At the Swedish Transport Administration two different maintenance strategies are practiced to keep cameras in road tunnels clean. The theory of Life Cycle Cost, LCC, is applied on maintenance depending on its Level of Automation, LoA, and is further developed. In the case of cameras, in Swedish road tunnels the processes demonstrate two different LoA. LCC is used to compare and analyze how the properties between semiautomatic and manual maintenance affect investment costs, operational costs and the cost of preventive and corrective maintenance. Semiautomatic cleaning maintenance of cameras in road tunnels indicate a larger LCC than manual maintenance. This is due to a larger investment cost for machinery, but a similar annual cost for preventive maintenance. The presented properties affecting LCC are placed in a general context. This emphasize the significance of examining costs at high level of detail and comprehend the properties causing the costs.

O processo de liberação da operação comercial de um túnel rodoviário, sempre é realizada sobre a pressão típica do final de um cronograma, cujo prazo final, está em vias de se esgotar. Por outro lado considerando os relevantes riscos envolvidos com a operação de um túnel, o órgão público que libera o início da operação comercial (Artesp no caso do Estado de São Paulo), deve ter plena certeza que a nova estrutura está pronta a utilização e apresenta-se totalmente preparada a atender os requisitos mínimos de segurança. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação de conformidade aderente a NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 - avaliação de conformidade com os critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organismos que executam inspeções. Para tanto foi realizado um extenso e minucioso trabalho de identificação dos requisitos aplicáveis, concatenando as referências internacionais de túneis, o modus operandi nacional e a ferramenta gerenciamento de riscos, que resultaram numa proposta de metodologia de avaliação de conformidade composta por onze atividades, que aplicadas permitem avaliar as condições de liberação ao uso e operação comercial de túneis rodoviários. / The process of releasing the commercial operation of a road tunnel is always done under the typical pressure of a chronogram deadline. On the other hand, considering the relevant risks involved with the tunnel operation, the public institution that releases the beginning of the commercial operation (ARTESP, in the case of São Paulo State), should be totally sure that the new structure is ready to be used and shows it is completely prepared to meet the needs of the minimum security requirements. The present work proposes an evaluation methodology of adherent conformity the NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 Conformity evaluation with the general criteria for the functioning of different types of organisms that perform inspections. In order to do so, a large and detailed work of identification of the applicable requirements, linking together the international references of tunnels, national way of working and the tool Management of Risks, that ended in a proposal of conformity evaluation methodology composed by eleven activities, that if applied, allow evaluation of the releasing conditions to the use and commercial operation of road tunnels.

O processo de liberação da operação comercial de um túnel rodoviário, sempre é realizada sobre a pressão típica do final de um cronograma, cujo prazo final, está em vias de se esgotar. Por outro lado considerando os relevantes riscos envolvidos com a operação de um túnel, o órgão público que libera o início da operação comercial (Artesp no caso do Estado de São Paulo), deve ter plena certeza que a nova estrutura está pronta a utilização e apresenta-se totalmente preparada a atender os requisitos mínimos de segurança. O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia de avaliação de conformidade aderente a NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 - avaliação de conformidade com os critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organismos que executam inspeções. Para tanto foi realizado um extenso e minucioso trabalho de identificação dos requisitos aplicáveis, concatenando as referências internacionais de túneis, o modus operandi nacional e a ferramenta gerenciamento de riscos, que resultaram numa proposta de metodologia de avaliação de conformidade composta por onze atividades, que aplicadas permitem avaliar as condições de liberação ao uso e operação comercial de túneis rodoviários. / The process of releasing the commercial operation of a road tunnel is always done under the typical pressure of a chronogram deadline. On the other hand, considering the relevant risks involved with the tunnel operation, the public institution that releases the beginning of the commercial operation (ARTESP, in the case of São Paulo State), should be totally sure that the new structure is ready to be used and shows it is completely prepared to meet the needs of the minimum security requirements. The present work proposes an evaluation methodology of adherent conformity the NBR ISO/IEC 17020:2006 Conformity evaluation with the general criteria for the functioning of different types of organisms that perform inspections. In order to do so, a large and detailed work of identification of the applicable requirements, linking together the international references of tunnels, national way of working and the tool Management of Risks, that ended in a proposal of conformity evaluation methodology composed by eleven activities, that if applied, allow evaluation of the releasing conditions to the use and commercial operation of road tunnels.

Le retour d'expérience (REX), sous la forme d'analyses d'accident le plus souvent, constitue un instrument privilégié de management de la sécurité dans les organisations industrielles à hauts risques. Cette recherche s'inscrit dans le domaine de la sécurité dans les tunnels routiers et vise à proposer une approche intégrée du REX, qui repose sur le travail quotidien de gestion de la sécurité par les opérateurs en s'appuyant sur les espaces collectifs de construction de l'expérience. La thèse défendue est que la sécurité dans les environnements dynamiques tels que les tunnels routiers repose sur la capacité des collectifs de travail transverses à faire face aux imprévus, les perturbations quotidiennes comme les évènements. Cette capacité se construit notamment à travers les discussions entre opérateurs et avec leurs managers sur les difficultés de leur travail. Les dispositifs de REX doivent favoriser l'existence de débats sur l'activité pour améliorer la gestion de la sécurité et favoriser ainsi le développement de l'individu et de l'organisation. Cependant cela implique des conditions d'organisation pour que le débat soit possible et pérenne.Une intervention-recherche visant la conception d'un dispositif de REX fondé sur l'activité individuelle et collective a été réalisée chez un exploitant de tunnels routiers pour éclairer cette problématique. Les analyses menées en collaboration avec les opérateurs de l'exploitation avaient pour objectifs d'aider les opérateurs à mettre en relation la manière dont ils gèrent la sécurité sur le terrain avec la manière dont le REX traite les évènements. L'analyse du REX existant montre dans un premier temps qu'il est centré sur les évènements de trafic majeurs, faisant l'objet de procédures et de règles formelles, alors que les incidents critiques pour les opérateurs sont majoritairement des incidents d'exploitation, peu cadrés. Dans un second temps, l'analyse de l'activité montre que les opérateurs développent de façon informelle des instances d'échange collectif pour anticiper les aléas, s'organiser et analyser les évènements. Une démarche de simulation organisationnelle avec les opérateurs, les managers et les partenaires de la recherche a été engagée pour transformer le dispositif de REX. Elle débouche sur un REX élargi en termes de définition des évènements et d'acteurs impliqués. Le nouveau dispositif s'appuie sur les processus-métiers existants, tout en développant les instances collectives d'analyse inter-métiers et inter-organisations. Il structure les pratiques informelles d'organisation et de partage d'expérience des opérateurs. Des espaces de discussion inter-métiers sur les pratiques réelles ont pu s'élaborer à partir de simulations d'évènement, animés par des managers de proximité. L'expérimentation de cette méthodologie montre que ces espaces favorisent la confrontation des représentations, des pratiques et la transmission des connaissances. Ils permettent aussi l'élaboration de règles opérationnelles transverses et font émerger les besoins de règles formelles à relayer aux managers. Ils sont constructifs car ils participent au développement de l'organisation formelle autant que de l'activité des opérateurs. Cette méthodologie a favorisé la construction de l'expérience à partir de l'analyse des évènements.L'intervention-recherche a permis de revenir sur les classifications officielles des évènements dans les tunnels routiers. Les conditions et modalités de mise en place d'un REX intégré sont définies et discutées, ainsi que celles des espaces de discussion par simulation. L'ingénierie de l'intervention ergonomique de conception organisationnelle et la place de l'intervenant sont aussi revisitées à l'aune de nos résultats. / Operating experience feedback, mainly through accident analysis is a method of choice for safety management in high risk organizations. The present research takes place in the field of road tunnel safety, proposing an integrated approach of experience feedback from the daily management of safety by tunnel monitoring staff through collective spaces for discussion and experience building.Our hypothesis is that safety in such dynamic environments as road tunnels depends on the capacity of operating teams to face the unexpected events, disturbances and accidents. This capacity is built through discussions between operating staff and with the management about the difficulties encountered during work. The return on operating experience should allow the debate on work activity in order to reach a better safety management, foster individual development and a better organization. However, there are organizational conditions for the debate to be possible and sustainable.A research and intervention protocol was set up with a road tunnel operator to test and improve a scheme for the return on operating experience based on individual and collective activity. Analyses were conducted to help operational staff link the way events are treated in day to day security management with the processing in the operational experience feedback scheme. An analysis of the current scheme showed that it is focussed on major traffic events, comprising of a set of procedures and formal rules, while the operational events, felt as critical by operators do not have a framework for discussion. Further, work activity analysis shows that operational staff develops informal spaces of collective exchanges to organize work, anticipate hazards and analyse events.Organizational simulations including operating staff, managers and the research partners were set up to transform the feedback scheme. The simulation led to an enlarged framework for feedback, defining the events to be analysed and participants to be included. The new scheme roots in the existing professional processes, develops inter-professional as well as inter-organization discussion spaces. The new scheme facilitates the sharing of experience among operating staff and structures the informal organizational practices we observed.Inter-professional discussion spaces, conducted by the team managers, were set up based on the analysis of simulated events. These structured discussion spaces proved to be effective in the confrontation of work practices, events and roles representations as well as conducive for knowledge transmission. The discussion space allows setting transverse operational rules and highlights the need for formal rules to be set by the management. The inter-professional discussion spaces are operant in improving the formal organisation as well as developing the activity of operational staff. This methodology favoured the building of experience from event analysis.This research-intervention was an opportunity to review the official classification of road tunnel events. The conditions for an integrated operating experience feedback scheme are set and discussed, as well as the implementation of simulation-based discussion spaces.From our results, we re-consider the design of interventions in organizational design, as well as the role of the intervening ergonomist.

Background – Infrastructure connects a society through both physical and social structures. For a long time, there has been underinvestment in physical infrastructure, resulting in a significant infrastructure debt. Managing this debt and challenges of aging infrastructure with limited resources, requires well-defined management strategies. Asset management, which involves realizing value from assets through coordinated actions, can help minimize risks and manage costs. Although digital technologies have the potential to improve infrastructure management, they are not yet fully utilized. There is a lack of understanding of which information can be digitized and which tools are useful. Purpose – The study's purpose was to investigate the benefits of a transition to digital and predictive asset management and maintenance methods for complex road tunnels. And also, what it means for a management organization. Method – Asset management and maintenance strategies were analyzed within a management organization for complex road tunnels, conducted as a case study. Twelve respondents were interviewed to answer the study's purpose, supplemented by a document analysis. The case for the study consisted of complex road tunnels such as Norra Länken, Södra Länken, and Förbifart Stockholm. To analyze the results, an analysis model based on ITO (Individual, Technology, and Organization) was used as it was considered suitable for the case and the organization on which the study was conducted. Results/Conclusions – The management organization currently follows a traditional model for asset management with strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Today's methods and maintenance strategies are both time-consuming and labor-intensive but also give rise to human errors and hinder efficient resource allocation. By using digital maintenance methods and predictive maintenance, opportunities are offered to streamline the maintenance process for complex road tunnels. However, this requires extensive change within an organization, both in terms of technical systems and culture. It turns out that several inhibiting factors complicate this type of change; such as budget restrictions, long contracts, and resistance to change. To overcome these barriers, it is important to work in small steps and conduct test and pilot projects while the organization should find a balance between creating a sense of urgency and giving themselves time to learn and adapt to the change. / Bakgrund – Infrastrukturen knyter samman ett samhälle genom både fysiska och sociala strukturer. Under en lång tid har det underinvesterats i den fysiska infrastrukturen vilket resulterat i en betydande infrastrukturskuld. För att hantera denna skuld och utmaningar med en åldrande infrastruktur med begränsade resurser, krävs väldefinierade förvaltningsstrategier. Tillgångsförvaltning, som innebär att realisera värde från tillgångar genom koordinerade åtgärder, kan bidra till att minimera risker och hantera kostnader. Även om digitala tekniker har potential att förbättra förvaltningen av infrastruktur, används de ännu inte fullt ut. Det finns en bristande förståelse för vilken information som kan digitaliseras och vilka verktyg som är användbara. Syfte – Studiens syfte var därav att undersöka vad en övergång till digitala så väl som prediktiva tillgångsförvaltnings- och underhållsmetoder för komplexa vägtunnlar har för fördelar. Samt även vad det innebär för en förvaltningsorganisation. Metod – Tillgångsförvaltnings- och underhållsstrategierna analyserades hos en förvaltningsorganisation för komplexa vägtunnlar och detta utfördes som en fallstudie. Tolv respondenter intervjuades för att kunna besvara studiens syfte och dessa intervjuer kompletterades med dokumentanalyser. Fallet för studien utgjordes av verkliga komplexa vägtunnlar såsom Norra Länken, Södra Länken och Förbifart Stockholm. För att analysera resultatet användes en analysmodell baserad på ITO (Individ, Teknologi och Organisation) då denna modell ansågs passande för fallet och organisationen som studien utfördes på. Resultat/Slutsatser – Förvaltningsorganisationen följer idag en traditionell modell för tillgångsförvaltning med strategiska, taktiska och operativa nivåer. Dagens metoder och underhållsstrategier är både tidskrävande och arbetsintensiva, men ger även upphov till mänskliga misstag och hindrar en effektiv resursallokering. Genom användandet av digitala underhållsmetoder och prediktivt underhåll erbjuds möjligheter för att effektivisera underhållsprocessen för komplexa vägtunnlar. Dock kräver detta en omfattande förändring inom en organisation, både sett till tekniska system och kultur. Studien visar på att flertalet hindrande faktorer försvårar för denna typ av förändring; såsom budgetrestriktioner, långa kontrakt och motstånd mot förändring. För att övervinna dessa hinder är det viktigt att jobba i små steg och utföra test- och pilotprojekt samtidigt som organisationen bör hitta en balans mellan att skapa en känsla av brådska men också ge sig själva tiden för att lära sig och anpassa sig till förändringen.