La preservación digital es una disciplina emergente en la gestión de archivos y bibliotecas digitales. El presente trabajo de tesis propone el diseño de un modelo de preservación digital aplicable a una institución sanitaria que tanto puede ser pública como privada. En el caso que nos ocupa, la conceptualización de dicho modelo está orientada a una organización que preserve historias clínicas electrónicas, escenario en el cual no existe un modelo. Su diseño está fundamentado en una modificación y adaptación del modelo Open Archival Infomation Systems (OAIS), ampliamente extendido en bibliotecas nacionales e instituciones internacionales. A través de todo el proyecto de investigación se describe cómo se realiza el diseño conceptual mediante la articulación de procesos de auditorías reconocidas de seguridad informática como el Esquema Nacional de Seguridad, análisis de la preservación digital como TRAC (ISO 16363:2012) y análisis de riesgos, MAGERIT a través del programa PILAR (v 5.1.3), en el contexto de instituciones sanitarias. Los datos se han obtenido de forma cualitativa mediante dos tipos de cuestionarios. El cuestionario preliminar pretende saber el estado respecto de los archivos digitales en entidades sanitarias y formatos digitales tratados. El cuestionario de auditoría es un cuestionario de 25 preguntas, cada una de ellas con varios apartados, donde se cruzan indicadores tanto de TRAC como del Esquema Nacional de Seguridad con el fin de analizar la seguridad informática y las necesidades de preservación digital de las entidades sanitarias participantes. Una vez obtenidos los datos se ha procedido al diseño conceptual del modelo, obteniendo un modelo reducido del modelo OAIS (ISO 14271:2003). En la reducción de este modelo de conservación digital, se han eliminado partes que son redundantes en el entorno sanitario analizado. El resultado del trabajo es un modelo conceptual que permite su aplicación directa en problemas relacionados con la gestión de archivos digitales en instituciones de custodia con escasez de medios, en un escenario realista. / Digital preservation is an emerging discipline in managing of archives and digital libraries. This dissertation proposes the design of a digital preservation model applicable to a health care institution that can be both public and private. In the present case, the conceptualization of this model is aimed at an organization that preserves electronic health records, scenario in which there is no model. Its design is based on the modification and adaptation of Open Archival Infomation Systems (OAIS) model, widespread in national libraries and institutions. Throughout the research project it is described how to perform the conceptual design by articulating processes such recognized computer security audits as the Spanish Esquema Nacional de Seguridad, analysis of digital preservation as TRAC (ISO 16363:2012) and risks analysis, through the program MAGERIT PILAR (v 5.1.3), in the context of health institutions. The data were obtained qualitatively using two types of surveys. The preliminary survey aims to find out the status on digital formats that healthcare organizations treaties. The audit survey is a questionnaire with 25 questions, each with several sections, where both indicators, TRAC and the Esquema Nacional de Seguridad are crossed in order to analyze the computer security and digital preservation needs of the healthcare organizations participants. Once the data collected it has been carried out to the design of the conceptual model, obtaining a reduced version of the OAIS model (ISO 14271:2003). In this model, redundant parts have been eliminated on the tested healthcare environment. The result of this work is a conceptual model that allows direct application to problems related to the management of digital archives in custodial institutions with limited resources, into a realistic scenario.

<p>Air pollution and a general concern for lack of physical activity in North America have motivated governments to encourage non-motorized modes of transportation. A key infrastructure component for these forms of transportation is sidewalks. The City of Saskatoon has identified the need to formalize sidewalk management policies to demonstrate diligence for community protection regarding sidewalk safety. Prioritization of sidewalk maintenance and rehabilitation actions must be objective and minimize risk to the community. Most research on prioritization of pedestrian facilities involved new construction projects. This research proposes a decision model that prioritizes a given list of existing unsafe sidewalk locations needing maintenance or rehabilitation using a direct measure of pedestrian safety, namely, quality-adjusted life years lost per year. </p><p>A decision model was developed for prioritizing a given list of unsafe sidewalk locations, aiding maintenance and rehabilitation decisions by providing the associated risk to pedestrian safety. The model used data mostly from high quality sources that had already been collected and validated. Probabilities and estimations were used to produce value-added decision policy.</p> <p>The decision analysis framework applied probability and multi-attribute utility theories. This study differed from other research due to the inclusion of age and gender groups. Total average daily population of the city was estimated. This population was distributed to sidewalk locations using probabilities for trip purposes and a locations ability to attract people relative to the city total. Then trip injury events were predicted. Age and gender distribution and trip injury type estimations were used to determine the impact of those injuries on quality of life.</p><p>There exist much observable high quality data that can be used as indicators of unknown or unobserved events. A decision policy was developed that prioritizes unsafe sidewalk locations based on the direct safety impact on pedestrians. Results showed that quality-adjusted life years lost per year sufficiently prioritized a given list of unsafe sidewalk locations. It was demonstrated that the use of conditional probabilities (n=594) allowed for the ability to abstract data representing a different source population to another. Average daily population confined and distributed within the city boundary minimized problems of accuracy. Gender-age distribution was important for differentiating the risk at unsafe sidewalk locations. Concepts from this research provide for possible extension to the development of sidewalk service levels and sidewalk priority maps and for risk assessment of other public services.</p>

In this study, a risk management methodology for the business development phase of a Turkish defense industry firm&rsquo / s projects is proposed. The proposed method is based on the contemporary risk management practices and offers the integration of risk management process on top of existing project management processes in the business development phase, besides being cost effective and applicable. The method suggests a format for a risk management plan with two new sections, results, and compliancy. Furthermore, the method suggests the development of risk response plans prior to the implementation of quantitative risk analysis contrary to the applications in the literature, in order to reduce the size and the complexity of data to be analyzed. The method proposed also benefits from software tools that are easy to use and compatible with the existing project management practices executed in the firm. The method also aims to lead the construction of necessary risk databases that are specific to projects of the firm. The method also discusses the risk management framework under the scope of organizational aspects and decisions. Furthermore, a sample project of the firm is evaluated both with the current method and with the proposed method in order to put forward the advantages of the proposed system over the existing risk management practices of the firm.

<p>Huruvida män och kvinnors attityd skiljer sig åt när det kommer till risk är ett ämne som det bedrivits mycket forskning kring. Dock var det först med de indivuella premiepen-sionsvalen som det för första gången kunde undersökas från ett rättvisande urval, eftersom hela befolkningen valde och gjorde så under samma period samt med samma bakgrunds information. Med implementeringen av detta nya system kom alltså en möjlighet för varje individ att själv påverka sin pension genom de indivudella valen. Informationen som varje individ erhöll innan valen innehöll risken associerad med varje fond samt fondens ursprung, dessa två variabler testas i uppsatsens empiriska analys. Följaktligen är syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka ifall kvinnor är mindre riskbenägna än män med premiepensionsvalen som analys. Resultaten visar att det inte finns några statistiska bevis som indikerar att kvinnor är mindre riskbenägna än män när det kommer till pensionsplaceringsbeslut. Dock har fondens ursprung en större inverkan på kvinnor än den har på män. Eftersom kvinnor visar en tendens att vara mer benägna att investera i Svenska fonder. Detta kan dock påverkas av faktorer som t.ex. vilken sektor man är anställd i. De erhållna resultaten gör att jag kan instämma med tidigare forskning som hävdar att det inte finns bevis som indikerar att kvinnor är mindre riskbe-nägna än män.</p> / <p>The subject of men and womens attitude difference towards risk has been thoroughly dis-cussed in previous research. However, with the individual allocation choices came an op-portunity to study this subject and to draw conclusions from a fair and representative sample for the first time. The reason is that the entire population choose and did so at ap-proximately the same time, and were given access to the same information prior to choos-ing. With this new system came therefore the opportunity for each individual to invest a portion of their pension. The information, distributed to each individual prior to choosing, contained the risk index and also the origin of the fund and these variables are tested in the empirical analysis in the thesis. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether women are more risk averse than men, using the individual allocation choice as analysis. The results indicated no difference between men and women indicating that there is no statistical evidence that women are more risk averse than men when it comes to individual financial decisions. However the origin of the fund has a larger impact on women in the sense that they have a tendency to be more home biased than men. However, the home biasedness seems to be a variable highly affected by e.g. place of employment. With the obtained result I can concur with previous researches that claim that women are not more risk averse than men.</p>

<p>Safety is an important topic for a wide range of disciplines, such as engineering, economics, sociology, psychology, political science and philosophy, and plays a central role in risk analysis and risk management. The aim of this thesis is to develop a concept of safety that is relevant for decision-making, and to elucidate its consequences for risk and safety research and practices.</p><p>Essay I provides a conceptual analysis of safety in the context of societal decision-making, focusing on some fundamental distinctions and aspects, and argues for a more complex notion than what is commonly given. This concept of safety explicitly includes epistemic uncertainty, the degree to which we are uncertain of our knowledge of the situation at hand. It is discussed the extent to which such a concept may be considered an objective concept, and concluded that it is better seen as an intersubjective concept. Some formal versions of a comparative safety concept are also proposed.</p><p>Essay II explores some consequences of epistemic uncertainty. It is commonly claimed that the public is irrational in its acceptance of risks. An underlying presumption in such a claim is that the public should follow the experts’ advice in recommending an activity whenever the experts have better knowledge of the risk involved. This position is criticised based on considerations from epistemic uncertainty and the goal of safety. Furthermore, it is shown that the scope of the objection covers the entire field of risk research, risk assessment as well as risk management.</p><p>Essay III analyses the role of epistemic uncertainty for principles of achieving safety in an engineering context. The aim is to show that to account for common engineering principles we need the understanding of safety that has been argued for in Essays I-II. Several important principles in engineering safety are analysed, and it is argued that we cannot fully account for them on a narrow interpretation of safety as the reduction of risk (understanding risk as the combination of probability and severity of harm). An adequate concept of safety must include not only the reduction of risk but also the reduction of uncertainty.</p>

The negative effects of hazardous substances and possible measures that can be taken are evaluated in the environmental risk analysis process, consisting of risk assessment, risk communication and risk management. Uncertainty due to lack of knowledge and natural variability are always present in this process. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate some tools as well as discuss the management of uncertainty and variability, as it is necessary to treat them both in a reliable and transparent way to gain regulatory acceptance in decision making. The catalytic effects of various metals on the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds during the heating of fly ash were investigated (paper I). Copper showed a positive catalytic effect, while cobalt, chromium and vanadium showed a catalytic effect for degradation. Knowledge of the catalytic effects may facilitate the choice and design of combustion processes to decrease emissions, but it also provides valuable information to identify and characterize the hazard. Exposure factors of importance in risk assessment (physiological parameters, time use factors and food consumption) were collected and evaluated (paper II). Interindividual variability was characterized by mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis and multiple percentiles, while uncertainty in these parameters was estimated with confidence intervals. How these statistical parameters can be applied was shown in two exposure assessments (papers III and IV). Probability bounds analysis was used as a probabilistic approach, which enables separate propagation of uncertainty and variability even in cases where the availability of data is limited. In paper III it was determined that the exposure cannot be expected to cause any negative health effects for recreational users of a public bathing place. Paper IV concluded that the uncertainty interval in the estimated exposure increased when accounting for possible changes in climate-sensitive model variables. Risk managers often need to rely on precaution and an increased uncertainty may therefore have implications for risk management decisions. Paper V focuses on risk management and a questionnaire was sent to employees at all Swedish County Administrative Boards working with contaminated land. It was concluded that the gender, age and work experience of the employees, as well as the funding source of the risk assessment, all have an impact on the reviewing of risk assessments. Gender was the most significant factor, and it also affected the perception of knowledge. / Negativa effekter orsakade av skadliga ämnen och möjliga åtgärder bedöms och utvärderas i en miljöriskanalys, som kan delas i riskbedömning, riskkommunikation och riskhantering. Osäkerhet som beror på kunskapsbrist samt naturlig variabilitet finns alltid närvarande i denna process. Syftet med avhandlingen är att utvärdera några tillvägagångssätt samt diskutera hur osäkerhet och variabilitet hanteras då det är nödvändigt att båda hanteras trovärdigt och transparent för att riskbedömningen ska vara användbar för beslutsfattande. Metallers katalytiska effekt på bildning av klorerade aromatiska ämnen under upphettning av flygaska undersöktes (artikel I). Koppar visade en positiv katalytisk effekt medan kobolt, krom och vanadin istället katalyserade nedbrytningen. Kunskap om katalytisk potential för bildning av skadliga ämnen är viktigt vid val och design av förbränningsprocesser för att minska utsläppen, men det är också ett exempel på hur en fara kan identifieras och karaktäriseras. Information om exponeringsfaktorer som är viktiga i riskbedömning (fysiologiska parametrar, tidsanvändning och livsmedelskonsumtion) samlades in och analyserades (artikel II). Interindividuell variabilitet karaktäriserades av medel, standardavvikelse, skevhet, kurtosis (toppighet) och multipla percentiler medan osäkerhet i dessa parametrar skattades med konfidensintervall. Hur dessa statistiska parametrar kan tillämpas i exponeringsbedömningar visas i artikel III och IV. Probability bounds analysis användes som probabilistisk metod, vilket gör det möjligt att separera osäkerhet och variabilitet i bedömningen även när tillgången på data är begränsad. Exponeringsbedömningen i artikel III visade att vid nu rådande föroreningshalter i sediment i en badsjö så medför inte bad någon hälsofara. I artikel IV visades att osäkerhetsintervallet i den skattade exponeringen ökar när hänsyn tas till förändringar i klimatkänsliga modellvariabler. Riskhanterare måste ta hänsyn till försiktighetsprincipen och en ökad osäkerhet kan därmed få konsekvenser för riskhanteringsbesluten. Artikel V fokuserar på riskhantering och en enkät skickades till alla anställda som arbetar med förorenad mark på länsstyrelserna i Sverige. Det konstaterades att anställdas kön, ålder och erfarenhet har en inverkan på granskningsprocessen av riskbedömningar. Kön var den mest signifikanta variabeln, vilken också påverkade perceptionen av kunskap. Skillnader i de anställdas svar kunde också ses beroende på om riskbedömningen finansierades av statliga bidrag eller av en ansvarig verksamhetsutövare.

The main purpose of the Final work is to analyse and evaluate the public transport, its information system problems, the necessity of its instillation and objects, the experience of the foreign countries in the public transport information system. The Final work investigates general problems of communication in Lithuania, public transport system in three biggest cities of Lithuania, public transport system in Europe, existing public transport information systems and offers for information system instillation. The Final work explores the risk of information systems and e-ticket instillation in public transport, its results and benefits. Analyses the risk of the information system and e-ticket instillation, estimates its instillation possibilities. When estimated the analysis of the public transport in Vilnius, the paper work provides recommendations and preconditions for public transport improvements and its information system instillation. Follow on the analysis of the present public transport system and the practice in the foreign countries, the conclusions and the recommendations of the Final work are provided.

No description available.

The occurrence of two recent major earthquakes, 17 August 1999 Mw = 7.4 Izmit and 12 November 1999 Mw = 7.1 D&uuml / zce, in Turkey prompted seismologists and geologists to conduct studies to predict magnitude and location of a potential earthquake that can cause substantial damage in Istanbul. Many scenarios are available about the extent and size of the earthquake. Moreover, studies have recommended rough estimates of risk areas throughout the city to trigger responsible authorities to take precautions to reduce the casualties and loss for the earthquake expected. Most of these studies, however, adopt available procedure by modifying them for the building stock peculiar to Turkey. The assumptions and modifications made are too crude and thus are believed to introduce significant deviations from the actual case. To minimize these errors and use specific damage functions and capacity curves that reflect the practice in Turkey, a study was undertaken to predict damage pattern and distribution in Istanbul for a scenario earthquake proposed by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The success of these studies strongly depends on the quality and validity of building inventory and site property data. Building damage functions and capacity curves developed from the studies conducted in Middle East Technical University are used. A number of proper attenuation relations are employed. The study focuses mainly on developing a software to carry out all computations and present results. The results of this study reveal a more reliable picture of the physical seismic damage distribution expected in Istanbul.

Orientador: Adriano Mauro Cansian / Banca: Luciana Andréia Fondazzi Martimiano / Banca: José Márcio Machado / Resumo: A Análise de Risco incorpora a avaliação do risco e seu gerenciamento, isto é, ela combina processos sistemáticos para a identificação do risco e suas consequências, e como lidar ou tratar estes riscos. Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma Assinatura de Risco, suportada pelo sistema AISF - ACME! Intrusion Signature Format [SIL, 2002], voltada estritamente à segurança da informação e adequada de acordo com os padrões das normas ISO/IEC 17799 [ISO, 2005], ISO/IEC 27001 [ISO, 2006] e ISO/IEC 27002 [ISO, 2007]. O desenvolvimento desta assinatura está ligado à frente de pesquisa sobre Análise de Risco em sistemas computacionais e representa algo inédito na literatura, uma padronização para Análise de Risco. Com isso, o processo de armazenamento e análise de informação a respeito da Análise de Risco tornar-se mais simples e padronizado. / Abstract: Risk analysis includes a risk assessment and management, that is, it combines systematic procedures for risk identification and its consequences, and how to deal and mitigate these risks. This dissertation presents the Signature Risk development, supported by AISF - ACME! Intrusion Signature Format [SIL, 2002] system, dedicated strictly to information security and appropriate under the standards of ISO/IEC 17799 [ISO, 2005], ISO/IEC 27001 [ISO, 2006] and ISO/IEC 27002 [ISO, 2007]. This signature development is linked with computer systems risk analysis research and represent something unprecedented in literature, a standard for risk analysis. Therefore, the storing and analyzing process of information about risk analysis become more simple and standardized. / Mestre