Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A comunicação de riscos vem se tornando uma atividade indispensável à formação de uma opinião pública que avalie de uma forma racional e equilibrada a construção de novas centrais nucleares em países que utilizam ou pretendam utilizar esta tecnologia. Favorecidos pela tradição de considerar que a ciência é suficiente para convencer qualquer cidadão ao provar o domínio sobre o processo, as organizações nucleares organizam-se para tal empreendimento dando preferência às explicações técnicas, às minuciosidades relacionadas ao risco destas instalações. Entre os cidadãos comuns, no entanto, a percepção do risco é subjetiva e, portanto não é nivelada com a percepção que tais esforços de comunicação de risco tentam propor. Algumas vezes tal percepção é subestimada e, mais frequentemente, exagerada. A maximização ou até a extrapolação desta da percepção de risco é incentivada pela mídia sensacionalista e movimentos de defesa do meio ambiente. Este trabalho estuda a percepção e a considera como relevante neste esforço de promover a aceitação das usinas termonucleares propondo abandonar o discurso tradicional de riscos e aumentar os esforços em comunicar benefícios, de forma similar à propostas de marketing para produtos, serviços ou, como neste caso, a venda de uma idéia. Há uma revisão bibliográfica de conceitos de risco, de comunicação de riscos e de marketing. Em seguida, um estudo prático com base em centenas de entrevistas com estudantes de diversos níveis da região metropolitana da grande São Paulo. O estudo traz importantes informações sobre a forma como tais pessoas percebem as usinas termonucleares, seus benefícios e quais os atores que as influenciam positiva ou negativamente neste processo. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram identificadas a freqüência de pautas negativas e positivas sobre a questão nuclear na mídia impressa. A complexidade do tema é um fato, por isso, optamos por um estudo de caso que pudesse ilustrar a discussão teórica presente nesta pesquisa. Assim, pela presença constante na imprensa nacional e estrangeira, optamos, como estudo de caso, pela cobertura da imprensa sobre a energia nuclear após o lançamento do quarto relatório do IPCC, em fevereiro de 2007. O período da análise é de fevereiro de 2007, data de divulgação do relatório, até fevereiro de 2008, perfazendo um ano de estudo da cobertura jornalística. A pesquisa foi centrada nos veículos impressos, uma vez que há diferenças significativas entre as mídias impressa, televisiva, radiofônica e on-line que impedem o uso da mesma referência bibliográfica. Neste estudo foi coletado material jornalístico envolvendo a energia nuclear e verificou-se o discurso predominante dos veículos de comunicação e das fontes de informação. Notou-se uma predominância de reportagens positivas sobre o tema, devido principalmente ao peso do discurso favorável das autoridades, citadas com frequência neste estudo. É notório o enfoque quase sempre negativo assumido pelas ONGs em geral no trato desta questão. Também é importante salientar que todos os veículos de informação rastreados mesclaram reportagens positivas e negativas sobre o tema; e houve evidências de discurso hegemônico por parte das fontes oficiais. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

A partir do enunciado Conserve fora do alcance das crianças, delimitada ao produto, e do uso de caracteres infantis, delimitado à propaganda, resolveu-se investigar, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, a possível desconstrução da percepção de risco de mães expostas às propagandas de produtos saneantes domissanitários (produtos de limpeza) que utilizam personagens animados. Para isso, foram entrevistadas mães com filhos entre 1 e 5 anos de idade, faixa etária em que mais ocorrem acidentes domésticos, com o objetivo de conhecer seu cotidiano relacionado aos produtos de limpeza e suas percepções acerca de três filmes publicitários de desinfetantes com diferentes níveis de utilização de animação infantil. Exploram-se de forma interdisciplinar os aportes teóricos da comunicação, da publicidade e da psicologia social. Além disso, considerações acerca de risco, de saúde pública e de regulação foram empreendidas. Por tratar-se de um tema pouco estudado na área de Ciências da Comunicação, constatou-se que a comunicação de risco merece estudos para tornar as informações e advertências mais eficazes. Por meio da regulação discutida e definida pelos órgãos competentes, a publicidade, somada às diversas instâncias que compõem a esfera social, pode ser utilizada para influenciar os indivíduos, advertindo sobre o uso dos produtos anunciados, de forma a contribuir com a sociedade e seus órgãos na prevenção de acidentes. / From the statement Keep out of reach of children, limited to the product, and use of children\'s characters, limited to publicity, we decided to investigate, through qualitative research, the possible deconstruction of the perceived risk to mothers exposed to advertisements of cleaning products that use animated characters. For this, we interviewed mothers with children between 1 and 5 years old, age when most home accidents occur, with the objective to know related to your everyday cleaning products and their perceptions about three disinfectants advertising films with different levels in use of animation. It explores the contributions to interdisciplinary theoretical form of communication, advertising and social psychology. Furthermore, considerations about risk, public health and regulation were undertaken. As this is a little studied subject in the Communication Sciences field, we found that risk communication studies deserves to make more effective information and warnings. Through regulation discussed and defined by the competent bodies, advertising, plus the various bodies that comprise the social sphere can be used to influence individuals, warning about use of advertised products in order to contribute to society and its organs in preventing accidents.

O presente trabalho objetiva refletir sobre a comunicação da área nuclear no Brasil na perspectiva dos profissionais responsáveis por realizá-la. Dado que a comunicação do setor acontece no âmbito público e trata de temáticas associadas a risco, ela é investigada na óptica da comunicação pública e da comunicação de risco, sobre o que também reflete este trabalho, além de lidar com os elementos da cultura brasileira presentes no processo comunicacional. Nesse contexto, observou-se a presença de mitos da comunicação de risco e o alinhamento da percepção por parte das organizações com as políticas de comunicação eficaz de risco específicas da área nuclear. O método do estudo realizado é caracterizado por ser de tipo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, com coleta de dados primários, feita por meio de entrevista com escolha de amostra não-probabilística e com análise de conteúdo categorial. Entrevistaram-se oito profissionais sêniores das áreas técnica, de gestão e de comunicação de três organizações da área nuclear - CNEN, Eletronuclear e IPEN - entre outubro de 2015 e março de 2016, presencialmente e por telefone. Como resultados principais, foram encontrados a pluralidade de conceitos de risco para os diferentes entrevistados, bem como de públicos identificados como estratégicos para o estabelecimento ou estreitamento de relacionamento por parte das organizações e a diversidade de porta-vozes apontados como ideais responsáveis pela comunicação. Houve apontamentos tanto na direção de uma comunicação dialógica, ideal, quanto unidirecional, de transmissão de mensagens cunhadas pelas organizações para assimilação por parte do público, apesar das constantes referências a transparência e clareza. A presença do mito da comunicação de risco de que a área trata de assuntos muito complexos para o entendimento do público e do traço cultural do brasileiro de postura de espectador também foi marcante, tal qual a percepção de que a aceitação pública da energia nuclear é uma das principais barreiras para a comunicação com a sociedade, que segue com medo desta área ainda desconhecida. Com esses resultados, visa-se a contribuir com o Brasil no apoio aos agentes públicos do setor na tomada de decisão em relação ao estabelecimento de estratégias e planos de comunicação para o melhor relacionamento com os diferentes segmentos da sociedade brasileira. / This study aims to reflect on the communication held by the nuclear sector in Brazil in the perspective of the professionals responsible for it. As the industry\'s communication takes place in the public environment and deals with issues associated with risk, it is investigated from the viewpoint of public communication and risk communication, on which also reflects this work, in addition to dealing with the elements of the Brazilian culture present in the process. In this context, there was observed the presence of risk communication myths and the alignment of perception by organizations with the effective risk communication policies specifically designed for the nuclear field. The research method is characterized by being descriptive, with qualitative approach, with collection of primary data made through interviews with non-probability sampling and categorical content analysis. There were interviewed eight senior technical, management and communication professionals of three organizations in the nuclear field - CNEN, Eletronuclear and IPEN - between October 2015 and March 2016, in person and by phone. The main results found were the plurality of concepts of risk for different respondents, as well as several audiences identified as strategic for the establishment or strengthening of relationship by organizations and the diversity of spokespersons pointed out as ideally responsible for communicating. There were notes both toward a dialogic communication, ideal, and the unidirectional transmission of messages created by organizations for the public´s assimilation, despite constant references made to transparency and clarity. The presence of the risk communication myth that states the field deals with issues which are too complex for public understanding and the cultural trait which focuses on the viewer posture of Brazilians in the interviews was also striking, as is the perception that the lack of public acceptance of nuclear energy is the main barrier to communication with society, who is afraid of this still unknown field. With these results, the aim is to contribute to Brazil in supporting public sector agents in decision-making in relation to the establishment of strategies and communication plans for improving the relationship with the different segments of Brazilian society.

Este trabalho aborda como é estruturada a comunicação nos processos de gestão de risco corporativo para identificar como é realizado o alinhamento das informações e percepções sobre riscos entre a gestão, conselho de administração e demais públicos interessados. Foi realizada revisão da literatura sobre Governança Corporativa, Gestão de Riscos, Gestão de Riscos Corporativos e Comunicação sobre riscos. Devido à escassez de estudos relacionados ao tema esta pesquisa possui caráter exploratório e foi utilizado o método de estudo de caso. Devido às limitações do método utilizado, as principais contribuições da pesquisa são evidências que apontam para o papel da gestão de risco corporativo como complementar à gestão de risco em silos, para a parceria entre especialistas e não especialistas em gestão de risco como fator que influencia na qualidade dos processos e da comunicação sobre riscos, bem como possíveis fatores que influenciam na formação e manutenção desta relação de parceria, além de evidências da presença de pessoas com experiência em gestão de riscos e nas atividades da empresa como possível fator que afetar a relação entre especialistas e não especialistas em gestão de riscos e a qualidade dos processos de gestão de risco. / This paper discusses how communication in enterprise risk management is structured to identify how managers, board member and other stakeholders align information and perceptions about risks. The literature review covers Corporate Governance, Risk Management, Enterprise Risk Management and Communication about risks. Due to the limitations of the method used in this research the main contributions are evidences pointing to the role of corporate risk management as complementary to the risk management silo approach, the partnership between specialists and non specialists in risk management as a factor that influences quality of processes and communication about risks and factors that might influence the formation and maintenance of this partnership relationship as well evidences of the presence of people with experience in risk management and the company\'s activities as a possible factor affecting the relationship between experts and nonexperts in risk management and the quality of risk management processes.

The spread of influenza A subtype H5N1 has recently heightened pandemic concern and preparedness for a pandemic influenza virus has become a global priority. Research in risk communication emphasizes the importance of providing the recipients with information they need to make informed independent judgments. This entails understanding how these judgments are made, and what kind of information that serves this purpose. Decisions have been examined in a wide variety of scientific disciplines and produced several interesting methods and models to understand judgment and decisions. These methods and models were investigated and compared with regard to their fit to these conditions. The work in this thesis was oriented toward three main questions. The first question was how to find out how people would react during an emergency. The second question was what kind of research in decision theory could explain and be used to predict these results. The third question was whether a mental model of the threat of pandemic influenza can be described, and what is its implication on risk communication. A mental model approach to explore risk communications was used with qualitative interviews with health care workers in Östergötland, Sweden. The transcripts were analyzed according to methods drawn from mental models research and risk communication to extract influence diagrams. These influence diagrams serves as an abstract representation of the respondents’ mental model of the threat of pandemic influenza. This influence diagram was compared to a corresponding expert mental model developed from literature and interviews with influenza experts. The mental models approach has been shown to provide a description of comprehension with several benefits. One benefit is that the method is a relatively easy way to gather notions in the target population which can be used for drafting risk information. Another benefit is that the existing notions and sense of causal patterns can be described, instead of merely memorized facts. The comparison between the mental models of health care workers and influenza experts revealed both functional and destructive misconceptions. Unrelated information received by the respondents was also shown to be linked together in a way that is in conflict with expert knowledge. This tendency to create causal connections in order to organize knowledge may be important to consider in risk communication.

There is an escalation of HIV and AIDS among the youth in South Africa and other developing countries. Research on HIV and AIDS risk factors has tended to focus more on poverty, gender, race, illiteracy, and violence than personality factors that could influence an individual` s health-protective behaviour. Previous studies have also shown that wealth, education, race, and gender may not make an individual more or less vulnerable to HIV infection. This study argued that locus of control could influence an individual` s health-protective behaviour and that external locus of control could be a risk factor in HIV and AIDS risk reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a locus of control-based training programme in reducing HIV and AIDS risk among university students. The locus of control-based variables that formed the training programme for HIV and AIDS risk reduction among university students were: social systems control, self-control, fatalism, achievement-oriented behaviour, deferment of gratification, personal values and expectancies, and social alienation. These locus of control-based variables were regarded as contexts in which individuals could exhibit health risk behaviours. A sample of 257 first-year university students participated in the study. There were (N = 170) female participants and (N = 87) male participants drawn from the University of the Witwatersrand. The study was a pretest-posttest repeated measures design. Data were analysed using t tests, correlations, multiple regression, structural equation modelling, and repeated measures tests. The results of this study showed significant differences in health risks between participants with an external locus of control and participants with an internal locus of control. There was a significant relationship between locus of control-based variables and HIV and AIDS risk. The locus of control-based training programme significantly modified personality and significantly reduced locus of control-based health risks and HIV and AIDS risk. Directions for future research on locus of control, health risks, and HIV and AIDS risk could focus on the development and implementation of various locus of control-based training programmes in South Africa. Locus of control should be targeted as a health risk factor in HIV and AIDS risk reduction training programmes.

Effective risk communication is essential in the field of health to ensure patients understand the information being presented to them by medical professionals and appreciate the level of risk involved in treatments. Cardiovascular disease, being the leading cause of death worldwide, is relevant to consider when examining risk communication in a health setting. Those afflicted with cardiovascular ailments are both high in number and exposed to information communicating risk. This research aims to identify presentation formats that are more effective communicating risk information to recovering cardiovascular patients at the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. The formats’ effectiveness is measured by gauging the population’s understanding of the material and perception of the information as it relates to risk and motivation. The research draws on Max Weber’s concept of rationality and subsequent scholars who developed social judgment theory, the heuristic-systematic model, expected utility theory, protection motivation theory, and the extended parallel process model. Utilizing an experimental research design, risk information handouts and questionnaires are distributed to, and completed by, a stratified sample of cardiovascular disease patients. Effective presentation formats are examined, and the results identify comparatively effective presentation formats for minimizing and maximizing risk perception. The results also identify presentation formats’ impact on a patient’s level of motivation to avoid / indulge in behaviours that may maximize or minimize risk. The results, synthesized herein, suggest a model (communicative cardiovascular physician-patient model of message preparation-perception), which may contribute to the effectiveness of risk communication between physicians and cardiovascular disease patients.

This research provides the first experimental investigation of the ways in which ideological and relational motives influence interpersonal risk communication. Drawing on the literatures in social and cognitive psychology, risk communication, and environmental decision making, this research examined whether individuals expressing concerns about tradeoffs between climate change adaptation and prevention were less likely to share climate change information with others if the information discussed adaptation policies. Participants were presented with an article about climate change framed as either relating to adaptation or prevention. Their willingness to share the article with others was measured, as well as their appraisals of how they thought others would respond to the message (e.g., increase or decrease their environmental behavior) and how others would evaluate oneself for sharing the message. Concerns about tradeoffs and sensitivity to social rejection were measured prior to the experimental procedure. Results yielded partial support for the hypotheses, with concern about tradeoffs negatively influencing attitudes toward sharing of the adaptation-related article. Hypothesized interaction effects with concerns about social rejection were not supported. Exploratory analyses revealed that the perception that others in one’s social network holds similar or dissimilar views to oneself about climate change emerged as an important moderator of the effects of concern about tradeoffs on sharing intentions. Limitations and future directions for research on interpersonal risk communication are discussed.

The advent of the Internet has led to vastly increased levels of data accessibility to both users and would-be attackers. The privacy paradox is an established phenomenon wherein users express concern about resultant security and privacy threats to their data, but nevertheless fail to enact the host of protective measures that have steadily become available. The precise nature of this phenomenon, however, is not a settled matter. Fortunately, risk communication theory, a discipline devoted to understanding the factors involved in risk-oriented decision-making and founded in years of empirical research in public health and disaster awareness domains, presents an opportunity to seek greater insight into this problem. In this dissertation, we explore the application of principles and techniques from risk communication theory to the question of factors in the grassroots adoption of secure communication technologies. First, we apply a fundamental first-step technique in risk communication—mental modeling—toward understanding users' perceptions of the structure, function, and utility of encryption in day-to-day life. Second, we apply principles of risk communication to system design by redesigning the authentication ceremony and its associated messaging in the Signal secure messaging application. Third, we evaluate the applicability of a core decision-making theory—protection motivation theory—toward the problem of secure email adoption, and then use this framework to describe the relative impact of various factors on secure email adoption. Finally, we evaluate perceptions of risk and response with respect to the adoption of secure email features in email scenarios of varying sensitivity levels. Our work identifies positive outcomes with respect to the impact that risk messaging has on feature adoption, and mixed results with respect to comprehension. We highlight obstacles to users' mental interactions with encryption, but offer recommendations for progress in the adoption of encryption. We further demonstrate that protection motivation theory, a core behavioral theory underlying many risk communication approaches, has the ability to explain the factors involved in users' decisions to adopt or not adopt in a way that can at least partially explain the privacy paradox phenomenon. In general, we find that the application of even basic principles and techniques from risk communication theory do indeed produce favorable research outcomes when applied to this domain.