the folding process is faster because local contacts are naturally stimulated by thermal fluctuations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Paulichi Chiovitti.pdf: 981770 bytes, checksum: bfb4c05dd69c01f03514cea8a23f4d99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / The main goal of this study is to analyze the hypotheses of restrictions on the right of full defense, catalyzed both by constitutional and legal systems, but viewing it from the perspective of the confluence with the Brazilian Federal Constitution s policy. After all, the constitutional right of full defense has the stigma of a invulnerable and intangible principle of law (now erected as a legal principle, as some law-writers prefer), which should not suffer any kind of blemish or mitigation, under penalty of violating the most relevant scopes of the jurisdiction. Indeed, the constitutional right of full defense fits in the procedural law as an issue of constitutional nature, erected as an institute of fundamental importance. So the question is: could an institute with such force and scope be actually restricted? In being so, may the law limit what the Constitution classifies as a wide and ample right as that? Or it would only be possible to have such restrictions if they are effectively contained in the text of the Constitution itself? The theme of this study is justified, in our understanding, by the recognition that our legal system provides, in several legislative vehicles, assumptions limiting the right of defense. Would, after all, these exceptions be unconstitutional? Or our legal system can authorize and assimilate these very exceptions? Finally, we intend to demonstrate how these institutes interrelate with each other, guaranteeing and restricting, in some points and in some matters, the right of defense / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as hipóteses de restrições ao direito de defesa catalisadas tanto pelo ordenamento constitucional como infraconstitucional, mas sob a ótica da confluência com a nossa Magna Carta política. Afinal, a ampla defesa possui todo o estigma daquele princípio de direito (agora princípio positivado, como preferem alguns juristas), inatacável, intangível, que não deve sofrer qualquer tipo de mácula ou mitigação, sob pena de se malferir o próprio escopo da jurisdição. Com efeito, a ampla defesa coaduna-se a um direito processual de índole constitucional, erigida à categoria de instituto fundamental. Assim, de se questionar: seria possível um instituto com tamanha força e envergadura sofrer restrições? Em sendo assim, pode a lei limitar o que a Constituição Federal tarjou como amplo? Ou apenas seriam possíveis restrições contidas no bojo da própria Constituição? A temática justifica-se, em nosso sentir, a partir do reconhecimento que nosso ordenamento infraconstitucional prevê, em diversos veículos legislativos, hipóteses de restrição ao direito de defesa. Seriam, afinal, estas exceções inconstitucionais? Ou o ordenamento jurídico as comporta e assimila? Enfim, pretendemos demonstrar como se afinam tais institutos, garantidores e restritivos do direito à ampla defesa

O tema proposto para o presente estudo refere-se à análise, dentro do contexto das tutelas antecipadas, dos seus pressupostos positivos e negativos, de algumas das restrições impostas pela legislação vigente a hipóteses de concessão, bem como à viabilidade da sua aplicação na situação atual da sua interpretação pela doutrina e pela jurisprudência. Procurou-se demonstrar a aplicação dessas normas restritivas, bem como a justificativa para a sua aceitação dentro do conceito da segurança jurídica e do contexto fático em que cada um dos casos analisados está inserido. Ademais, foi desenvolvido estudo crítico sobre as hipóteses em que se admite a relativização dessas restrições, as razões que levam a tal resultado e as consequências daí advindas para o cenário jurídico brasileiro. Todos os pontos mencionados foram baseados principalmente na análise do direito das partes a uma tutela jurisdicional efetiva e tempestiva, sempre com enfoque no direito processual constitucional, destacando-se a importância do respeito ao devido processo legal nesses casos e a importância de se garantir à parte um processo célere e de duração razoável. / The theme of this study is the analysis, within the context of preliminary injunctive relief mechanisms and their positive and negative prerequisites, some of the restrictions imposed by current legislation on the cases where such relief can be granted, as well as the feasibility of their application in the current situation of their interpretation by the doctrine developed by legal scholars and the jurisprudence from the courts. An effort is made to demonstrate the application of these rules and the justification for their acceptance within the concept of legal security and the factual context of each of the cases analyzed. Additionally, there is critical analysis of the situations where these restrictions can be relativized, the reasons for that result and the consequences for the Brazilian legal scenario. All these points are based mainly on analysis of the right of parties to obtain effective and timely protection from the courts, always with focus on constitutional procedural law, highlighting the importance of respect for due legal process as well as the importance of assuring speedy administration of justice.

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O trabalho apresenta uma proposta metodológica para caracterização de aptidões e restrições do meio físico, considerando a variação contínua dos atributos e também a existência de gradação nos contatos entre as unidades. Os mapas do substrato rochoso e dos materiais inconsolidados foram obtidos utilizando-se de procedimentos da lógica fuzzy para representação da gradação nos contatos. As cartas de declividade, de menor extensão do percurso da água superficial, de potencial de escoamento superficial, de susceptibilidade à erosão e de potencial agrícola foram obtidas utilizando-se mapas numéricos e a variação contínua dos atributos. Para realização das operações de geoprocessamento foram utilizados o sistema de informação geográfica SPRING e a linguagem de programação LEGAL, que permitiram, tanto a representação dos contatos gradacionais (fuzzy) quanto a classificação contínua e o cruzamento das informações. Para avaliação de alterações introduzidas no meio, foi proposta a aplicação do atributo resistência à penetração do solo como geoindicador ambiental. As medidas de resistência à penetração foram feitas utilizando-se um novo equipamento, que consiste de um penetrômetro de solo acoplado a uma sonda TDR. Este procedimento permitiu a caracterização de modificações das condições naturais de compactação dos solos da bacia, frente às atividades de uso do terreno vigentes, bem como forneceu um parâmetro para comparação frente a modificações de uso futuras. O zoneamento da área foi obtido a partir da adoção das unidades de lanforms como unidades de compartimentação, o que possibilitou a caracterização das aptidões, restrições e conflitos de uso / This study presents a methodological technique to characterize environmental restrictions and aptitudes considering continuous variation in the attributes and gradation in contato between units. Fuzzy logic procedures were used to generate representation of contact gradation for rocky substratum and unconsolidated materials maps. Continuous attribute variation and numerical maps were used to produce slope least water runoff distance, runoff potential, erosion susceptibility and agricultural potential charts. Geoprocessing operations using the SPRING geographical information system and its LEGAL programming language permitted the representation of gradation in contac (fuzzy), continuous classification nad information crossing. Soil penetration resistance was proposed as the environmental geondicator to evaluate environmental changes. Measurement of soil penetration resistance by a soil penetrometer connected to a TDR proble permitted the characterization and specification of natural basin soil compaction conditions and the comparison of different occupation activities on the soil. A parameter for future changes due to soil occupation was therefore identified by this procedure. Area zoning was attained by the adoption of landform units as segmentation units. The characterization of aptitudes, restrictions and conflicts in occupation were achived by this procedure

Cette thèse est consacrée à la présentation d'un algorithme nouveau et à la formalisation et l'amélioration d'algorithmes existants pour le calcul des lois marginales et conditionnelles dans les réseaux bayésiens.<br /> Le chapitre 1 présente la théorie des réseaux bayésiens. Nous introduisons une nouvelle notion, celle de réseau bayésien de niveau deux, utile pour l'introduction de notre algorithme de calcul sur les réseaux bayésiens ; nous donnons également quelques résultats fondamentaux et nous situons dans notre formalisme un exemple d'école de réseau bayésien dit «Visite en Asie» .<br />Dans le second chapitre, nous exposons une propriété graphique appelée «d-séparation» grâce à laquelle on peut déterminer, pour tout couple de variables aléatoires ou de groupes de variables, et tout ensemble de conditionnement, s'il y a nécessairement, ou non, indépendance conditionnelle. Nous présentons également dans ce chapitre des résultats concernant le calcul de probabilités ou probabilités conditionnelles dans les réseaux bayésiens en utilisant les propriétés de la d-séparation. Ces résultats, qui concernent des écritures à notre connaissance originales de la factorisation de la loi jointe et de la loi conditionnée d'une famille de variables aléatoires du réseau bayésien (en liaison avec la notion de réseau bayésien de niveau deux) doivent trouver leur utilité pour les réseaux bayésiens de grande taille.<br />Le troisième chapitre donne la présentation détaillée et la justification d'un des algorithmes connus de calcul dans les réseaux bayésiens : il s'agit de l'algorithme LS (Lauritzen and Spigelhalter), basé sur la méthode de l'arbre de jonction. Pour notre part, après avoir présenté la notion de suite recouvrante propre possédant la propriété d'intersection courante, nous proposons un algorithme en deux versions (dont l'une est originale) qui permet de construire une suite de parties d'un réseau bayésien possédant cette propriété. Cette présentation est accompagnée d'exemples. <br />Dans le chapitre 4, nous donnons une présentation détaillée de l'algorithme des restrictions successives que nous proposons pour le calcul de lois (dans sa première version), et de lois conditionnelles (dans sa deuxième version). Cela est présenté après l'introduction d'une nouvelle notion : il s'agit de la descendance proche. Nous présentons également une application de l'algorithme des restrictions successives sur l'exemple «Visite en Asie» présenté en chapitre 1, et nous comparons le nombre d'opérations élémentaires effectuées avec celui qui intervient dans l'application de l'algorithme LS sur le même exemple. Le gain de calcul qui, à la faveur de cet exemple, apparaît au profit de l'algorithme des restrictions successives, sera comme toujours, d'autant plus marqué que la taille des réseaux et le nombre de valeurs prises par les variables seront plus élevés. C'est ce qui justifie l'insertion de notre algorithme au seins de « ProBT » , un logiciel d'inférence probabiliste, réalisé et diffusé par l'équipe Laplace localisée dans le laboratoire Gravir à INRIA Rhône Alpes. <br />En annexes nous rappelons les propriétés des graphes orientés sans circuits, les notions de base sur l'indépendance conditionnelle et l'équivalence de plusieurs définitions des réseaux bayésiens.

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.</p>

The aim of this dissertation is to describe and analyse the voting restrictions of the Swedish franchise reform of 1909. These restrictions required that the voter should be a male of good repute, who had paid his national and local taxes for three years before the election year, had done his military service, had not been declared incapacitated or bankrupt nor owed society any poor relief. In practice, this meant that some 20% of the adult male population were excluded from voting. This study explores both the ideological beliefs and political strategies behind these restrictions, and how the system worked in practice at the national and local levels. Since earlier literature has paid scant attention to the voter’s status as a citizen, this dissertation uses citizenship as one of its analytical tools. Although often described as universal suffrage for men, the 1909 Electoral Law was thus less radical than is usually assumed. As you had to have fulfilled certain obligations as a citizen in order to vote, it is hard to say that voting was a right. A central role in formulating these new conditions was played by the Riksdag’s moderate Conservative group. The reform therefore had the potential to preserve the political influence of the Right in the age of mass democracy, not least as the question of the unrestricted franchise for men and women could be deferred. However, the 1909 Electoral Law was not only aimed at reducing the political influence of the lower classes, but the proponents of the system also wanted to educate the citizens ideologically by constructing an image of the ideal citizen as a self-supporting male, who fulfilled his obligations to society. The National Women’s Franchise Association, whose campaign demanded suffrage for women on the same conditions as men, therefore had to relate to a political discourse dominated by (male) civic virtues and qualifications, and argue that women made a major contribution by fulfilling their special obligations to society. Also, the tax payment and poor relief voting restrictions in the 1909 franchise reform had an impact on the way proposals for women’s right to vote were formulated. The Social Democrats, whose electorate was heavily affected by the taxpaying qualification, in their programme for a constitutional reform demanded that this particular restriction should be abolished. To limit the number of party voters excluded from the polls, Social Democratic newspapers and election offices tried to mobilise disenfranchised workers to appeal the electoral register and get back on it. Those activities, which have been largely neglected in earlier research on the history of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, came to constitute an important element in the party’s election campaigns during the 1910s. In Sweden, the poor relief voting restriction (the pauper exclusion) was applied in a much more general way than in other countries, disqualifying recipients of very small or provisional amounts that had not been repaid as well as family providers who had received poor relief because of family members. The rules also proved very difficult to put into practice. The Social Democrats and many Liberals, but also leading members of the Swedish Poor Relief Association wanted to reform the law so that only those permanently supported by poor relief should lose their right to vote. Unlike the Social Democrats, the Liberals supported the taxpaying qualification as a necessary token of orderliness. However, they wanted the conscientious poor taxpayers to be distinguished from those who were neglectful and dilatory. As the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government, which came to power in 1917, found out, this proved impossible. Instead, the taxpaying qualification was abolished in connection with the 1918-1921 constitutional reform, which also gave women the vote and limited the poor relief voting restriction to those permanently receiving support. In sum, the 1909 franchise reform did not constitute a sharp divide between the old system of income and property qualifications and twentieth century democracy. There was a clear continuity with the former system, in which you earned the right to vote by fulfilling your obligations. The 1909 reform did not lead to universal suffrage for men. Instead, it should be regarded as an intermediate stage in the development towards universal suffrage. Property and income qualifications for voters were abolished, but new qualifications and new mechanisms for exclusion were introduced instead. In this respect, Sweden was not unique. Before adopting universal suffrage, many countries combined universal suffrage with various voting restrictions. In Sweden, however, the right to vote came with an unusually large number of conditions.

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe (1) needs for occupational therapy among persons with self-perceived activity limitations and/or participation restrictions due to long-term/recurrent pain, and (2) treatment interventions in occupational therapy to meet demonstrated needs. The Liss’ model for assessing health care needs was used as a structural scheme. A randomly selected sample (n=10,000) from the Swedish general population aged 18-58 years was the foundation for the study population with and without pain. In addition, occupational therapists were included (n=109). Data collection was made by postal questionnaires. The results showed a prevalence of 26 % and an incidence rate of 0.07. Demographic characteristics of the sample were female gender, ages 40-58 years and fewer years of education than those without pain. Pain in shoulders/lower back of searing/aching/gnawing character was the most frequently reported. A majority of the respondents reported affective/emo-tional effects of pain mainly of depressive character and they had previously been on sick leave due to pain. Women reported higher frequencies of self-perceived activity limitations/ participation restrictions due to pain, more difficulties with intermediate ADL, perceived higher job demands and had longer sick leave than men. Men perceived poorer social support than did women. Needs for occupational therapy were reported mainly as a consequence of activity and temporal imbalance. High health care consumers reported higher frequencies of needs/problems than did low health care consumers. The main goals and interventions suggested by occupational therapists to meet the needs in pain management focused on increased knowledge of handling daily occupations with the purpose to reduce pain, maintain competence/improve performance of home maintenance, reduce consequences of pain and increase knowledge how to handle effects of pain.

This thesis deals with random-size subset selection and ranking procedures• • • )|(derived through likelihood ratios, mainly in terms of the P -approach.Let IT , . .. , IT, be k(&gt; 2) populations such that IR.(i = l, . . . , k) hasJ_ K. — 12the normal distribution with unknwon mean 0. and variance a.a , where a.i i i2 . . is known and a may be unknown; and that a random sample of size n^ istaken from . To begin with, we give procedure (with tables) whichselects IT. if sup L(0;x) &gt;c SUD L(0;X), where SÎ is the parameter space1for 0 = (0-^, 0^) ; where (with c: ß) is the set of all 0 with0. = max 0.; where L(*;x) is the likelihood function based on the total1sample; and where c is the largest constant that makes the rule satisfy theP*-condition. Then, we consider other likelihood ratios, with intuitivelyreasonable subspaces of ß, and derive several new rules. Comparisons amongsome of these rules and rule R of Gupta (1956, 1965) are made using differentcriteria; numerical for k=3, and a Monte-Carlo study for k=10.For the case when the populations have the uniform (0,0^) distributions,and we have unequal sample sizes, we consider selection for the populationwith min 0.. Comparisons with Barr and Rizvi (1966) are made. Generalizai&lt;j&lt;k Jtions are given.Rule R^ is generalized to densities satisfying some reasonable assumptions(mainly unimodality of the likelihood, and monotonicity of the likelihoodratio). An exponential class is considered, and the results are exemplifiedby the gamma density and the Laplace density. Extensions and generalizationsto cover the selection of the t best populations (using various requirements)are given. Finally, a discussion oil the complete ranking problem,and on the relation between subset selection based on likelihood ratios andstatistical inference under order restrictions, is given. / digitalisering@umu