Organizations are in today’s business society faced with an increasing number of crises. The knowledge about how to manage a crisis has become an important tool for competitive advantage. The question is no longer if or when an organization will experience a crisis, but rather in what form and how prepared it is when a crisis actually occurs. The many networks of today’s business society make organizations even more vulnerable to the possibility of indirectly being affected by a crisis. This paper focuses on the banking industry as banks form an important part of many business networks. Furthermore, focus is put on the immediate form of a crisis and specifically robberies. The immediate crisis reflects the importance for an organization to be prepared as the immediate crisis by its nature gives little or no warning, following that it is more difficult to prevent these types of crises. The banking industry is often discussed in terms of stability and security whereas the crisis brings instability and uncertainty and challenges the organization’s structure. The purpose of this thesis is to understand how and why crisis management concerning robberies is implemented within a bank organization. This paper looks into the current theories discussed in the literature and the field of crisis management, the authors have chosen a qualitative approach and have performed a number of interviews, both with internal and external parties. Through the research performed the conclusion was drawn that the bank organization is very professional in their handling of crisis management concerning robberies. The bank has identified the importance of having a well prepared plan as a crisis situation such as robbery occur and the policies on crisis management concerning robberies has, for an extensive time period, continuously been processed and developed. The policies developed include all aspects of a crisis, both educational program in the Pre-crisis stage, aspects to consider and how to act when a robbery occurs, and also how the organization responds in the Post-crisis stage. The bank organization has in their approach chosen to a great extent to handle the work with crisis management internally. It was concluded that, since the bank organization has, during an extensive period of time, identified the risk of being robbed as a constantly relevant issue, the policies has been processed and developed repeatedly to cover all aspects of a crisis. The implementation of the policies is in the Pre-crisis and Crisis stage performed without any flexibility as they are explicit in their design and covers every aspect of a crisis. Contrary, the implementation in the Post-crisis stage has a more flexible approach as the Crisis group is working with people that experiences a situation of trauma. It is acknowledged that the bank organization is following the different stages of crisis in their policies, dividing the responsibility of the implementation of crisis management in each and every stage.

<p>Organizations are in today’s business society faced with an increasing number of crises. The knowledge about how to manage a crisis has become an important tool for competitive advantage. The question is no longer if or when an organization will experience a crisis, but rather in what form and how prepared it is when a crisis actually occurs.</p><p>The many networks of today’s business society make organizations even more vulnerable to the possibility of indirectly being affected by a crisis. This paper focuses on the banking industry as banks form an important part of many business networks. Furthermore, focus is put on the immediate form of a crisis and specifically robberies. The immediate crisis reflects the importance for an organization to be prepared as the immediate crisis by its nature gives little or no warning, following that it is more difficult to prevent these types of crises. The banking industry is often discussed in terms of stability and security whereas the crisis brings instability and uncertainty and challenges the organization’s structure.</p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to understand how and why crisis management concerning robberies is implemented within a bank organization. This paper looks into the current theories discussed in the literature and the field of crisis management, the authors have chosen a qualitative approach and have performed a number of interviews, both with internal and external parties.</p><p>Through the research performed the conclusion was drawn that the bank organization is very professional in their handling of crisis management concerning robberies. The bank has identified the importance of having a well prepared plan as a crisis situation such as robbery occur and the policies on crisis management concerning robberies has, for an extensive time period, continuously been processed and developed. The policies developed include all aspects of a crisis, both educational program in the Pre-crisis stage, aspects to consider and how to act when a robbery occurs, and also how the organization responds in the Post-crisis stage. The bank organization has in their approach chosen to a great extent to handle the work with crisis management internally. It was concluded that, since the bank organization has, during an extensive period of time, identified the risk of being robbed as a constantly relevant issue, the policies has been processed and developed repeatedly to cover all aspects of a crisis. The implementation of the policies is in the Pre-crisis and Crisis stage performed without any flexibility as they are explicit in their design and covers every aspect of a crisis. Contrary, the implementation in the Post-crisis stage has a more flexible approach as the Crisis group is working with people that experiences a situation of trauma. It is acknowledged that the bank organization is following the different stages of crisis in their policies, dividing the responsibility of the implementation of crisis management in each and every stage.</p>

Submitted by Maria Creuza Silva (mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-20T19:37:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Creuza Silva(mariakreuza@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-05-20T19:38:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-20T19:38:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese SILVIA VIODRES. 2012.pdf: 9205086 bytes, checksum: 1c86841169728628081fee232b116559 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Desde a década de noventa os roubos a ônibus têm se constituído uma frequente expressão de crimes predatórios contra rodoviários interurbanos baianos. Após duas décadas, a vitimização permanece pouco discutida, nesse sentido, investigou-se os diferentes tipos, formas e scripts dos roubos, os danos decorrentes da vitimização sobre as relações de trabalho e saúde dos rodoviários, as respostas das vítimas, das empresas e do sistema de segurança pública. De caráter qualitativo, o estudo fundamentou-se em entrevistas com 60 rodoviários, questionários, observação participante e pesquisa documental. Discute-se a confluência das condições de possibilidades para o crime: a malha rodoviária extensa, precária e insuficientemente policiada; a convergência no tempo e espaço adequado de alvos tangíveis, ofensores competentes e a ausência de vigilantes capazes. Constatou-se que diferentes modos de viagens, ou seja, as características dos alvos (acessibilidade e valor) atraem ofensores de maior ou menor instrumentalização. Enquanto os ônibus comerciais são assaltados por ofensores que roubam o ônibus após se passarem por passageiros, os veículos executivos são alvos de grupos fortemente instrumentalizados que retiram o veículo das rodovias para saqueá-los. No roubo aos ônibus executivos nota-se uma complexa organização social, com ações e papéis regulares e hierárquicos e interação tripartida: o primeiro contato dos ofensores é estabelecido com o rodoviário (alvo/vítima instrumental), a partir da invasão do veículo os passageiros (alvos principais) são inseridos no frame do roubo. O caráter crônico desses eventos divide os rodoviários entre aqueles que têm no risco de vitimização a principal motivação para o abandono da carreira e os que naturalizam a possibilidade de tornarem-se vítimas. Vitimizados ou não, parte dos entrevistados convivem diariamente com o sentimento de medo e o adoecimento lendo e gradual e raramente recebem amparo dos empregadores. Na prevenção e dissuasão contra aos roubos observou-se a atuação de defesas pessoais e defesas institucionais. Como resultado desta junção constatam-se graduais alterações na perpetração desses crimes, que em lugar de serem extintos, migram ou retornam para as mesmas regiões, tão logo as defesas deixem de ser empregadas ou possam ser superadas. De modo que,identificam-se hotspots e dangerous hours, alvos preferenciais e modus operandis distintos na distribuição dos roubos. A vitimização por roubos a ônibus em rodovias é uma violência extrema à medida que: apesar dos scripts e hotspots conhecidos, ainda não há defesas ou engajamentos capazes de coibi-los; há indícios de laços de cumplicidades de membros de instituições policiais e grupos criminosos na manutenção desses crimes; ainda que seja uma vitimização coletiva e crônica, com graves impactos sobre as vítimas e sem limites de níveis de violência expressiva empregada, as vítimas não são reconhecidas como tais, sendo tratadas com negligência e omissão, o que em parte é explicado pela naturalização desses eventos. / Salvador

Please read the abstract (summary p ix) in the secrion 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Criminology / MA / unrestricted

Violent crime and its prevention Abstract Violent crime has been a part of our society since its inception. Nevertheless, just like our society, it keeps changing and evolving and for that reason its research remains relevant. As violent crime raises serious concerns for one's safety, the police, the media and the public pay close attention to it. The topic of violent crime is very extensive and it is difficult to grasp within the limited scope of the diploma thesis. With regard to this fact, the aim of this diploma thesis is to provide in six chapters at least a basic overview not only of violent crime, but also its prevention. The first chapter explains the concepts related to violent crime, and the attached overview table also lists the crimes that are classified as a violent crime. The second chapter provides information, based on the analysis of data from police statistics, on the share of violent crime in the total crime numbers, the state of violent crime in individual regions and throughout the Czech Republic and the structure of violent crime in 2020. It also discusses the development and evolution of violent crime up until 2020. The third chapter deals with the characteristics of violent crime with emphasis on the crime of robbery, its typology and international comparison. The fourth chapter...

Crime is not spread evenly over space or time. This suggests that offenders favour certain areas and/or certain times. People base their daily activities on this notion and make decisions to avoid certain areas or feel the need to be more alert in some places rather than others. Even when making choices of where to stay, shop, and go to school, people take into account how safe they feel in those places. Crime in relation to space and time has been studied over several centuries; however, the era of the computer has brought new insight to this field. Indeed, computing technology and in particular geographic information systems (GIS) and crime mapping software, has increased the interest in explaining criminal activities. It is the ability to combine the type, time and spatial occurrences of crime events that makes the use of these computing technologies attractive to crime analysts. This current study predicts robbery crime events in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. By combining GIS and statistical models, a proposed method was developed to predict future robbery hotspots. More specifically, a robbery probability model was developed for the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality based on robbery events that occurred during 2006 and this model is evaluated using actual robbery events that occurred in the 2007. This novel model was based on the social disorganisation, routine activity, crime pattern and temporal constraint crime theories. The efficacy of the model was tested by comparing it to a traditional hotspot model. The robbery prediction model was developed using both built and social environmental features. Features in the built environment were divided into two main groups: facilities and commuter nodes. The facilities used in the current study included cadastre parks, clothing stores, convenience stores, education facilities, fast food outlets, filling stations, office parks and blocks, general stores, restaurants, shopping centres and supermarkets. The key commuter nodes consisted of highway nodes, main road nodes and railway stations. The social environment was built using demographics obtained from the 2001 census data. The selection of these features that may impact the occurrence of robbery was guided by spatial crime theories housed within the school of environmental criminology. Theories in this discipline argue that neighbourhoods experiencing social disorganisation are more prone to crime, while different facilities act as crime attractors or generators. Some theories also include a time element suggesting that criminals are constrained by time, leaving little time to explore areas far from commuting nodes. The current study combines these theories using GIS and statistics. A programmatic approach in R was used to create kernel density estimations (hotspots), select relevant features, compute regression models with the use of the caret and mlr packages and predict crime hotspots. R was further used for the majority of spatial queries and analyses. The outcome consisted of various hotspot raster layers predicting future robbery occurrences. The accuracy of the model was tested using 2007 robbery events. Therefore, this current study not only provides a novel statistical predictive model but also showcases R’s spatial capabilities. The current study found strong supporting evidence for the routine activity and crime pattern theory in that robberies tended to cluster around facilities within the city of Tshwane, South Africa. The findings also show a strong spatial association between robberies and neighbourhoods that experience high social disorganisation. Support was also found for the time constraint theory in that a large portion of robberies occur in the immediate vicinity of highway nodes, main road nodes and railway stations. When tested against the traditional hotspot model the robbery probability model was found slightly less effective in predicting future events. However, the current study showcases the effectiveness of the robbery probability model which can be improved upon and used in future studies to determine the effect that future urban development will have on crime. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc / Unrestricted

Magister Artium - MA / His brown hands, tanned darker than they already were from hours of supervising men shoveling sand and mixing concrete on building sites, gripped the steering wheel. Hendrick Vermeulen drove down Voortrekker Road after a long day's work. He had dropped off the last of the guys with his bakkie and was looking forward to resting. He was enjoying the cool night air blowing up his arm. And there it was, that mountain. There was nothing more to think about it. It meant nothing to him; a big rock, a marker to remind where he was. The rich people were there by the mountain; he was not. He drove on. The sun had gone down and he was making his way home. He looked at his eyes in the rear view mirror, the lines on his forehead more visible than they had ever been. He lived close to the university that he dropped out of thirty years ago. He drove past it often - a reminder of a life he could have had. He was supposed to be a teacher and help his mother move out of the coloured townships and into a nice house, nessie wit mense, like the white people, she would say. She always said that and she laughed, with a cough at the end as she slapped her knee. That was a long time ago. He often thought of the past, but he always made sure he snapped out of it soon enough. No time for that, he thought. And then he saw her, the young· lady walking down the street. He slowed the car. What do you think you are doing, he thought to himself as he idled down the main road. She had a plastic shopping bag and was probably on her way home from the Pick 'n Pay. Student life, he thought. He hardly had a taste of it before the riots and state of emergency and all that. Now he was a contractor. Men like him are not supposed to look at girls walking down the streets going home to their flats. Jissus she was beautiful though, he thought as he stopped at the intersection and she crossed the road. She ran across and as she walked under a street light, he got a better view. A thick, brown coat and black pantyhose and not much else. Heshook his head and laughed. These kids of today. But that's how Chalita used to dress. When they were young themselves and fell in love. They were free. When they had dreams and hopes and she thought that things were still decent and they were going to have a double story and everything will be ...

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Thesis (Ph.D.(Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / House robbery and subsequent rape are under-researched crimes collectively and often treated differently in the field of social sciences. The relation between these two crimes needs to be addressed urgently. Therefore, this study aimed to explore motivational factors for committing house robbery and subsequent rape. This study adopted a qualitative research approach, guided by the Grounded Theory (GT), as a research design. The theoretical sampling was adopted for DCS clinical psychologists, social workers and incarcerated offenders in the Two (02) selected Correctional Centres in Gauteng and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, all subjected to semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Moreover, the GT methods of data analysis, aided by the MAXQDA software were used, including open coding (Breaking of textual data into discrete parts), axial coding (Drawing of connections between codes), and selective coding (Selection of one central category that connects all the codes from the analysis and captures the essence of this study). The researcher generated codes from the verbatim expressions of the participants. The codes were categorised into open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA software. The codes in selective coding (Categories) were explained and supported by the reviewed literature studies on this subject. The findings of this study revealed that in most instances house robbery results in rape. The notable contributing factors to this phenomenon have been proven to be an opportunity, unstable family background, substance use, aggression, dominance, vulnerability and mob mentality. For the contribution to the body of knowledge; a conceptual model, consisting of Five (05) components, namely: 1) Socialisation, 2) Sexual violence curriculum, 3) Liquor regulations, 4) Ammunition registrations; and 5) Target hardening asformulated to effectively respond to the mentioned crimes. This study recommends that positive socialisation from an early age of male children is reported crucial for the development of pro-social factors; this can possibly curb these crimes. It is also forwarded that curriculum development should infuse sexual violence from basic-to-tertiary education. Equally, there is a dire need for the regulation of South African liquor available laws and policies with regard to the supply and sale of liquor as shared by most participants (Especially, the incarcerated v offenders) who positively highlighted alcohol intoxication during the commission of these crimes. Furthermore, registrations of ammunition and the creation of a database are highly sought, firearm accessibility should also be revisited to redress the past injustices as cited as one of the contributory factors to irregular availability of firearms and other related weapons. The opportunistic circumstances relating to the commission of these crimes should be relooked, by closely focusing on upgrading security measures for the community, Criminal Justice System (CJS), public and private Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), including technological advancement and improvements, as well as the induction of intelligence-led operations, and closer collaboration, interaction and information exchange, among others. / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) and African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA).

The study was aimed at exploring the relationship between poverty and aggravated robbery in Limpopo Province. Sampled secondary data of aggravated robbery of- fenders, obtained from the South African Police (SAPS), Polokwane, was used in the analysis. From empirical researches on poverty and crime, there are some deductions that vulnerability to crime is increased by poverty. Poverty set was categorised by gender, employment status, marital status, race, age and educational attainment. Variables for aggravated robbery were house robbery, bank robbery, street/common robbery, carjacking, truck hijacking, cash-in-transit and business robbery. Canonical correlation analysis was used to make some inferences about the relationship of these two sets. The results revealed a signi cant positive correlation of 0.219(p-value = 0.025) between poverty and aggravated robbery at ve per cent signi cance level. Of the thirteen variables entered into the poverty-aggravated model, ve emerged as sta- tistically signi cant. These were gender, marital status, employment status, common robbery and business robbery. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)