Aim of the thesis is evaluation of road network as an integral part of common facilities plan. To get the results I chose two cadastral areas situated at different altitudes in which I examined behaviour of road network based on other common facilities. Basically it was a survey on how the road network in each territory adjoins the elements of Territorial System of Ecological Stability that helps reduce erosion vulnerability and whether it can improve the water situation in the territory. Results are given in the sub-tables that describe the road network in interaction with other common facilities conducted before and after Comprehensive Landscaping. These tables are supplemented by a recommendation which might ensure greater efficiency in the future. Sub-tables also indicate the approach of designers when designing road networks in typologically different territories. All results are graphically presented both in the text and in the annexes.

Die Straßenunterhaltung stellt in Deutschland Bund, Länder, Landkreise und Gemeinden vor eine finanzielle Herausforderung, die es zu lösen gilt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet dazu Landkreisen und Gemeinden eine Methode, Straßenunterhaltungskosten langfristig zu senken. Die Methode ist dabei auf einen Straßenkomplettrückbau ausgelegt. Zur Identifizierung rückbaugeeigneter Straßen werden quantitative und qualitative Kriterien vorgestellt. Zu den quantitativen Kriterien zählen die Ver-gleichsgrößen: Mehraufwandsleistung und der Mehraufwand X-Wert. Als Mehraufwand wird die zusätzliche Reisezeit bezeichnet, die ohne die Straße bewältigt werden müsste. Die Mehraufwands-leistung gibt die Mehraufwände aller Nutzer einer Straße pro Tag wieder. Je höher die Verkehrsmenge einer Straße, desto höher ist die Mehraufwandsleistung. Der Mehraufwand X-Wert beschreibt den Mehraufwand pro Person eines Ortes. Zur Bestimmung der Wichtigkeit einer Straße werden beide Größen gewichtet zusammengefasst. Zur Berechnung der Vergleichsgrößen wurden im Vorfeld Ent-scheidungen getroffen, so besteht der Mehraufwand nur aus der Fahrzeit. Die Fahrzeit wird für lokal begrenzte Verbindungen wie dem täglichen Einkauf, Erledigungen, Bildung, innerwöchentliche Frei-zeitaktivitäten und Begleitwegen ermittelt, die ungefähr innerhalb eines 30-km-Radius erreichbar sind, sowie für Arbeitswege mit Fahrzeiten bis 1:45 Stunden. Wirtschaftsverkehr wird nicht berechnet. Die Routen der betrachteten Verbindungen werden für den motorisierten Verkehr, den nichtmotorisierten Verkehr und den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr berechnet. Zur Routenermittlung werden Quelle-Ziel-Beziehungen genutzt, deren Routen über Straßen verlaufen, die für das jeweilige Verkehrsmittel zugelassen sind und die Verkehrsmenge aufnehmen können. Eine flexible Zielwahl wird berücksichtigt. Für Straßen mit geringer Wichtigkeit wird anhand der qualitativen Kriterien geprüft, ob die Straßen wirklich rückbaugeeignet sind. Dazu werden die Themen: Rettungsdienst, Nahversorgung, ganzjährige Erreichbarkeit, öffentlicher Verkehr, Dienstleister, Lärm, Sicherheit und weitere Kriterien bedacht. Nur für rückbaugeeignete Straßen wird das Einsparpotential kalkuliert. Dazu nennt die Arbeit entsprechende Kostensätze. Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese Methode zu entwickeln und deren Anwendbarkeit zu prüfen. Die Methode ist umsetzbar. Die benötigten Daten sind beschaffbar. Die Objektivität der Methode ist durch die Anpassbarkeit an die Ziele des Untersuchungsgebiets vor bewusst herbeigeführter Scheinobjektivität nicht geschützt. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht zur Implementierung eines öffentlichen Verkehrs-Verbindung-Tools, welches die Fahrtmöglichkeiten pro Tag ausgibt, und zu einer vergleichenden Bewertungsmethode von Aufwandserhöhungen verschiedener Routen mit Bezug zum gegenwärtigen Aufwand kommt.

Die Straßenunterhaltung stellt in Deutschland Bund, Länder, Landkreise und Gemeinden vor eine finanzielle Herausforderung, die es zu lösen gilt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bietet dazu Landkreisen und Gemeinden eine Methode, Straßenunterhaltungskosten langfristig zu senken. Die Methode ist dabei auf einen Straßenkomplettrückbau ausgelegt. Zur Identifizierung rückbaugeeigneter Straßen werden quantitative und qualitative Kriterien vorgestellt. Zu den quantitativen Kriterien zählen die Ver-gleichsgrößen: Mehraufwandsleistung und der Mehraufwand X-Wert. Als Mehraufwand wird die zusätzliche Reisezeit bezeichnet, die ohne die Straße bewältigt werden müsste. Die Mehraufwands-leistung gibt die Mehraufwände aller Nutzer einer Straße pro Tag wieder. Je höher die Verkehrsmenge einer Straße, desto höher ist die Mehraufwandsleistung. Der Mehraufwand X-Wert beschreibt den Mehraufwand pro Person eines Ortes. Zur Bestimmung der Wichtigkeit einer Straße werden beide Größen gewichtet zusammengefasst. Zur Berechnung der Vergleichsgrößen wurden im Vorfeld Ent-scheidungen getroffen, so besteht der Mehraufwand nur aus der Fahrzeit. Die Fahrzeit wird für lokal begrenzte Verbindungen wie dem täglichen Einkauf, Erledigungen, Bildung, innerwöchentliche Frei-zeitaktivitäten und Begleitwegen ermittelt, die ungefähr innerhalb eines 30-km-Radius erreichbar sind, sowie für Arbeitswege mit Fahrzeiten bis 1:45 Stunden. Wirtschaftsverkehr wird nicht berechnet. Die Routen der betrachteten Verbindungen werden für den motorisierten Verkehr, den nichtmotorisierten Verkehr und den öffentlichen Personennahverkehr berechnet. Zur Routenermittlung werden Quelle-Ziel-Beziehungen genutzt, deren Routen über Straßen verlaufen, die für das jeweilige Verkehrsmittel zugelassen sind und die Verkehrsmenge aufnehmen können. Eine flexible Zielwahl wird berücksichtigt. Für Straßen mit geringer Wichtigkeit wird anhand der qualitativen Kriterien geprüft, ob die Straßen wirklich rückbaugeeignet sind. Dazu werden die Themen: Rettungsdienst, Nahversorgung, ganzjährige Erreichbarkeit, öffentlicher Verkehr, Dienstleister, Lärm, Sicherheit und weitere Kriterien bedacht. Nur für rückbaugeeignete Straßen wird das Einsparpotential kalkuliert. Dazu nennt die Arbeit entsprechende Kostensätze. Ziel der Arbeit war es, diese Methode zu entwickeln und deren Anwendbarkeit zu prüfen. Die Methode ist umsetzbar. Die benötigten Daten sind beschaffbar. Die Objektivität der Methode ist durch die Anpassbarkeit an die Ziele des Untersuchungsgebiets vor bewusst herbeigeführter Scheinobjektivität nicht geschützt. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht zur Implementierung eines öffentlichen Verkehrs-Verbindung-Tools, welches die Fahrtmöglichkeiten pro Tag ausgibt, und zu einer vergleichenden Bewertungsmethode von Aufwandserhöhungen verschiedener Routen mit Bezug zum gegenwärtigen Aufwand kommt.

Utilization of ALS data for update of a road network Abstract My thesis concerned problematics of automatic detection of communication data from aerial laser scanning. Goal of this method is to identify area of roads - tarmacs as accurate as possible. On its basis are counted attributes of specific parts. In first part of the thesis are summarized known procedures, which are used to deal with the issue and experiences and evaluation of the output of theirs authors. In practical part of the thesis is described procedure methodology, which is based on findings from the literature review. Subsequently, input data and model areas are introduced. In the final parts are described results and compared with the results of authors, who used such evaluation in their work. Key words: airborne laser scanning, digital topographic database, road network, database update

No presente trabalho, optou-se por adotar preceitos teóricos e metodológicos fundamentados nos princípios da interdisciplinaridade, a fim de melhor compreender os processos que resultaram na construção da Paisagem em estudo, a partir da lógica da rede viária romana do Noroeste Peninsular, pois são grandes eixos com uma influência persistente na morfologia histórica. Reconhecendo, assim, que sua incorporação na análise arqueológica pressupõe sua abordagem como um sistema complexo e dinâmico no qual diferentes fatores - naturais, culturais, materiais, econômicos, ideológicos e políticos - interagem e evoluem conjuntamente. Daí a opção pela perspectiva metodológica denominada Arqueologia da Paisagem vinculada ao ferramental Geotecnológico. É nesse sentido que aplicamos uma metodologia de estudo utilizando o ferramental geotecnológico interagindo com outras fontes disponíveis, tais como: fontes textuais, itinerários, epigrafia, miliários, pontes, dados ambientais e arqueológicos. As geotecnologias permitem integrar o conhecimento geográfico com o conhecimento arqueológico e historiográfico. Esses aspectos viabilizam uma análise mais integrada das redes viárias antigas, em particular dos itinerários que ligavam as três capitais conventuais do Noroeste Peninsular Romano fundadas por Augusto: Bracara Augusta, Lucus Augusti e Asturica Augusta. A partir da análise de cálculos de rotas ótimas foi possível observar que a lógica de mobilidade da rede viária romana, iniciada com a reorganização administrativa implementada por Augusto, priorizava ligações entre núcleos urbanos localizados em pontos estratégicos de controle do território e de tráfego de mercadorias. Dessa forma, as vias, além de estabelecerem ligações, a escalas variadas, entre os principais aglomerados populacionais, também garantiam a defesa e afirmação do poder de Roma sobre os territórios conquistados. / In the present work, it was decided to adopt theoretical and methodological precepts based on the principles of interdisciplinarity, in order to better understand the processes that resulted in the construction of the Landscape under study, based on the logic of the Roman road network of the North-West Peninsular, axes with a persistent influence on historical morphology. Therefore, it is important to note that this is a complex and dynamic system in which different factors - natural, cultural, material, economic, ideological and political - interact and evolve together. Hence the option for the methodological perspective called Landscape Archeology linked to the Geotechnological tooling. It is in this sense that we apply a methodology of study using the geotechnical tooling interacting with other available sources, such as: textual sources, itineraries, epigraphy, miliaries, bridges, environmental and archaeological data. Geotechnologies allow the integration of geographic knowledge with archaeological and historiographic knowledge. These aspects make possible a more integrated analysis of the old road networks, in particular the itineraries that linked the three conventual capitals of the Roman Northwest founded by Augustus: Bracara Augusta, Lucus Augusti and Asturica Augusta. From the analysis of optimum route calculations, it was possible to observe that the mobility logic of the Roman road network, initiated with the administrative reorganization implemented by Augustus, prioritized links between urban nuclei located at strategic points of territory control and traffic of goods. In this way, the routes, other establishing connections, at different scales, between the main population groups, also guaranteed, the defense and affirmation of the power of Rome over the conquered territories.

Syfte: I en värld med allt mer kunskap om de problem som bilismen påverkar gällande miljö och hälsa är det önskvärt att allt fler väljer att cykla. Målet är att skapa en attraktiv stadsmiljö för cyklister med detta ska en ökad känsla av säkerhet finnas hos cyklisterna, så att fler kan tänka sig att välja cykeln. Metod: De metoder som har valts för att göra analysen är att kontrollera de krav och råd från Trafikverket och dels att använda Geografiska Informationssystem, samt att göra observationer enligt Mini Cycleability Index för att se om Jönköpings Västra centrum är attraktivt för cyklister. Till sist hölls en intervju med Jönköpings kommun för att se hur de tänker angående vägnätsanalyser och erhålla en åsikt om den analys som utförts i denna rapport. Resultat: Det funna resultatet visar att vägsystemet i Jönköpings Västra Centrum har vägar av olika skiftande kvaliteter. Betygen har delats in i tre: bättre, bra och sämre. Bättre är det högsta betyget och sämre det lägsta. Vägar av alla sorter återfinns inom vägnätet, men sämre återfinns mer frekvent än de övriga. Betyget byggs på hur väl vägarna fungerar inom kategorierna: utrymme, säkerhet och kontinuitet. Konsekvenser: Slutsatsen är att det finns många sämre vägar inom området som skulle behöva omarbetas för att skapa ett mer attraktivt område för cyklister. Inom området visar resultatet att vägarna med bättre betyg mestadels går mellan norr och söder och få existerar från öst till väst. På grund av detta är det svårt att cykla inom området då anslutningarna mellan de bättre graderade vägarna är sämre. Begränsningar: Begränsningen av detta arbete är valet av område (Jönköpings Västra centrum) och aspekterna som analyserats vilket är utrymme, säkerhet och kontinuitet. På grund av tidsaspekten har vidare begränsningar på datainsamlingen tillkommit, där mätning av antalet cyklister och en enkät hade kunnat vara användbar att utföra. För att anpassa Cycleability index med valet av område och metoderna som var möjliga att använda, har det en nedskärning av antalet kategorier skett. / Purpose: In a world with an increased awareness of the harm caused by traffic to the environment and health, it is preferable that more people choose cycling instead of driving. The purpose of this work is to create an attractive city environment for cyclists which will give a greater sense of security and leading to more people considering the use of bicycles. Method: The methods chosen to make the analysis is to check the demands and recommendations from Trafikverket, moreover make observations according to Mini Cycleability Index in order to see if the West Center of Jönköping is attractive to cyclists. Geographical Information systems has been used as a method for data collection and analysis. At last an interview was held with Jönköping municipality to discover what future plans they have regarding the studied area and how relevant the plans are with the findings of this research. Further purpose of the interview with the municipality was to see how they perform a road-network analysis and obtain an opinion on the analysis performed in this paper. Findings: The results show that the road system in Jönköping West Center has roads of shifting qualities. The grades have been split into three; great, good and poor. Great being the highest grade and poor the lowest. The three qualities of roads do exist within the area, however the poor roads appear to be more frequent than the others. The evaluation system is built upon how well the roads perform in the categories: space, safety and continuity. Implications: The conclusion of this work is that there are several roads as graded poor within the area that need to be considered for reconstruction to create an attractive area for cyclists. In the area the results showed that the roads graded as great mostly runs from north to south and few exists from east to west. Due to this it is difficult to bike within the area as the connectivity between the great graded roads are lacking. Limitations: The investigation is limited to the choice of the area (Jönköping West Center) and the aspects analyzed which are safety, space and continuity. Due to the time aspect further limitations on data collection has come, where a measurement of cyclists and a survey could have been useful to do. In order to suit the Cycleability index with the choice of area and the methods available to use, there has been a reduction of the amount categories evaluated

No presente trabalho, optou-se por adotar preceitos teóricos e metodológicos fundamentados nos princípios da interdisciplinaridade, a fim de melhor compreender os processos que resultaram na construção da Paisagem em estudo, a partir da lógica da rede viária romana do Noroeste Peninsular, pois são grandes eixos com uma influência persistente na morfologia histórica. Reconhecendo, assim, que sua incorporação na análise arqueológica pressupõe sua abordagem como um sistema complexo e dinâmico no qual diferentes fatores - naturais, culturais, materiais, econômicos, ideológicos e políticos - interagem e evoluem conjuntamente. Daí a opção pela perspectiva metodológica denominada Arqueologia da Paisagem vinculada ao ferramental Geotecnológico. É nesse sentido que aplicamos uma metodologia de estudo utilizando o ferramental geotecnológico interagindo com outras fontes disponíveis, tais como: fontes textuais, itinerários, epigrafia, miliários, pontes, dados ambientais e arqueológicos. As geotecnologias permitem integrar o conhecimento geográfico com o conhecimento arqueológico e historiográfico. Esses aspectos viabilizam uma análise mais integrada das redes viárias antigas, em particular dos itinerários que ligavam as três capitais conventuais do Noroeste Peninsular Romano fundadas por Augusto: Bracara Augusta, Lucus Augusti e Asturica Augusta. A partir da análise de cálculos de rotas ótimas foi possível observar que a lógica de mobilidade da rede viária romana, iniciada com a reorganização administrativa implementada por Augusto, priorizava ligações entre núcleos urbanos localizados em pontos estratégicos de controle do território e de tráfego de mercadorias. Dessa forma, as vias, além de estabelecerem ligações, a escalas variadas, entre os principais aglomerados populacionais, também garantiam a defesa e afirmação do poder de Roma sobre os territórios conquistados. / In the present work, it was decided to adopt theoretical and methodological precepts based on the principles of interdisciplinarity, in order to better understand the processes that resulted in the construction of the Landscape under study, based on the logic of the Roman road network of the North-West Peninsular, axes with a persistent influence on historical morphology. Therefore, it is important to note that this is a complex and dynamic system in which different factors - natural, cultural, material, economic, ideological and political - interact and evolve together. Hence the option for the methodological perspective called Landscape Archeology linked to the Geotechnological tooling. It is in this sense that we apply a methodology of study using the geotechnical tooling interacting with other available sources, such as: textual sources, itineraries, epigraphy, miliaries, bridges, environmental and archaeological data. Geotechnologies allow the integration of geographic knowledge with archaeological and historiographic knowledge. These aspects make possible a more integrated analysis of the old road networks, in particular the itineraries that linked the three conventual capitals of the Roman Northwest founded by Augustus: Bracara Augusta, Lucus Augusti and Asturica Augusta. From the analysis of optimum route calculations, it was possible to observe that the mobility logic of the Roman road network, initiated with the administrative reorganization implemented by Augustus, prioritized links between urban nuclei located at strategic points of territory control and traffic of goods. In this way, the routes, other establishing connections, at different scales, between the main population groups, also guaranteed, the defense and affirmation of the power of Rome over the conquered territories.

Au Burkina Faso, pays enclavé, pays agricole et minier, la mobilité est essentiellement assurée par les infrastructures routières qui couvrent près de 90% des besoins de transport. De ce fait, la politique de l’état burkinabé vise à renforcer le réseau existant et de désenclaver le pays, conscient du fort lien entre le développement du pays et le développement du réseau routier. Cependant, il est possible de noter une dégradation précoce du réseau routier. Lesquels phénomènes sont récurrents dans la zone intertropicale, notamment d’Afrique et sont parfois liés aux facteurs environnementaux (trafic, climat et matériaux) et aux procédures de conception, de réalisation et d’entretien des routes. Le travail a consisté à analyser la chaine complète de réalisation des routes depuis l’avant-projet jusqu’à l’entretien, afin de mettre en évidence les dysfonctionnements et de proposer des solutions permettant de les améliorer. Ainsi le travail s’est appuyé sur des études expérimentales, analytiques et sur des études socio-économiques qui ont permis enfin de comprendre et de mettre en place une chaine qualité adaptée au contexte socio-économique du pays. / In Burkina Faso, landlocked country, agricultural and mining country, mobility is mainly ensured by the road infrastructures which cover nearly 90% of the transport needs. So the policy of the Burkina Faso’s state is relatively to reinforce the existing road network and to disenclose the country, conscious of the strong link between the development of the country and the development of the road network. However, it is possible to note an early degradation of the road network. Which phenomena are recurrent, in particular in the intertropical countries of Africa, and, are sometime related to the environmental factors (traffic, climate and materials) and to the procedures of design, construction and maintenance of roads. The study is consisted in analyzing the complete chain of realization roads since the preliminary draft until maintenance, in order to highlight the dysfunctions and to suggest solutions making it possible to improve them. Thus, the study was based on experimental, analytical and on socio-economic studies which finally made it possible to understand and to implement a QSE chain adapted to the socio-economic context of the country.

The objective of the study was to gain in-depth knowledge of speed relationships for urban streets. The speed characteristics were examined using a number of methods for data collection. Throughout the research, a special focus was placed on capturing the influence on driver speed of interactions with pedestrians, cyclists and other road users, called sidefriction events in this study. First, driver behaviour and travel time data was collected from field and driving simulator studies for a range of street types and traffic conditions. The collected data was used to calibrate a microscopic traffic simulation model. Production runs with this model were performed for various traffic conditions. Second, aggregated speed data was collected at the link level, i.e. the macro level, for three street types. In combination with street site variables, speed and flow data was analysed using multiple regression techniques with space mean speed as dependent variable. This analysis was also performed for average travel speed data produced by microscopic traffic simulation. Two central results were attained and utilized for the model development: - In-depth knowledge of which factors influence speed choice on urban street links with minor intersections, on a micro and macro level. - A comprehensive research methodology for study of speed characteristics on urban streets in which the knowledge gained at the micro and macro level was applied. Results from the micro study showed that Average number of crossing pedestrians and Traffic flow had significant impact on average travel speed (R2=0.91). Results from the macro study performed for three street types showed that Street function and Number of lanes also had a high degree of explanation (R2 close to 0.70). The variables Separated bicycle lane, Roadside parking permitted and Number of minor intersections per 1 km were significant for some of the street types modelled in the macro study. The variables Ratio of through vehicles and Gender of the driver were also investigated and were found not to influence space-mean speed. The macro study demonstrated that speed choice and driver behaviour were consistent for each street type investigated regardless of city type and population size. The speed-flow relationships of the micro model for an urban street type showed good agreement with the macro model for traffic flows in the upper range. In conclusion, the research effort showed that the included side-friction variables added explanatory value to the estimation of speed, and thus can enhance the knowledge of traffic impacts of different urban street designs. / QC 20100630

This diploma thesis was written to analyze and evaluate the changes of the landscape in selected cadastral communities with a finished complex landscape management. The analysis was completed in four time periods. It included a historical time period in 1952, a period before the landscape management, a period during the designing of landscape management and the present condition of the landscape. Changes that appeared in the landscape were evaluated for land use, the permanent landscape structure, the density of the road network and ecotones. According to the results of the diploma thesis it is possible to find out how the complex landscape management project for individual studied areas contributed on the progress of the changes of the landscape.