In markets where suppliers experience learning by doing over time or, more generally, economies of scale in production, buyers are auctioning off longer-term contracts with an eroding price policy. Under an eroding price contract, the buyer initially competitively awards production to the lowest-bid supplier via an auction. Before the auction takes place, the buyer makes it clear to the suppliers that, if chosen, a sequence of price reductions will be mandatory in subsequent periods. In this thesis, we mainly study the design of the optimal eroding price contract in a two period setting under three different model settings : (1) Every supplier faces a new cost in each period (NLI model), (2) The supplier who wins the auction in the first period locks-in his cost for the future, and the buyer makes the future payment based on the winning supplier's current bid (LI1), and (3) The supplier who wins the auction in the first period locks-in his cost for the future, and the buyer makes the future payment based on the winning supplier's actual cost (LI1). Under NLI setting, the magnitude of the cost reduction due to learning by doing is common knowledge, while the magnitude is uncertain under LI1 and LI2 settings. We also study the optimal reserve prices in sequential independent auctions under NLI setting. We go on to compare the performance of the eroding price policy against sequential independent auctions (without or with the optimal reserve prices) under the above model settings. Via analytical and numerical comparisons, we find that even in the presence of learning by doing/economies of scale in production, a buyer is often better off running sequential auctions with a reserve price, rather than limiting competition and contracting with a single supplier in the hopes of extracting a better future price.

If a correlation exists between cost and project delivery system then this is crucial knowledge for any group organizing a new construction project. It has been observed anecdotally that the construction cost per student of public elementary schools has been observed to continue to increase in the state of Texas, even with the recent downturn in the economy. The recent economic depression in the USA has seen construction material costs stagnate and construction costs dropping. This is a direct result of the competitive nature of a market that has a lack of business. The issue of a rising cost at the time of a falling market is of more than a passing research interest to school superintendents and the people of Texas. This study investigated the relationship between cost and project delivery systems. A survey was sent to all school superintendents in Texas requesting recent data on elementary school enrollment, project delivery type and construction costs. One hundred and thirty six responses were received from one thousand and seventy six Texas school districts. A comparative means test was used to determine if a relationship exists between construction cost per student and project delivery system for public elementary schools in Texas. The research shows that Texas school districts are primarily using two types of project delivery systems for their new school construction, Construction Management at Risk and Competitive Sealed Proposals. After comparing the average construction cost per student for these two project delivery systems, the statistical analysis showed that Competitive Sealed Proposals cost approximately four thousand dollar less per student than Construction Management at Risk. The clear question is then as to why are districts using Construction Management at Risk when the comparative benefits of the contract type are not worth this amount of money per student.

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:00:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003 / The evolution of Information Technology (IT) - principally the Internet - from the academic realm to the business arena has generated discussions concerning the impact of this process on existing business models. The Brazilian government has been working to adjust its legal framework in order to take advantage of the benefits the new business environment offers the public sector. The primary objective of this study is to identify the benefits accruing to the Caixa Econômica Federal, in terms of improved efficiency, from the implementation of its online shopping site, MRO (maintenance, repair and operation). Using a simplified case study methodology, an analysis of the strategic importance of the implementation of the Caixa Econômica Federal' 5 shopping site is provided, specifically focused on how the relevant technological, organizational, and cultural' aspects have influenced the efficiency of the institution's productive processes. While the results obtained are significant with respect to investmentrecovery time, and promising in terms of the possibilities they offer for reducing the institution's administrative costs, of greater relevance is the site's potential as a mechanism for adding value to the bank's financiai performance. In this context, the Caixa Econômica Federal's challenge is to wed the market opportunities arising from the expertise that has been acquired to the idle capacity generated by productivity gains, and, in this way, to develop a product that provides vast revenue generating potential. / A evolução da Tecnologia da Informação (TI) - mormente da Internet -, deslocando-se do meio acadêmico para a área de negócios, tem gerado discussões sobre seu impacto em modelos de negócios existentes. O Governo Brasileiro vem adequando a sua base legal, de forma a aproveitar os benefícios que esse novo ambiente de negócios pode trazer à estrutura pública. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo identificar os benefícios alcançados pela Caixa Econômica Federal, no que se refere a melhorias na sua eficiência, ao implantar o seu site de compras MRO (Manutenção, Reparo e Operação). Através de metodologia de estudo de caso simples, busca-se analisar a importância estratégica da implantação do site de compras da Caixa Econômica Federal, investigando como as dimensões tecnológica, organizacional e cultural influenciaram a eficiência de seus processos produtivos. Embora os resultados obtidos sejam expressivos em relação ao tempo de recuperação do investimento, e promissores em relação ao potencial de reduzir custos administrativos da empresa, um fator considerado extremamente relevante é que o site tem grande potencial para agregar valor à performance financeira do banco. Neste contexto, a Caixa Econômica Federal deve aliar a oportunidade mercadológica gerada pela expertise desenvolvida, com a ociosidade que se cria com os ganhos de produtividade no processo, formando, assim, um produto com grande capacidade de geração de receita.

Submitted by Luiz Carlos Neiva Lacerda (lcnlacerda55@gmail.com) on 2012-08-10T17:35:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Carlos Neiva Lacerda MEX 2010.pdf: 715129 bytes, checksum: 899eb56e50ba4eb900e09de036ffe039 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2012-08-10T19:10:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Carlos Neiva Lacerda MEX 2010.pdf: 715129 bytes, checksum: 899eb56e50ba4eb900e09de036ffe039 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-08-15T11:56:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Carlos Neiva Lacerda MEX 2010.pdf: 715129 bytes, checksum: 899eb56e50ba4eb900e09de036ffe039 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-15T11:56:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Luiz Carlos Neiva Lacerda MEX 2010.pdf: 715129 bytes, checksum: 899eb56e50ba4eb900e09de036ffe039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-25 / The transparency subject in which Brazilian Public Administration is concerned, has been more and more debated as well as developed. And the portal ComprasNET has been part of it. Most of the 60 billion reais spent in investments and in different expenses, 22 billion were realized by means of ComprasNET in the reverse auction model. This dissertation main purpose is to analyse price variation concerning a single item, in this case the A4 75gr paper. And also check statistically whether there is any price variation among the several reverse auctions made by the Federal Public Administration. In case of positive answer, this work main purpose is to identify the administrative procedures which may have caused such discrepancies. After this study, suggestions will be presented to change those administrative procedures as well as to reduce the amount paid in such reverse auctions. The recommendations will not only be based on the available legislation but also on decisions and agreements made by TCU, AGU and many other departments of the Federal Public Administration. So finally, this work will try to make it clear to our society, to show it how the tax paid by its citizens has been spent. / O tema transparência na administração pública Brasileira esta cada vez mais em foco e o portal de compras ComprasNET faz parte dos portais de transparência do Governo Federal. Em 2011, dos quase 60 bilhões de reais gastos em investimentos e despesas diversas, 22 bilhões foram realizados por meio do ComprasNET na modalidade pregão eletrônico. Esta dissertação visa analisar a variabilidade de preços para um item específico de material, no caso o papel A4 75 gr, verificando estatisticamente se existe variabilidade de preços nas diversas licitações realizadas pelos órgãos da Administração Pública Federal. Em caso afirmativo, o trabalho visa identificar os procedimentos administrativos que podem ter causado tal divergência. A partir daí, foram apresentadas sugestões para alteração desses procedimentos administrativos, visando a redução do valor pago nos pregões eletrônicos. As recomendações foram baseadas na legislação em vigor e em decisões e acórdãos do TCU, AGU e demais órgãos da Administração Pública Federal. Dessa forma, este trabalho vai de encontro aos anseios da sociedade em ter uma melhor aplicação dos recursos públicos arrecadados por meio de impostos e taxas pagos pela população.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad desarrollar el Plan de Negocio de una plataforma electrónica de información y elección de ofertantes de factoring para las MIPYME interesadas en financiamiento de ventas mediante oferta de facturas negociables. Esta propuesta se dirige a empresarios de diferentes rubros y cuyos niveles de facturación caracterizan a sus empresas como micro, pequeñas y medianas, especialmente para aquellos que valoran mucho contar con la liquidez de fondos necesarios para financiar sus operaciones al menor costo posible. Para ello se realizó un sondeo el cuál permitió validar nuestra propuesta explicada en este documento, destacando que el 67,3% manifiesta estar muy dispuesto a usar la plataforma “Elige – Factoring”. Para implementar este modelo de negocio se requerirá de una inversión de S/ 105 000 distribuidos en desarrollo de plataforma web, adquisición de bienes de cómputo, campañas de difusión y otros gastos pre-operativos, así como capital de trabajo requerido para financiar las actividades del primer año de operación. Se usará redes sociales y se generará contenido de calidad para desarrollar una estrecha y contínua relación con los clientes. La estrategia del presente plan se basará en la diferenciación y la focalización. Esta solución será la finetch referente de provisión de información de Factoring y de negociación de tasas de descuento de Facturas Negociables en el Perú. A partir del análisis financiero realizado, concluimos que el proyecto tendrá un VAN de de S/133 321,46 y una TIR de 36,7%, luego de 5 años de operaciones, haciéndolo atractivo para invertir. / The purpose of this research work is to develop the Business Plan of an electronic platform of information and choice of factoring bidders for MSME interested in financing sales by offering their negotiable invoices. This proposal is aimed at businessman of different sectors and whose billing levels characterize their companies as micro, small and medium-sized, especially for those who highly value having the liquidity of funds necessary to finance their operations at the lowest possible cost. For this, a poll was carried out which allowed us to validate our proposal explained in this document, highlighting that 67.3% state that they are very willing to use the platform "Elige - Factoring". To implement this business model, its will need an investment of S/ 105 000 distributed in web platform development, acquisition of computer assets, dissemination campaigns and other pre-operational expenses, as well as the working capital required to finance the activities of the first year of operation. Social networks will be used and quality content will be generated to develop a close and continuous relationship with customers. The strategy of this plan will be based on differentiation and targeting. This solution will be the benchmark finetch for the provision of Factoring information and the negotiation of discount rates of Negotiable Invoices in Peru. From the financial analysis carried out, we conclude that the project will have a NPV of S / 133 321,46 and an IRR of 36,7%, after 5 years of operations, making it attractive to invest. / Trabajo de investigación

Submitted by Marcos Paulo de Jesus (mpj@gvmail.br) on 2018-07-11T20:46:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus - Um estudo de caso entre 3 tipos de leilão reverso sob a perspectiva de uma organização de compras.pdf: 883117 bytes, checksum: 78501c0ba874ec5e74051216e041b45a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-07-13T22:22:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus - Um estudo de caso entre 3 tipos de leilão reverso sob a perspectiva de uma organização de compras.pdf: 883117 bytes, checksum: 78501c0ba874ec5e74051216e041b45a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-16T13:29:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus - Um estudo de caso entre 3 tipos de leilão reverso sob a perspectiva de uma organização de compras.pdf: 883117 bytes, checksum: 78501c0ba874ec5e74051216e041b45a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T13:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus - Um estudo de caso entre 3 tipos de leilão reverso sob a perspectiva de uma organização de compras.pdf: 883117 bytes, checksum: 78501c0ba874ec5e74051216e041b45a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-11 / Essa dissertação é um estudo de caso experimental em laboratório com três tipos de leilão reverso, visando aplicar as lições aprendidas no experimento a um caso real. Como há diversos tipos de leilão disponíveis, selecionar a modalidade mais indicada para um processo de compras torna-se um problema relevante para que uma empresa compradora consiga o melhor resultado do ponto de vista de redução de custo e continuidade do negócio. Fundamentado nisso, o objetivo dessa dissertação é identificar qual a modalidade de leilão pode trazer o melhor resultado do ponto de vista da empresa que está realizando a compra. Dessa forma, foi selecionado um item específico a ser comprado pela empresa, nesse caso um serviço de transporte de carga excedentes, e solicitado a fornecedores selecionados que enviassem propostas de fornecimento com o objetivo de atender à solicitação de cotação (RFQ, ou request for quotation) e, baseado nessas propostas, foi elaborada uma série de simulações em laboratório de três tipos de leilão: leilão reverso inglês, leilão reverso japonês e leilão de primeiro preço em envelope fechado. Após a execução desse experimento, foi selecionada a modalidade de leilão que gerou os melhores resultados esperados pela companhia, nesse caso o menor lance entre os participantes, e aplicada em um caso real, cujo resultado foi reportado nesse trabalho para enriquecer a aplicabilidade dessa dissertação. Com base nesses resultados foi possível comparar o efeito de redução de custos entre esses três tipos de leilão para então aplicá-los em situações futuras. / This dissertation is an experimental case study with three different types of reverse auction in a laboratory aiming to apply the lessons learned in the simulations to a real case. As there are several auctions types available in the software used by companies, selecting the most suitable type for a specific procurement process becomes a relevant problem for a company aiming to get the best result regarding cost reduction and business continuity. Based on that, the goal of this dissertation is to identify which type of auction may lead to the best result from the perspective of the buyer. Thus, it was selected one specific item to be purchased by the company, in this case heavy lift transportation services and it was asked to some suppliers to submit proposals to meet the request for quotation (RFQ). Based on these proposals, it was designed a series of auctions simulations in a laboratory of three types of auctions (reverse English auction, reverse Japanese auction and first price sealed envelope auction). After the performance of these simulations in a laboratory, the type of auction that generated the best results expected by the company, in this case the one with the lowest winning bid from bidders, was selected, applied in a real case situation and the result was reported to enrich the application of this dissertation. Based on these results it is possible to infer the cost reduction effect of these three types of auction and apply it further in the procurement processes.

Many people still confused and misunderstand the differences between auction types: In fact, we have only two major types of auctions which are the forward auction and Reverse auction[22]. In a forward auction a single seller offers an item for sale with many competitive buyers driving the price upward: In a Reverse Auction, a single buyer wants to purchase a service or an item from many sellers, they drive the price downward: There are many differences between these type of auction: Including the progress of the auctions; winner selection criterion and other factors: The Reverse Auction nowadays is one of the most preferred types of online auctions: It gains popularity rapidly because of representing the buyers' side and helps him to drive prices down in contrary with the forward auction or traditional auction. The aim of this study is to identify the most common types of the Reverse auctions and compare them to one another to determine when should be used by a buyer and propose the most efficient implementation model for some types: The results of this study are: achieve a written report and a small demonstrator model on how to implement English Auction and Second-Sealed bid Auction.

La presente tesis tiene como objeto de estudio a la empresa Fantastibox S.A.C que pertenece a la industria de la organización de eventos tales como onomásticos, graduaciones, eventos corporativos y alquiler de cabinas de fotos instantáneas. La principal motivación de este proyecto es abordar la problemática principal de la empresa que hace referencia a los tiempos elevados en la búsqueda y elección inadecuada de los proveedores; lo cual se produce por el manejo manual de información y una inversión de tiempo considerable para la aplicación de los criterios al momento de seleccionar al proveedor (precio, ubicación, años de experiencia en el servicio) necesarios para garantizar un evento exitoso. Esto conlleva, a que se produzcan pérdidas de oportunidades de negocio, una baja fidelización de sus clientes. Asimismo, no realizan el seguimiento adecuado a los proveedores con los que trabajaron en algún momento incurriendo en contrataciones fallidas. Después de identificar la problemática y analizar los procesos de la empresa se propone como objetivo del proyecto la implementación de un sistema web que logre la automatización del proceso de búsqueda de proveedores y la tendencia a la baja de precios con la subasta inversa. Asimismo, se plantea el uso de árboles de decisión para lograr elegir a los mejores proveedores por cada servicio solicitado por el cliente. La propuesta está alineada al objetivo de la empresa en cuanto a incrementar la respuesta al número de solicitudes de los clientes independientemente de la fecha del evento. / The present thesis has as object of study the company Fantastibox S.A.C that belongs to the industry of the organization of events such as onomastics, graduations, corporate events and rental of instant photo booths. The main motivation of this project is to address the main problem of the company that refers to the high times in the search and inappropriate choice of suppliers; This is produced by the manual handling of information and a considerable investment of time for the application of the criteria when selecting the supplier (price, location, years of experience in the service) necessary to guarantee a successful event. This leads to loss of business opportunities, low customer loyalty. Likewise, they do not adequately monitor the suppliers with whom they worked at some point, incurring failed contracts. Based on the identification of the problem and analysis of the company's processes, the project's objective is to implement a web system that achieves the automation of the supplier search process and the downward trend in prices with reverse auction. Likewise, the use of decision tree algorithms is proposed to be able to choose the best providers for each service requested by the client. The proposal is aligned with the company's objective in terms of increasing the response to the number of customer requests regardless of the date of the event. / Tesis

Submitted by Evandro Baradel (ebaradel@usp.br) on 2012-02-02T19:35:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoFGV-EvandroMeiraBaradel.pdf: 3505315 bytes, checksum: 52f701783e460955785428d0e9df64ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-02-02T19:57:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoFGV-EvandroMeiraBaradel.pdf: 3505315 bytes, checksum: 52f701783e460955785428d0e9df64ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-02-03T10:31:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertaçãoFGV-EvandroMeiraBaradel.pdf: 3505315 bytes, checksum: 52f701783e460955785428d0e9df64ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-21 / This dissertation shows that the bidding issue can be used as a regional development public policy instrument. The biddings in the state of São Paulo are based on a public policy that requires procedures of territorial decentralization. The decree that regulates this policy is focused mainly on giving a favored and simplified treatment to micro and small businesses. On the issue of decentralization the São Paulo government presents innovation in relation to federal legislation dealing with the subject. The decentralization phenomenon can contribute to increase the amount of winning companies that belong to particular region where the biddings producing 'regional economic growth'. However, here we adopt the hypothesis that this differential has not been effective. To verify it, we conducted a case study focused on two units of the University of São Paulo, both located in countryside. Analyzed the presence and electronic (reverse auctions) bidding procedures. The comparative analysis was still supplemented by a questionnaire given to civil servants of the procurement area of various units of this University. The result obtained in this paper shows that the effect of promoting regional development has not been achieved in both cases studied. It concludes that we must go a long way in the discussion about the use of governmental purchasing power as a potential inducer of regional development, which invariably suffers from legal changes. It’s also necessary to adopt complementary public policies. / Esta dissertação aborda a questão das licitações e como elas podem ser usadas como instrumento de política pública de desenvolvimento regional. As licitações do estado de São Paulo são orientadas sob uma política pública que exige procedimentos licitatórios que considerem a descentralização territorial. O decreto que regulamenta tal política tem como principal enfoque o tratamento simplificado e favorecido a micro e pequenas empresas, sendo que o aspecto da descentralização inova em relação à legislação federal que aborda o assunto. O fenômeno descentralizador pode contribuir para o aumento da quantidade de empresas vencedoras pertencentes a uma determinada região na qual ocorrem às licitações, podendo desta forma produzir 'crescimento econômico regional'. Contudo, adota-se aqui a hipótese de que esse diferencial não tem surtido efeito. Para verificar tal hipótese, realizou-se um estudo de caso centrado em duas unidades da Universidade de São Paulo, ambas localizadas no interior do estado. Foram analisadas as licitações realizadas de maneira presencial e eletrônica (pregões). A análise comparativa ainda foi complementada por um questionário submetido aos servidores da área de licitação das diversas unidades desta Universidade. O resultado obtido neste trabalho indica que o efeito de promoção do desenvolvimento regional não ocorreu em ambos os casos estudados. Conclui-se, ainda, que é preciso avançar muito na discussão acerca da utilização do poder de compra do Estado como potencial indutor de desenvolvimento regional. Esta atuação estatal invariavelmente deverá sofrer mudanças legais, sendo necessária, também, a adoção de outras políticas públicas complementares.