O reconhecimento da presunção de inocência não se mostra incompatível com a admissão da prisão e de outras medidas de caráter pessoal no curso da persecução penal. Assim como os demais direitos fundamentais, a presunção de inocência não se mostra absoluta ou insuscetível de restrições. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro admite intervenções legítimas no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência, submetendo-as ao controle da proporcionalidade e do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais. A proporcionalidade serve como limite das intervenções e desdobra-se nos pressupostos, requisitos extrínsecos e requisitos intrínsecos já explorados. O descumprimento de qualquer destes pontos revela a desobediência à regra da proporcionalidade e, com isto, o caráter ilegítimo da intervenção no âmbito de proteção da presunção de inocência. Esta análise pode ocorrer tanto da perspectiva abstrata, examinando-se a previsão normativa, como da perspectiva concreta, analisando a aplicação e a execução da norma / The recognition of the presumption of innocence is inconsistent with the admission of the prison and other measures of personal character in the course of criminal prosecution. Like other fundamental rights, the presumption of innocence does not show absolute and subject to no restrictions. The Brazilian legal system admits intervention legitimate in the context of protection of the presumption of innocence, places them under the control of proportionality and the essential content of fundamental rights. Proportionality serves as a limit of interventions and unfolds in the assumptions, requirements extrinsic and intrinsic requirements already explored. The breach of any of these seven elements reveals the disobedience to the rule of proportionality and, thus, the illegitimate nature of the intervention under protection of the presumption of innocence. This analysis can occur from both the abstract perspective, examining the legislative provision, as the concrete perspective, examining the implementation and enforcement of the standard.

Este documento apresenta uma pesquisa a nvel de mestrado acadêmico, cujo o foco é a tarefa computacional de Geração de Expressões de Referência (GER), uma parte fundamental da comunicação que é estudada na Geração de Linguagem Natural (GLN). Mais especificamente, foram estudados os aspectos da linguagem que se manifestam em contextos de comunicação com restrição de tempo, e com base nisso foi proposto um modelo computacional de GER para produzir expressões de referência com o nvel de superespecificação parametrizável. Além disso, considerando-se as caractersticas de adaptabilidade do modelo proposto, também foi sugerida uma generalização deste para outros domnios, como os que compreendem contextos de comunicação além dos que possuem restrição de tempo / This document presents a MSc research that focused on the computational subtask of Referring Expression Generation (REG), an important component of Natural Language Generation (NLG) systems. More specifically, this work analyzes how time-restricted contexts of communication may affect language production and a computational model of GER was proposed to produce reference expressions with parameterizable superspecification. Furthermore, given the adaptability characteristics of the proposed model, it has also been suggested a generalization to other domains, which includes communication contexts besides those that have time constraints

Bakgrund: Behandling med parenteral nutrition innebär att näringsbehovet tillgodoses utan förtäring av föda. Behandlingen ses av anhöriga som livsavgörande och av sjuksköterskor som avancerad och resurskrävande. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av sin livssituation i samband med parenteral nutritionsbehandling i hemmet. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats och beskrivande syntes, där tio artiklar analyserades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två teman och fem subteman. De teman som framkom i resultatet var Att uppleva förändringar i vardagen och Att hantera den nya vardagen. Patienterna upplevde fysiska och sociala begränsningar samt att de var i behov av stöd från anhöriga och sjukvården. De upplevde även en oro och rädsla för komplikationer. Trots detta var patienterna tacksamma till behandlingen då den medförde en större frihet och kontroll. Slutsats: Behandling med parenteral nutrition i hemmet medför förändringar i det dagliga livet. Det innebär både möjligheter och begränsningar där patienterna uttrycker ökat behov av stöd inom flera områden. Därmed är det av betydelse för sjuksköterskor att skapa en ökad förståelse om hur patienterna upplever sin livssituation för att kunna erbjuda god omvårdnad. / Background: Treatment with parenteral nutrition means that the nutritional need is satisfied without eating. The treatment is viewed upon by relatives as life-saving and by nurses as advanced and demanding. Aim: To describe patients ́ experiences of their life situation in association with home parenteral nutrition. Method: A qualitative systematic literature study with descriptive approach, where ten articles were analyzed. Results: The analysis resulted in two themes and five subthemes. The themes that emerged was To experience changes in the daily life and To handle the new daily life. The patients experienced that they were physically and socially restricted and in need of support from relatives and healthcare. They also experienced anxiety and fear of complications. The patients were grateful despite all of this because the treatment offered them more freedom and control. Conclusion: Treatment with home parenteral nutrition resulted in changes in their everyday life. This brings possibilities and restrictions where the patients expressed an increase of support in many different areas. It is therefore important for nurses to increase their knowledge of how the patients perceive their life situation to be able to offer better care.

O presente trabalho tem por objeto os direitos fundamentais em matéria tributária, mais especificamente as restrições a que tais direitos se sujeitam sob a justificativa da realização de bens coletivos. Toma-se como premissa que o controle de proporcionalidade é o método que melhor cumpre os propósitos de: a) garantir a máxima eficácia possível a esses direitos; b) permitir o mais intenso controle intersubjetivo de decisões judiciais acerca de restrições a eles impostas. Assume-se como parâmetro de trabalho os direitos de igualdade assegurados ao contribuinte, especialmente o direito à graduação de impostos conforme a capacidade contributiva, em busca da definição dos pressupostos e limites à aplicação do controle de proporcionalidade em matéria tributária. Discute-se o forte consenso que existe sobre a classificação das normas tributárias em fiscais e extrafiscais, concluindo-se que tal classificação é possível. Por conta disso, também se conclui não poder tal classificação servir de critério para delimitar os casos em que o controle de proporcionalidade é devido ou possível. Os pressupostos para aplicação do controle de proporcionalidade em matéria tributária, portanto, são em relação a cada direito fundamental: de um lado, sua construção interpretativa sob a forma de princípio, com um amplo âmbito de proteção; de outro, identificarem-se, em medidas estatais, efeitos restritivos sobre tal direito. / This work aims at the constitutional rights concerning tax matters, specially the restrictions to which such rights are subjected, due to justifications related to collective goods. It takes for granted the proportionality principle as the method which: a) ensures the best realization possible to theses rights; b) enables the most intense inter-subjective control over judicial decisions regarding the mentioned restrictions. The equality rights granted to taxpayers, specially the ability to pay principle were chosen as a pattern on searching to define the requirements and limits to the application of the proportionality principle in tax matters. It questions the strong doctrine of the classification of tax norms according to its fiscal or non-fiscal purposes, concluding that such a classification is not possible. Because of this, it also concludes that this distinction can not be the criteria to define the cases to which the proportionality principle is possible and should be done. The requirements to the application of the proportionality principle in tax matters, concerning each constitutional right, are therefore: a) its interpretative construction with the structure of a legal principle, with a wide realm of protection; b) the identification of State measures that restrict such a realm.

Let G be an undirected graph on n vertices and let S(G) be the class of all real-valued symmetric n × n matrices whose nonzero off-diagonal entries occur in exactly the positions corresponding to the edges of G. Let V = {1, 2, . . . , n} be the vertex set of G. A scheme on G is a function f : V → {0, 1}. Given a scheme f on G, there is an associated class of matrices Sf (G) = {A ∈ S(G)|aii = 0 if and only if f(i) = 0}. A scheme f is said to be constructible if there exists a matrix A ∈ Sf (G) with rank A = min{rank M|M ∈ S(G)}. We explore properties of constructible schemes and give a complete classification of which schemes are constructible for paths and cycles. We also consider schemes on complete graphs and show the existence of a graph for which every possible scheme is constructible.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the food-related messages that are presented to children on New Zealand and Japanese television. A sample of 25 programmes, including advertisements broadcast on New Zealand's main free-to-air network stations and a sample of 22 programmes, including advertisements broadcast on Japan's network stations were the basis of this study. Food-related messages, content and portrayed eating behaviours were analysed. The main finding of this study suggest that the advertising content of children's programmes contain a large proportion of food advertising, largely for foods high in fat and sugar. The children's programming environments in both New Zealand and Japan also contain a large proportion of food imagery, which does include a variety of healthy foods such as meat, rice, bread, fruit and vegetables. Of more concern is that whilst Japanese children are mainly watching children's programmes, in New Zealand, children are exposed to numerous unhealthy food related imagery during programmes of which they are heavy viewers, although they are not the target audience, i.e. peak viewing periods, typically 6pm -10:30pm daily. Furthermore the unhealthy eating imagery during peak viewing periods may be contributing towards shaping children's nutrition practices. It is recommended that marketers and policy makers consider these issues in regard to the claims that advertising is a contributing factor to obesity. Due to the high incidence of eating behaviours occurring during programme content it is recommended that an advertising ban during children's programmes in New Zealand and Japan would be inconsistent, ineffective and unjustifiable.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the food-related messages that are presented to children on New Zealand and Japanese television. A sample of 25 programmes, including advertisements broadcast on New Zealand's main free-to-air network stations and a sample of 22 programmes, including advertisements broadcast on Japan's network stations were the basis of this study. Food-related messages, content and portrayed eating behaviours were analysed. The main finding of this study suggest that the advertising content of children's programmes contain a large proportion of food advertising, largely for foods high in fat and sugar. The children's programming environments in both New Zealand and Japan also contain a large proportion of food imagery, which does include a variety of healthy foods such as meat, rice, bread, fruit and vegetables. Of more concern is that whilst Japanese children are mainly watching children's programmes, in New Zealand, children are exposed to numerous unhealthy food related imagery during programmes of which they are heavy viewers, although they are not the target audience, i.e. peak viewing periods, typically 6pm -10:30pm daily. Furthermore the unhealthy eating imagery during peak viewing periods may be contributing towards shaping children's nutrition practices. It is recommended that marketers and policy makers consider these issues in regard to the claims that advertising is a contributing factor to obesity. Due to the high incidence of eating behaviours occurring during programme content it is recommended that an advertising ban during children's programmes in New Zealand and Japan would be inconsistent, ineffective and unjustifiable.

Access restrictions are essential in standard information systems and became an issue for ontologies in the following two aspects. Ontologies can represent explicit and implicit knowledge about an access policy. For this aspect we provided a methodology to represent and systematically complete role-based access control policies. Orthogonally, an ontology might be available for limited reading access. Independently of a specific ontology language or reasoner, we provided a lattice-based framework to assign labels to an ontology’s axioms and consequences. We looked at the problems to compute and repair one or multiple consequence labels and to assign a query-based access restriction. An empirical evaluation has shown that the algorithms perform well in practical scenarios with large-scale ontologies.

Covering the Northern part of the Province, Ontario’s low-volume roads provide a link from remote resource areas to markets. Thus, preserving this transportation asset from the two main sources of pavement deterioration, namely traffic loading and the environment is extremely critical to the movement of goods and to the economy. In particular, Northern Ontario’s secondary highways are challenged by a combination of heavy, low frequency traffic loading and a high number of freeze-thaw cycles for which most of these highways have not been structurally designed. Therefore they experience environmental damage and premature traffic-induced deterioration. To cope with this issue, the Ontario Ministry of Transportation places Spring Load Restrictions (SLR) every year during spring-thaw. For economic reasons, the duration of SLRs is usually fixed in advance and is not applied proactively or according to conditions in a particular year. This rigidity in the schedule needs to be addressed, as it can translate into economic losses either when the payload is unnecessarily restricted or when pavement deterioration occurs. While the traditional approaches are usually qualitative and rely on visual observations, engineering judgment and historical records to make SLR decisions, the latest approaches resort to climatic and deflection data to better assess the bearing capacity of the roadway. The main intent of this research was to examine how the use of a predictor for frost formation and thawing could improve the scheduling of load restrictions by tracking the frost-strengthening and thaw-weakening of the pavement structure. Based on field data captured in Northern Ontario, and on a preliminary analysis that found good correlation between frost thickness in the roadway and Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS) variables, more advanced frost and thaw predictors were developed as part of this research and are presented herein. The report outlines how the model was developed, details the calculation algorithms, and proposes an empirical methodology for a systematic site-specific calibration. This research also involved several experimental and numerical tools, including the use of a Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer (PFWD) to estimate pavement strength during spring thaw, and the use of the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software to simulate the impact of SLR on the performance of typical Northern Ontario low volume roads.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda konsekvensen av att det finns distinktioner i de rättfärdigade inskränkningarna inom etableringsfriheten mellan bolagsrätt och skatterätt samt att undersöka hur de svenska CFC-reglerna kan anses utgöra en rättfärdigad inskränkning i den grundläggande principen om rätten till fri etablering. Etableringsfriheten stadgar medborgare och bolags rätt att fritt etablera sig och bilda bolag inom Europeiska unionen. För att en medlemsstats nationella regler ska kunna inskränka den grundläggande etableringsfriheten krävs att inskränkningen kan rättfärdigas. De rättfärdigade inskränkningarna ser olika ut beroende på inom vilket rättsområde de tilllämpas. Etableringsfriheten är mer långtgående på bolagsrättens område som enbart innefattar en rättfärdigad inskränkning. Inskränkningen kan motiveras av bristen på en unionsrättslig reglering på området. På skatteområdet ser rättsläget dock annorlunda ut. Inom etableringsfriheten finns det ett flertal rättfärdigade inskränkningar på skatteområdet. Att skatterättsområdet är mer reglerat är bolagsrättsområdet har motiverats av att en medlemsstats skatteintäkter är en väsentlig del för en medlemsstats existens. Dessutom skiljer sig de olika medlemsstaternas skattelagstiftningar åt på grund av politiska, historiska och ekonomiska skäl. Konsekvensen av att CFC-beskattas innebär att en delägare löpande blir beskattad för vins-terna i hans utländska dotterbolag som är etablerat i ett lågbeskattat land. CFC-lagstiftningen syftar till att förhindra och försvåra skatteflykt. Efter Cadbury Schweppes-domen har de svenska CFC-reglerna omarbetats. Den nya svenska regleringen harmoniserar mer förenligt med EU och etableringsfriheten. Utfallet från Cadbury Schweppes-domen har även minskat distinktionerna i de rättfärdigade inskränkningarna mellan skatterättens och bolagsrättens område. Effekten av domslutet är ett stort steg framåt i strävan för en enhetlig inre marknad och en mer harmoniserad etableringsfrihet. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate the consequence of that there are distinctions in the justified restrictions in freedom of Establishment between company law and tax law and to investigate how the Swedish CFC-legislation could be considered a justified restriction on the fundamental principle of freedom of Establishment. Freedom of Establishment statutes citizens and companies rights to establish and to set up companies within the European Union. In order for a Member State's national legislation to restrict the fundamental freedom of Establishment a justification is required. The justified restrictions various depending on which area of law they apply to. Freedom of Establishment is more comprising on company law, which only includes one justified restrictive. The restriction can be justified by the lack of a common Unity regulation in the company law. The fiscal situation looks quite different. Within the establishment there are several justifications restrictions on tax matters. The tax law is more regulated then the company law. The tax law has been motivated by the fact that a Member State tax revenue is an essential part of a Member of existence. In addition, differences between the various Member States tax regulations are based on account of political, historical and economic reasons. The consequence of being CFC-taxed is that a shareholder continuously will be taxed for his subsidiary established in a low-tax country. CFC-legislation seeks to bar and hinder tax evasion. After the Cadbury Schweppes-case, the Swedish CFC-legislation was revised. This new Swedish legislation is better harmonized with the EU and the freedom of Establishment. The outcome of the Cadbury Schweppes-judgement has also reduced the distinctions in the justification restrictions between tax law and company law. The effect of the judgement is a major step forward in the ambition for a unified internal market and a more harmonized freedom of Establishment.