Due to the lack of capacity design principles as well as of appropriate structural details, most of the reinforced concrete building designed primarily for gravity loads as typical of pre- 1970s code provisions, are expected and has been demonstrate to suffer sever damage or total collapse under the earthquake excitation. Due to the use of plain round bar and inadequate reinforcing details, critical shear failure in the joint connection region could occur, leading to sever damage when not total collapse of the building. In this research project, a comprehensive experimental programme was carried to investigate the seismic performance of existing beam column joints prior and after retrofit intervention with a recently proposed low-invasive retrofit technique based on a metallic haunch system. The joint performance was evaluated in terms of the principal tensile stresses that caused the joint shear cracks in the joint panel zone. Quasi-static cyclic tests under uni-directional or bidirection loading regime were carried out to record the response of a series of under-designed beam column joints (with either a wide-beam or a deep-beam solution, deformed or plain round bars with end hooks). The experimental results were used to investigate the effect of structural detailing and loading regime on the seismic performance. To retrofit the potential deficiencies in the existing beam-column joints, the feasibility and efficiency of a low invasive retrofit solution based on a diagonal metallic haunch was investigated. The proposed haunch retrofit solution aims to provides an economic, ease of implementation alternative to protect the joint from the brittle shear failure by relocating the beam plastic hinge away form the joint panel zone. To achieve the desired capacity design (hierarchy of strength) and sequence of event, a simplified analytical formulation has been adopted to account for the joint shear strength in terms of principle tensile/compression stresses prior and after the retrofit intervention. A useful visualization tool based on a M-N (moment-axial load) performance domain can be adopted to evaluate the actual performance point and events, by comparing demand vs. capacity. Designed charts are proposed based on displacement compatibility conditions to evaluate the efficiency of the haunch solution. In addition, a complete step-by step design procedure to implement the retrofit strategy and intervention to achieve the desired hierarchy of strength, by using the proposed diagonal metallic haunch solution, is derived and presented. The effectiveness of the proposed haunch solution and reliability of the derived analytical design/assessment procedure, were validated through experimental tests of 2-D and 3-D subassemblies, shown in the first experimental part to have the most vulnerable behaviour in the joint panel zone. Conceptual issues related to the design of the retrofit intervention, when moving from a 2-D to a 3-D behaviour are discussed. The experimental results showed an excellent performance of the proposed intervention, able to protect the panel zone region (by limiting the principle tensile stress demand), while enforcing the formation of a plastic hinge in the beam, far away from the joint interface. As a result, a much more stable inelastic response could be developed, confirming the high potential of such a low-invasive, low-cost retrofit intervention on under-designed frame systems. In conclusion, a simple numerical model, based on a lumped plasticity approach, was developed and validated on the experimental results to capture the full response of the subassembly prior and after the retrofit intervention.

Much of the existing commercial building stock is aging and will be in need of upgrades now or within the next twenty years. Typically, enclosure retrofits consist of adding insulation to the exterior or interior of the existing façade. In this thesis, an alternative solution is examined, whereby a glass façade is added to the exterior of the existing building, forming a double façade. For historic buildings, this could preserve and protect the existing façade without completely covering it up. For outdated buildings, this could modernize the existing façade, giving it the all-glazed appearance that is currently so popular among architects. Regardless of the retrofit motive, it is important to be able to quantitatively compare retrofit solutions to make informed design decisions. As such, building simulation can be an important design tool. At present, there is no available simulation tool that can easily and accurately model a double façade; therefore, a double façade (DoFa) model was developed to fill this gap. A spreadsheet-based, lumped model was created and validated using current complex fenestration models and limited experimental data. Further experimental data is required to validate all aspects of the model. Results showed that the DoFa model can achieve accurate results; however, further development is needed to predict optical properties of venetian blinds and convective coefficients for natural airflow in double façade cavities. The model was used to compare double façades to traditional glazing systems. Results indicated that double façades can perform comparably to double glazing with outdoor shading in summer, and triple glazing in winter. However, the results are only valid for the tested glazing systems. In a second application, the DoFa model was modified to simulate an entire enclosure to compare a double façade retrofit to more traditional retrofit strategies. Results suggested that a double façade provides a good improvement in winter performance, though summer overheating is a concern. For the case study examined, a double façade would have performed better than the chosen retrofit of replacing the windows with double glazing and indoor shading, without insulating the opaque components. The DoFa model can be very useful in creating double façade preliminary design and operation strategies. At present, the DoFa model is an instantaneous, stand-alone tool. Further development is needed to pair the DoFa model with whole building energy simulations.

In the UK, boom periods of construction combined with typical building styles of the day, have resulted in a large stock of ageing office buildings at risk of structural vacancy and obsolescence. Despite their lack of insulation, high air infiltration, and solar gain, many such buildings from the 1960s-1970s are still in use today. Moreover, with UK buildings replaced at a rate of less than 2% a year, the majority of today's buildings will still be in use in 2050. Due to the impact of the facade on such aspects as thermal performance and aesthetics, façade retrofit is seen as a key solution to the problem of today’s ageing office building stock. Unfortunately, façade retrofit comes with a complex decision-making process. The cost and long-term nature of the investment means that façade decisions are strategic, while the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is prototypical and multidisciplinary. Decision theory suggests the use of normative decision-making methods to arrive at a well-reasoned course of action; therefore, this thesis aims to discover how decision-making can be improved to support façade selection in non-domestic building retrofit. A state-of-the-art literature review of office building façade retrofit decision-making only returned nine case studies, of which six reported real-life façade retrofit selection. One real-life and one theoretical case demonstrated the use of normative decision-making in the form of the payback period method, while one theoretical case used multi-criteria analysis. Many sources of information were revealed as guiding the façade selection process in general. To examine the actuality of façade selection in practice, an exploratory study was conducted. This study involved (1) semi-structured interviews on the topic of façade selection with thirty UK AEC industry members from twelve professions, and (2) a case study of an over-clad 1970s office building, involving in-depth interviews with two UK AEC industry experts, a documentary evidence review, and post-retrofit thermography. Three semi-structured interviewees revealed the use of normative decision-making, in the form of the payback period method, while information sources were greatly used in general. The exploratory case, however, revealed only a minimal use of information and no normative decision-making. To determine the representativeness of the exploratory case study, an in-depth study of façade retrofit decision-making was conducted. This study involved (1) a specific literature review to set the context of UK university building façade retrofit decision-making and (2) four exemplifying case studies of real-life university building façade retrofit. The university estate features many ageing buildings from the 1960s-1970s that exhibit the same typical building style as the UK’s ageing office stock. The specific literature review found five cases of university façade retrofit decision-making, of which three reported real-life façade retrofit selection. Normative decision-making was revealed in theory, with the two theoretical cases of university façade retrofit using the payback period method. The exemplifying case studies involved eight UK AEC industry experts, a documentary evidence review, and post-retrofit thermography. The case buildings ranged from the late 1950s/early-1960s to the 1970s, with three being over-clad, and one over-clad and re-clad. The exemplifying case study findings support the exploratory case study findings. The key actors in façade retrofit decision-making are the architect, client, and planner. Numerous information sources are used to support the façade selection process, relating chiefly to performance, cost, aesthetics, and collaboration, and the use of normative decision-making is not evident. From the research findings, it appears the process of façade retrofit selection functions naturally within the realm of the architectural profession. Architects appear to be making initial façade design decisions based on ideas resulting from cognition and drawing on past experience, which become more detailed as the project progresses. The façade selection process is supported by the voluntary use of numerous information sources, many of which are quantitative in nature. This thesis did not find evidence of normative decision methods being used in the current practice of façade retrofit selection. Thus, the recommendations proffered are not characteristic of normative theory, but instead opt to support the façade retrofit selection process by reinforcing current process via the following points: (1) use expertise in the form of advisor-led information sources to guide the façade retrofit selection process; (2) maximise communication by encouraging an ongoing dialogue between AEC industry members involved in façade selection, involving specialist external bodies at an early stage, and documenting the façade selection process; and (3) aid the energy efficiency resulting from building retrofit by engaging stakeholders during design, construction, and in-use, especially in regards to proposed new energy efficiency practices. This thesis contributes to the knowledge of non-domestic façade retrofit decision-making in actual building design practice. Having found only limited evidence of normative decision-making being used in the non-domestic façade retrofit selection process, it appears that efforts to develop multi-criteria decision-making tools for use in this area may be misguided.

Submitted by Helio Pedrosa (helionelson01@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-17T15:58:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IAmaral.pdf: 701065 bytes, checksum: 39cd3222681ebc8277a587fc2dec486b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T14:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IAmaral.pdf: 701065 bytes, checksum: 39cd3222681ebc8277a587fc2dec486b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-20 / Grande parte dos edifícios antigos foram construídos segundo diretrizes que hoje em dia, não são as mais funcionais. Essas edificações necessitam de uma reabilitação (retofit), que é uma reforma gerenciada do partido,adaptando as construções as novas necessidades através da busca pela otimização das atividades desempenhadas.Esta dissertação estuda o processo evolutivo das cidades e a atual valorização de uma região central legada ao abandono durante anos. Serão discutidos os condicionantes do processo de retrofit, suas caracteristicas e vantagens, tais como: a questão da degradação pelo uso, a mudaça no perfil do usuário,o fim da vida útil dos materiais, a preocupação com a eficiência, e as inovações tecnológicas, propiciadas pela automação. É também, apresentada uma proposta metodológica de diagnóstico e ferramentas computacionais disponíveis no mercado. Assim reunidos informações e propomos diretrizes com o objetivo de auxiliar profissionais envolvidos nas atividades de reabilitação do parque edificado. / Almost all old buildings had been constructed with concepts that nowadays are not more functional. Those constructions need a retrofit, that it is a rnanaged reform of the building, adapting the constructions to the new necessities, through the search for the optimization of the perforrn activities. This research evaluates cities evolutionary process, and the current valuation of downtown forgotten for years. The agents of the retrofit process, its characteristics and advantages will be discussed, such as: the degradation for the use, the user's profile changes, the end of materials useful life, the concern with the energy efficiency, and the technological innovations, propitiated by automation. It's also, presented a proposal methodology of diagnosis and available computational tools in the market.

Na construção civil, de uma forma geral, a gestão de projetos pode contribuir positivamente com resultados de um empreendimento. Entretanto, ao longo do desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, constatou-se que a gestão de projetos pode ser ainda mais relevante nos processos de reabilitação de edifícios. Naturalmente, os níveis de complexidade da reabilitação variam conforme o grau de intervenção que se deseja, o que influenciará a formatação do modelo mais adequado de gestão do empreendimento. Mas a organização do empreendimento, sempre que baseada em princípios de gestão de projetos adequados, pode contribuir para a estabilidade no canteiro e para que haja condições que promovam harmonia na relação entre os agentes envolvidos, principalmente entre as equipes de projeto e de obra. O presente trabalho se propõe a aprofundar a discussão sobre essas questões, apresentando os resultados de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o assunto que busca caracterizar os empreendimentos de reabilitação, as interfaces entre projeto e obra, além de discutir o papel da coordenação de projetos no contexto da reabilitação de edifícios. Serão apresentados, ainda, os resultados das pesquisas de campo realizadas em dois empreendimentos de reabilitação: dois em São Paulo, Brasil e, um outro, na cidade de Lyon, na França. / In civil construction the management of design may positively contribute to the results of an enterprise in general way. However, throughout the development of this research, we realize that the management of designs can be much more relevant in building rehabilitation. Of course, the levels of complexity in rehabilitation process vary according to the grade of intervention desired and this affects the formatting of a more adequate model of the enterprise management. Management of designs, whenever it is based on appropriate principles and methods, may contribute to the results at the building site in order to provide a balanced relationship among the agents involved, mainly between the two groups responsible for the designs and its carrying out. This work intends to go deeper into the discussion of these issues by presenting the results of a bibliographical research on the matter, to mark the enterprises in rehabilitation, interfaces between design and work, and to discuss the role coordination of designs plays in the building rehabilitation context. Besides this, it shows the results of field surveys carried out in two rehabilitation enterprises in São Paulo-Brazil and one in Lyon-France.

Implementation of the Flood and Water Management Act (2010) will place increased responsibility on local planning authorities (LPAs) in England for planning approval and future maintenance of sustainable drainage (SUDS) installations. LPAs have limited experience in assessing SUDS, and there is a need for additional guidance to support decision making. A method was developed to analyse environmental and institutional characteristics of existing published datasets using a Geographical Information System (GIS), and to create maps indicating feasible locations for SUDS devices at the strategic scale of a full LPA area. The method was applied to an example study site: Coventry, UK, covering 98.7 km2, of which 33% was impermeable, estimated from Ordnance Survey land cover. The method was reliant on the accuracy of the underlying datasets, although data uncertainties were identified, e.g. the incorrect classification of some land cover and lack of definition in private gardens. Construction of a framework allowed a structured approach to collection and presentation of information, and is a point of reference for other strategic scale investigations of SUDS feasibility. Feasibility maps were generated for SUDS in new developments, on both greenfield and previously developed land, and for retrofit of existing developments, across five main categories of SUDS: source control, infiltration, filtration, conveyance, and detention & retention. In new developments, source control, filtration and detention & retention SUDS were possible in 99% of Coventry, filtration SUDS in 95% and infiltration solutions 17%. The higher number of restrictions imposed on retrofit resulted in a smaller area where SUDS were feasible: source control 68%, infiltration 11%, filtration 64%, conveyance 57% and detention 79%. Soil impermeability and depth to water table were the principal spatial limitations on infiltration and detention SUDS in new developments. Water bodies imposed the small number of restrictions on source control, filtration and conveyance in new developments. Existing land cover was the main driver of feasible locations for retrofit. Smaller parcels of land were available for retrofit (median 35 m2) than for new development (median 100 m2). Private gardens occupied 23% of the city, forming a large part of suburban land cover. Large scale retrofit in these areas would necessitate convincing a significant number of individual landowners of the benefits of SUDS. Use of feasibility maps created using the method developed in this research might encourage more specific and earlier consideration of SUDS in the planning process. Retrofit feasibility maps, in conjunction with datasets identifying problem locations, would assist strategic reviews of SUDS options.

Reinforced Concrete (RC) bridge piers, RC columns along exterior of buildings or those located in parking garages are designed to support large compressive axial loads but are vulnerable to transverse out-of-plane loadings, such as those arising from impacts or explosions. To address a lack of understanding regarding blast and impact response of RC members and the need for retrofit techniques to address deficiencies in existing structures, a multi-disciplinary team including various institutes of the National Research Council and the University of Ottawa has initiated work towards developing a fibre reinforced polymer composite protection system for RC columns subjected to extreme shocks. This thesis will focus on the impact program of the aforementioned project. An extensive literature review was conducted to gain a better understanding of: impact loading and associated dynamic effects; experimental testing of RC members subjected to impact; experimental testing of axially loaded members; and retrofit methods for the protection of RC under impact loading. Five half-scale RC columns were constructed and tested using a drop-weight impact machine and two additional specimens were tested under static loading. Deflections, strain distributions within the columns, impact loads and reaction loads were measured during the testing of the built RC members. Comparisons of experimental datum were established between members with differing levels of axial load and between a retrofitted and a non-retrofitted member. Single-degree-of-freedom analysis was used to obtain the predicted response of certain columns under impact loading allowing for comparisons with experimental data.

This thesis focuses on the revitalization of a once thriving manufacturing city, Gardner, Massachusetts. In the past the city of Gardner was rich with furniture manufacturers. Over the years the manufacture of furniture has left Gardner. The goal of this thesis is to reinvigorate the furniture making and craft back into Gardner. The proposed revitalization of the town was furthered through teaching and the design and production of a new product line. The renovation and retrofit of an existing now abandoned, building. Designing to meet the strategies, methods, and processes of furniture production; merged with an architecture meant to signal both respect for the history of Gardner and a new revitalization; designing from the inside – out. Thoughts about sustainability and environmental design are incorporated into the design. There are a multitude of new building practices and strategies that are explored and will be used to try and form a design that could unite usability, function, aesthetics, and comfort as well as meeting current code and ADA requirements, through retrofitting an existing building. Teaching the former craft of furniture making will ignite revitalization in the downtown area. A new form of universally designed furniture making will be taught and practiced in the facility.

This research proposes a structural retrofit of a reinforced concrete building older than 50 years. The structural system is dual using frames and walls, having an area of 1980 m2 and 4 levels with a total height of 15.50 m. There are three unconventional methods to retrofit this infrastructure. The first is to install steel jackets with bolt anchors. The second methodology is through the use of jackets and anchors of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). The third alternative is through reinforcement of walls with 2 diagonal struts made with CFRP sheets as struts, also installing CFRP anchors at each end of both struts to ensure that these sheets work up to their high levels of tension. These anchors together with the diagonal plates contribute to give ductility to the wall and in turn resist the effects of sliding at the base, a fault that is very common in rigid structures such as walls. Each unconventional reinforcement methodology used in this research is validated using laboratory tests results of reinforced columns and walls retrofitted with every of the three innovative methods. Nonlinear static analysis - Pushover of each alternative was performed and compared with the demand for the 1974 earthquake in Lima, scaling 3 seismic records to a PGA of 0.45g, which is the acceleration of design in Lima. It is shown that these proposals are effective in providing levels of shear base and displacement capacity in the inelastic design. For the 0.40mx0.80m columns, the results show that both reinforcements increase ductility by more than 10%; on the other hand, the proposal of reinforcement in the walls of 40cm thick, produced even better results increasing ductility by 100% and shear base by 100%.

The Casimiro Ulloa Hospital is a confined masonry structure more than 60 years old that does not satisfy the requirements of the Peruvian seismic code E.030 and it is located at high seismic zone. Therefore, this hospital is susceptible to collapse and becomes an essential deficient structure. Therefore, the present study is based on a comparative analysis between reinforced concrete wall and CFRP sheets through the nonlinear Push Over method in order to obtain which is the best reinforcement in structural capacity. The reinforcement with eight L-shaped concrete walls of 15 cm thick located at the corners of the structure, increased the strength of the hospital by 115% in longitudinal direction (Axis X) and 108% in transversal direction (Axis Y), and also increased the ductility by 3% and 117% in the directions respectively. The other reinforcement was carried out with CFRP sheets and anchors. The sheets were designed with a width of 9 inches and were placed in an X-shape in the masonry load-bearing walls and the anchors were implemented in the corners of the laminate walls in order to ensure adequate load transfer between the sheets and the surface. This reinforcement increased the strength of the structure by 345% in axis X and 150% in axis Y and increased the ductility by 59% in longitudinal direction and 331% in transversal direction.